RESUMO
Sarcoptic mange or scabies is a contagious parasitic skin disease that affects a wide range of domestic and wildlife species. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence, molecular identification, and characteristics of sarcoptic mange in vicuñas. A total of 3,274 vicuñas were examined. Following ritual harvesting events ("chaccus") in 13 Andean communities. The presence of mange mites was determined by the skin scraping technique and confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primers for the ITS2 gene of Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of mange mites was also confirmed by microscopy using samples taken from wallows. A data collection form was used to register the characteristics of the vicuñas sampled. The prevalence of sarcoptic mange was 4.9% (95% CI: 4.1 - 5.6%). All samples from wallows tested positive (9/9). Importantly, the presence of the species S. scabiei was molecularly confirmed. Adult females with regular body condition were more susceptible to sarcoptic mange, although the lesions were mild. This study confirms the presence of S. scabiei in semi-captive vicuñas and points to the possible role of wallows in the dissemination of Sarcoptes mites.
Assuntos
Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Estudos Transversais , Animais , Peru/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , Sarcoptes scabiei/genéticaRESUMO
A escabiose é uma dermatose infecto parasitária mais prevalente no mundo, sobretudo nas regiões tropicais e em países de baixa renda. Surtos são comuns em locais de aglomeração como presídios, escolas e campos de refugiados, e tanto o atraso no diagnóstico como o tratamento inadequado são responsáveis pela propagação da doença. Este trabalho tem por objetivos destacar os principais aspectos da escabiose bem como as apresentações dermatológicas, a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico e tratamentos precoces, tendo como foco o médico generalista. O estudo foi realizado no Departamento de Clínica de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), através de uma revisão de literatura com acesso aos bancos de dados eletrônicos PubMed. A escabiose é causada pelo Sarcoptes scabiei, caracterizada pelo prurido intenso e por lesões cutâneas sugestivas e localizações típicas, mas que podem variar de acordo com a faixa etária ou estados de imunossupressão. É considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde uma doença tropical negligenciada, podendo causar grande impacto socioeconômico e, ainda que com menor frequência, levar a complicações, muitas vezes decorrentes de infecções bacterianas secundárias, sobretudo nas formas mais graves da doença (vistas principalmente em pacientes imunossuprimidos). Por esses motivos, o reconhecimento das principais formas de apresentação clínica e sintomas associados são importantes para que o diagnóstico seja estabelecido de forma breve, possibilitando a instituição correta do tratamento e, com isso, cessando o ciclo de transmissão do ácaro.
Assuntos
Sarcoptes scabiei , Ácaros , HipersensibilidadeRESUMO
Cases of sarcoptic mange in the wildlife population have been increasing around the world in recent years. In this study, we report the first case of severe sarcoptic mange in two Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) and molecularly analyze the collected mites. The National Forestry and Wildlife Service of Lima, Peru, found an adult male Andean fox in the province of Callao in August 2022. The veterinarians decided to euthanize the fox due to the severity of the mange. In August 2023, an adult male Andean fox was found dead in the province of Huaral by veterinarians. Both foxes were sent to the veterinary school in Lima for necropsy. Skin samples from different body zones were digested in buffer lysis, and mites were detected in the tissue samples. A morphological diagnosis identified the mites as Sarcoptes scabiei. The mites from both foxes had the same nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) genetic marker sequences as the S. scabiei sequences from dogs, vicunas, Andean foxes, and water buffalos recorded in GenBank. Unlike ITS2, phylogenetic analysis of S. scabiei cox1 showed host-related nucleotide sequence polymorphisms. Future molecular studies of S. scabiei from different hosts and localities will be necessary to better understand the transmission of this disease in Andean foxes.
Assuntos
Raposas , Escabiose , Animais , Masculino , Animais Selvagens , Peru , Filogenia , Sarcoptes scabiei/genética , Escabiose/veterináriaRESUMO
Sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei can have catastrophic consequences for wildlife. We inspected 122 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus), collected by active (n=66) or passive (n=56) surveillance, and 28 South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus; all from passive surveillance) for mange in Chile (2015-19). In Andean foxes, gross lesions of mange were diagnosed in 24% of passively and 9% of actively collected foxes, although observed prevalences might be underestimated. Seroprevalence was 37 and 18%, respectively, indicating that some individuals recovered from infection or were developing the disease. No differences were found between age and sex groups. Comparing data from passive surveillance, occurrence of gross lesions was lower in gray foxes (5%). Body condition was significantly better in Andean foxes without lesions than in diseased foxes, which had significantly lower albumin concentrations than healthy individuals. Among the 12 foxes with gross lesions, four, six and two individuals were categorized as having type I, type II, and type III lesions, respectively, based on clinical severity. Histologic severity correlated with gross lesions and included irregular epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, which was marked in type II and III infections. Conventional PCR targeting of the cox1 gene fragment revealed four nucleotide sequence types, showing 99-100% identity among them and between 99% and 100% identity with previously published sequences of S. scabiei. A significant association between the occurrence of mange in foxes and distance to the nearest house was found. We speculate that diseased foxes tended to approach human settlements, perhaps in search of food. Visual inspection of 211 rural dogs from the study area did not reveal gross mange lesions in any animal. Sarcoptic mange is enzootic in the Andean fox in the study area and should be considered in the management of the species.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Escabiose , Animais , Humanos , Cães , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animais Selvagens , RaposasRESUMO
Dermatological diseases of parasitic origin are one of the most frequent in the clinical practice of dogs and cats. Mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei, Otodectes cynotis, Demodex canis, and Cheyletiella spp., commonly affect domestic dogs. However, the impact generated by these mites on populations of wildlife animals and the mechanisms involved in their epidemiological dynamics are still not clear. In recent decades, the migration of populations and their interaction with domestic environments and vice versa have generated a worrying threat due to the transmission of some of these ectoparasites. Some reports have suggested that sarcoptic mange represents an emerging threat to wildlife. Given the outbreaks of greater magnitude and geographical extension. The objective of this review is to contribute to the state of the art of the main mites that cause dermatopathies in members of the Canis lupus familiaris family and other members of the Canidae family. For this, a systematic search was carried out in the Embase and PubMed databases. Infections caused by mites, mainly scabies, continue to be diseases with a worldwide distribution, affecting mammals and humans. Although they are long-standing diseases, the effects that are generated in wild canids are still unknown. A comprehensive evaluation is required to generate guidelines in favor of the conservation of some species of foxes and wolves present in different regions of the world.
Assuntos
Canidae , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Escabiose , Animais , Cães , Humanos , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , Escabiose/parasitologia , Sarcoptes scabiei , Animais SelvagensRESUMO
We present the first report of parasitism by Sarcoptes scabiei (Linnaeus, 1758), in a sechuran fox "Lycalopex sechurae". Sarcoptes scabiei is a mite that produces sarcoptic mange, which can lead to the death of the animal host and can cause epidemic episodes in wildlife communities. The sechuran fox was collected by the environmental police from a citizen who reported the animal. It was sent to a veterinarian specializing in wildlife, "Clinica Mansion Mascota", in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Immediate physical examination showed crusts on its skin, and samples of skin and blood were collected and analyzed. The skin samples were analyzed using a microscope at 40x magnification in the clinic. In addition, skin and blood samples were sent to a private laboratory for further analyses. Both analyses were positive for S. scabiei infection. It is the second report of S. scabiei in a new wildlife species in the Guayas province of Ecuador within less than a year. These events cause concern due the possibility of biological community transmission. Since domestic and feral animals are considered habitual spreaders of this disease, management through ethical procedures such as adoption, medical treatment and neutering campaigns, and awareness-raising projects with empathetic approach are recommended.
Assuntos
Carnívoros , Sarcoptidae , Escabiose , Animais , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterináriaRESUMO
Free-ranging vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) are handled in some areas of the Andean high plateau region following an ancestral practice known as chaku, which consists in their transient capture and shearing of their fiber for commercialization. In this study, 807 vicuñas captured during 12 chaku events that took place in 2019 in the province of Jujuy, Argentina, were examined for typical mange skin lesions. Twenty-eight of the examined vicuñas presented alopecia with erythema, exudation, hyperkeratosis, and/or bleeding scarred lesions, mostly in the chest, rear and front legs, and inguinal zone. Most of the cases (82%) appeared in Laguna Cucho at 4900 masl, where 23% of the animals presented these skin reactions. Microscopic evaluation of skin scrapings revealed the presence of a great number of 0.1- to 0.4-mm-long mites of different life cycle stages, morphologically compatible with the species Sarcoptes scabiei. This etiological agent was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of a cox-1 species-specific segment. Histopathological examination of skin biopsies showed extensive infiltration of the dermis with lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils, hyperplasia at different stages, epidermis degeneration, and hyperkeratosis. This is the first characterization of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging vicuñas by clinical examination, mite morphology, histopathological studies, and molecular confirmation in the region. Mange hampers the welfare of vicuñas and the economy of the local communities that organize chaku events since infested vicuñas cannot be sheared. Its long-term effects are unknown but it might affect the fitness and survival of this iconic South American camelid.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos , Escabiose , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Sarcoptes scabiei/genética , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Escabiose/veterinária , PeleRESUMO
A sarna bovina é causada pela infestação de ácaros dos gêneros Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes e Demodex, de maneira isolada e/ou concomitante. Embora seja encarada como uma condição clínica de menor relevância, ainda sim deve ser investigada, principalmente em razão do potencial zoonótico, impacto direto na saúde dos animais e impactos na produção animal. A principal via de transmissão destes ácaros em bovinos é por meio do contato físico entre os animais, bem como inadequações no manejo das propriedades. No aspecto epidemiológico, outro fator determinante na transmissibilidade é a própria presença destes ectoparasitos nas propriedades em determinadas época do ano. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fornecer um panorama geral e atualizado sobre os principais tipos de sarna que acometem bovinos, seu impacto na produção animal, tratamento e controle.
La sarna bovina es causada por la infestación de ácaros de los géneros Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes y Demodex, de forma aislada y/o concomitante. Aunque se ve como una condición clínica menos relevante, aún debe investigarse, principalmente debido al potencial zoonótico, el impacto directo en la salud de los animales y los impactos en la producción animal. La principal vía de transmisión de estos ácaros en el ganado es a través del contacto físico entre animales, así como el manejo inadecuado de las propiedades. En el aspecto epidemiológico, otro factor determinante de la transmisibilidad es la propia presencia de estos ectoparásitos en las propiedades en determinadas épocas del año. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar un panorama general y actualizado de las principales sarnas que afectan al ganado, su impacto en la producción, tratamiento y control animal.
Bovine scabies is caused by the mite infestation of Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes and Demodex genera, in an isolated and/or concomitant manner. Although it is seen as a less relevant clinical condition, it must still be investigated, mainly due to the zoonotic potential and direct impact on animals' health and production. The main transmission route of these mites in cattle is through physical contact between animals, as well as inadequate handling of farms. In the epidemiological aspect, another determining factor in transmissibility is the seasonality, with high number of these ectoparasites at certain times of the year. The objective of this work is to provide a general and updated overview of the main scabies that affects cattle and its impact on animal production, treatment and control.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Sarcoptes scabiei , Escabiose/veterinária , Psoroptidae , Infestações por Ácaros/economiaRESUMO
En esta revisión de la literatura se describen aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, clínicos y terapéuticos sobre una presentación atípica y grave de escabiosis, la sarna costrosa o noruega. Esta presentación de escabiosis destaca por afectar principalmente a personas con condiciones de inmunodepresión o sociales que las hacen susceptibles de una alta carga parasitaria, además se asocia a un peor pronóstico y a riesgo de complicaciones. Desde el punto de vista terapéutico, sus estrategias difieren del manejo de la escabiosis clásica.(AU)
This literature review describes epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of an atypical and severe presentation of scabies, Norwegian or crusty scabies. This presentation of scabies stands out because it mainly affects people with immunosuppressive or social conditions that make them susceptibleto a high parasite load, it is also associated with a worse prognosis and risk of complications. From a therapeutic point of view, their strategies differ from the management of classic scabies.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Escabiose/fisiopatologia , Ectoparasitoses/etiologia , Sistema Imunitário/patologia , Sarcoptes scabiei/patogenicidade , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , HigieneRESUMO
Among the skin disorders of dogs, scabies is notable for its high occurrence rate and the need for veterinary interventions. There are two obstacles to making this diagnosis through direct investigation under a microscope (DIM): the continual need to make new slides when the results are negative and the long time needed for reading these slides. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare efficacy between DIM and the technique of centrifugation-flotation in sucrose solution (CFSS) in samples from dogs in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Samples from 136 dogs were used, and three slides were made for each examination (DIM and CFSS). The readings were halted in cases of positivity. Positive samples were obtained from 56.6% of the dogs (77/136), of which 76.6% (59/77) were positive through both techniques, 13% (10/77) only through DIM and 10.4% (8/77) only through CFSS. The positivity rate did not differ statistically between the techniques. CFSS showed higher quality of readings, due to the considerably fewer artifacts on the slides, thereby optimizing the reading time. Sensitivity (85.6%), specificity (88.1%), accuracy (86.8%), positive predictive value (88.1%) and negative predictive value (85.1%) were obtained and the kappa coefficient (0.73) was considered substantial. It was concluded that CFSS showed high diagnostic capacity for scabies, similar to that of DIM, with optimized reading time, fewer artifacts and better display of mites.