RESUMO
Seventy five percent or more of a diagnosis comes from a proper medical history along with an excellent physical examination. This leaves to the clinical laboratory the function of supporting the findings, determining prognosis, classifying the diseases, monitoring the diseases and, in the minimum of cases, establishing the diagnosis. In recent years there has been a global phenomenon in which the allocation of resources to health care has grown in an excessive way; the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social is not an exception with an increase of 29 % from 2009 to 2011; therefore, it is necessary to set containment and reduction without compromising the quality of patient care.
El 75 % o más del diagnóstico de una entidad nosológica proviene de una adecuada historia clínica junto con una exhaustiva exploración física, lo cual le deja al laboratorio clínico la función de apoyar los hallazgos, establecer pronóstico, clasificar una enfermedad, dar seguimiento y establecer en el mínimo de los casos un diagnóstico. En los últimos años se ha presentado un fenómeno global en el que la erogación de recursos para la atención a la salud ha aumentado de forma desmedida y el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social no ha sido la excepción con un aumento del 29 % del 2009 al 2011, por lo que es necesario el establecimiento de medidas de contención y reducción sin que se comprometa la calidad de la atención a los pacientes.
Assuntos
Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/estatística & dados numéricos , Gastos em Saúde , Uso Excessivo dos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/economia , Controle de Custos , Humanos , Uso Excessivo dos Serviços de Saúde/prevenção & controle , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: An assessment was performed of the quality of Pap readings in 19 cytology laboratories (CLs) in Mexico from the Cervical Cancer Screening Program. METHODS: Nine CLs were affiliated with the Health Ministry (SSA), and ten were affiliated with the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS). Two sets of 200 cervical cytology specimens were prepared, one set for each institution. Fourteen percent of the specimens were positive and six were inappropriate for diagnosis (3%). All cervical cytology specimens were processed in the cytopathology laboratory at the General Hospital of Mexico, and histopathology was available for each positive case. RESULTS: Thirty percent of the SSA reading centers had a sensitivity of at least 80%; however, not one of the ten IMSS laboratories evaluated reached this figure. Some reading centers had a sensitivity <65%, meaning that nearly half of the specimens with a cytology consistent with cervical neoplasm were not identified. DISCUSSION: Given these results, it is a priority to effect a paradigm shift combining various screening tests to improve adherence to standards and enhanced cost-effectiveness of the early detection of cervicouterine cancer (CC) in Mexico.
Assuntos
Teste de Papanicolaou/normas , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Esfregaço Vaginal/normas , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/economia , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/normas , Análise Custo-Benefício , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/economia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/normas , Feminino , Humanos , Laboratórios/economia , Laboratórios/normas , México , Teste de Papanicolaou/economia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/economia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Esfregaço Vaginal/economiaRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: This study was motivated by the recent excessive increase in requests for blood calcium determinations and laboratory tests in general, in the Hospital das Clínicas complex of Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Its aim was to suggest rules for the determination of total and ionized calcium in our intensive care units, emergency department, wards and outpatient services, thus contributing towards improving the quality of medical care and achieving more appropriate use of human and financial resources. DESIGN AND SETTING: Critical analysis on clinical and laboratory data and the pertinent scientific literature, conducted by the study group for rational clinical laboratory use, which is part of the Central Laboratory Division, HCFMUSP. METHODS: The study group reviewed scientific publications, statistics and clinical and laboratory data concerning requests for total and ionized calcium determinations in the settings of intensive care units, emergency department, wards and outpatient services. RESULTS: From this critical analysis, clinical decision flow diagrams aimed at providing guidance for ordering these tests were constructed. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the proposed flow diagrams may help to limit the numbers of inappropriate requests for ionized and total calcium determinations, with consequent reductions in the number of tests, risks to patients and unnecessary costs.
Assuntos
Cálcio/sangue , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/estatística & dados numéricos , Tomada de Decisões , Administração da Prática Médica/normas , Algoritmos , Brasil , Cálcio/fisiologia , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/economia , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Administração da Prática Médica/economiaRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: This study was motivated by the recent excessive increase in requests for blood calcium determinations and laboratory tests in general, in the Hospital das Clínicas complex of Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Its aim was to suggest rules for the determination of total and ionized calcium in our intensive care units, emergency department, wards and outpatient services, thus contributing towards improving the quality of medical care and achieving more appropriate use of human and financial resources. DESIGN AND SETTING: Critical analysis on clinical and laboratory data and the pertinent scientific literature, conducted by the study group for rational clinical laboratory use, which is part of the Central Laboratory Division, HCFMUSP. METHODS: The study group reviewed scientific publications, statistics and clinical and laboratory data concerning requests for total and ionized calcium determinations in the settings of intensive care units, emergency department, wards and outpatient services. RESULTS: From this critical analysis, clinical decision flow diagrams aimed at providing guidance for ordering these tests were constructed. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the proposed flow diagrams may help to limit the numbers of inappropriate requests for ionized and total calcium determinations, with consequent reductions in the number of tests, risks to patients and unnecessary costs. .
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Este trabalho foi motivado pelo recente aumento excessivo de solicitações de dosagem de cálcio no sangue, assim como de exames laboratoriais em geral, no complexo do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). Seu objetivo foi sugerir regras para a determinação de cálcio total e iônico nas nossas unidades de terapia intensiva, pronto-socorro, enfermarias e ambulatórios e contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência médica, com utilização mais adequada dos recursos humanos e financeiros. TIPO DO ESTUDO E LOCAL: Análise crítica de dados clínicos, laboratoriais e da literatura médica pertinente, realizada pelo grupo de estudos para o uso racional do laboratório clínico, vinculado à Divisão de Laboratório Central do HCFMUSP. MÉTODOS: O grupo de estudos reviu publicações científicas, estatísticas e dados clínico-laboratoriais relativos às solicitações de cálcio total e iônico nos ambientes das unidades de terapia intensiva, prontos-socorros, enfermarias e ambulatórios. RESULTADOS: A partir dessa análise crítica, foram construídos fluxogramas de decisão clínica que visam orientar a requisição desses testes. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização dos fluxogramas propostos pode ajudar a limitar a solicitação inadequada das dosagens de cálcio total e iônico, com consequente redução do número de exames, de riscos para os pacientes e de custos desnecessários. .