RESUMO
Overfeeding and rapid weight gain during early life are risk factors for the development of obesity in adulthood. This metabolic malprogramming may be mediated by endocrine disturbances during critical periods of development. Cholecystokinin (CCK) acts on the central nervous system by elevating thermogenesis and the activity of anorectic neurons, modulating overall energy balance. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that postnatal overfeeding impaired CCK effects. Pups were raised in either a litter of three (neonatal overnutrition/small litter group) or 12 (controls/normal litter group) pups per dam to study the effects of postnatal overfeeding on the central and peripheral CCK systems in adulthood. Rats raised in small litters became overweight during lactation and remained overweight as adults, with increased adiposity and plasma levels of lipids, glucose, insulin, and leptin. Neonatally over-nourished rats showed attenuation of gastric emptying and anorexigenic response to CCK, suggesting that offspring from the SL group may present CCK resistance as adult male rats. Consistent with this idea, overweight rats displayed impaired central response in c-Fos immunoreactivity on the nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, paraventricular nucleus, central amygdala, arcuate nucleus, and dorsomedial hypothalamus in response to peripheral CCK at adulthood. The small litter group of adult male rats also exhibited reduced norepinephrine- and CCK-stimulated thermogenesis. Unresponsiveness to the effects of CCK may contribute to overweight and metabolic dysfunctions observed in postnatally over-nourished adult rats. Thus, the involvement of an impaired CCK system, among other neurohormonal failures, may contribute to the development of obesity.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Colecistocinina/metabolismo , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Hipernutrição/fisiopatologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Mapeamento Encefálico , Metabolismo Energético , Feminino , Esvaziamento Gástrico , Glucose/metabolismo , Homeostase , Hipotálamo , Leptina/sangue , Lipídeos/química , Masculino , Obesidade/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Termogênese , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major health problem worldwide, further aggravated by the convergence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) which constitutes an important risk factor for TB development. The worse scenario of patients with PTB and DM may be partly related to a more unbalanced defensive response. As such, newly diagnosed PTB patients with DM (TB+DM, n = 11) or not (TB, n = 21), as well as DM (n = 18) patients and pair matched controls (Co, n = 22), were investigated for the circulating immuno-endocrine-metabolic profile (ELISA), along with studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) analyzing transcript expression (RT-qPCR) of mediators involved in glucocorticoid functionality. Given the hyperglycemic/hypercortisolemic scenario of TB+DM patients, PBMC were also exposed to stress-related cortisol concentrations (0.1 and 1 µM) and supraphysiologic glucose doses (10, 20, and 40 mM) and assessed for the specific response against Mtb stimulation (lymphoproliferation, -thymidine incorporation-, and cytokine production -bead-cytometry). All TB patients displayed increased plasma amounts of cortisol, growth hormone -hGH-, and proinflammatory mediators. In turn, TB+DM showed even higher levels of interferon gamma -IFN-γ- and hGH (vs. TB), or IL-6, C reactive protein, cortisol and hGH (vs. DM). Both DM groups had equally augmented values of IL-10. All TB patients showed decreased dehydroepiandrosterone- sulfate concentrations, even more in TB+DM cases. Leptin was also decreased in both TB cases, particularly in the TB group, revealing a lower body mass index, as well. Unlike PBMC from TB cases showing a decreased relationship between the glucocorticoids receptor (GR) isoforms (GRα/GRß; functional isoform/negative isoform), cells from TB+DM patients had no changes in this regard, along with an increased expression of 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1, the enzyme facilitating intracellular cortisone to cortisol conversion. TB+DM patients also showed an increased Mtb antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. Compared to TB, DM and HCo counterparts, PBMC from TB+DM patients had a biased Th1 response to Mtb stimulation (increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production), even when exposed to inhibitory cortisol doses. TB+DM patients show a more unbalanced immuno-endocrine relationship, respect the non-diabetic counterparts, with a relative deficiency of cortisol immunomodulatory influences, despite their more favorable microenvironment for cortisol-mediated immune effects.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Sistema Imunitário/fisiopatologia , Tuberculose , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Comorbidade , Citocinas/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/farmacologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Tuberculose/sangue , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/imunologiaRESUMO
Recientemente se ha descubierto que el tejido adiposo (TA) tiene una crucial influencia sobre diversos procesos fisiológicos a través de la secreción de múltiples factores endocrinos, paracrinos y autocrinos, conocidos como adipoquinas. Desde su descubrimiento, a gran parte de las adipoquinas se les ha atribuido un importante papel en el metabolismo energético, regulando el almacenaje y producción de triglicéridos y colesterol. Uno de los descubrimientos más importantes sobre las funciones del tejido adiposo es como el aumento de su tamaño estimula la secreción de citocinas con carácter pro-inflamatorio, influyendo así en el control de su propia celularidad, la angiogénesis y la migración de células inmunes. Estudios recientes han mostrado como, ante cambios en la homeostasia, el tejido adiposo puede modificar los procesos de coagulación y fibrinólisis. La participación del tejido adiposo en la vascularización y la angiogénesis ha dado nuevos y reveladores resultados, centrados en nuevas adipoquinas como la quemerina y la monobutirina. El estudio de las adipoquinas y su gama de efectos sobre el organismo amplían cada vez más el panorama de las funciones del tejido adiposo y su importancia en el control del metabolismo y la homeostasia. Considerando toda la nueva información disponible, esta revisión bibliográfica busca enumerar, describir y analizar las principales funciones endocrinas del TA. La metodología utilizada para ello consistió en una revisión bibliográfica de tipo descriptivo realizada mediante la revisión sistemática de artículos científicos, consultando diversas bases de datos. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 30 artículos de los útimos cinco años, en español e inglés...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Tecido Adiposo , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Triglicerídeos , AdipocinasRESUMO
Obesity in fathers leads to DNA damage and epigenetic changes in sperm that may carry potential risk factors for metabolic diseases to the next generation. Taurine (TAU) supplementation has demonstrated benefits against testicular dysfunction and pancreatic islet impairments induced by obesity, but it is not known if these protective actions prevent the propagation of metabolic disruptions to the next generation; as such, we hypothesized that paternal obesity may increase the probability of endocrine pancreatic dysfunction in offspring, and that this could be prevented by TAU supplementation in male progenitors. To test this, male C57Bl/6 mice were fed on a control diet (CTL) or a high-fat diet (HFD) without or with 5% TAU in their drinking water (CTAU and HTAU) for 4 months. Subsequently, all groups of mice were mated with CTL females, and the F1 offspring were identified as: CTL-F1, CTAU-F1, HFD-F1, and HTAU-F1. HFD-fed mice were normoglycemic, but glucose intolerant and their islets hypersecreted insulin. However, at 90 days of age, HFD-F1 offspring displayed normal glucose homeostasis and adiposity, but reduced glucose-induced insulin release. HFD-F1 islets also exhibited ß- and α-cell hypotrophy, and lower δ-cell number per islet. Paternal TAU supplementation prevented the decrease in glucose-induced insulin secretion and normalized ß-cell size and δ-cell number, and increased α-cell size/islet in HTAU-F1 mice. In conclusion, HFD consumption by male founders decreases ß-cell secretion and islet-cell distribution in their offspring. TAU attenuates the deleterious effects of paternal obesity on insulin secretion and islet-cell morphology in F1 offspring.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Intolerância à Glucose/tratamento farmacológico , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pancreatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Taurina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Intolerância à Glucose/etiologia , Intolerância à Glucose/patologia , Homeostase , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Pancreatopatias/etiologia , Pancreatopatias/patologiaRESUMO
A multistep signaling cascade originates in brain centers that regulate hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (Ghrh) and somatostatin expression levels and release to control the pattern of GH secretion. This process is sexually fine-tuned, and relays important information to the liver where GH receptors can be found. The temporal pattern of pituitary GH secretion, which is sex-specific in many species (episodic in males and more stable in females), represents a major component in establishing and maintaining the sexual dimorphism of hepatic gene transcription. The liver is sexually dimorphic exhibiting major differences in the profile of more than 1000 liver genes related to steroid, lipid, and foreign compound metabolism. Approximately, 90% of these sex-specific liver genes were shown to be primarily dependent on sexually dimorphic GH secretory patterns. This proposes an interesting scenario in which the central nervous system, indirectly setting GH profiles through GHRH and somatostatin control, regulates sexual dimorphism of liver activity in accordance with the need for sex-specific steroid metabolism and performance. We describe the influence of the loss of sexual dimorphism in liver gene expression due to altered brain function. Among other many factors, abnormal brain sexual differentiation, xenoestrogen exposure and D2R ablation from neurons dysregulate the GHRH-GH axis, and ultimately modify the liver capacity for adaptive mechanisms. We, therefore, propose that an inefficient brain control of the endocrine growth axis may underlie alterations in several metabolic processes through an indirect influence of sexual dimorphism of liver genes.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Hepatopatias/fisiopatologia , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Animais , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Humanos , Hepatopatias/genética , MasculinoRESUMO
Avian require comfortable temperatures for optimal development and heat stress is a high concern in warm weather countries. We aimed to assess the dynamics of immunoendocrine and biochemical variables responses of birds exposed to a heat stressor applied during daylight hours, during the chronic stress and the recovery periods. We hypothesize that variables involved in the birds response will be differentially and gradually modified during those periods. Female quail (n = 210) were housed in six rearing boxes. At 29 days of age, the temperature in three boxes was increased from 24 to 34 °C during the light period throughout the nine days (Stress Treatment). The other three boxes remained at 24 °C and were used as controls. The subsequent 12 days were considered as recovery period. Different sets of 12 birds/treatment were blood-sampled at 29 (basal), 32, 35, 38 (stress), 41, 44, 47, and 50 (recovery) days of age, respectively. Immunoendocrine (corticosterone, lymphoproliferation, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), and antibody response) and biochemical (glucose, total proteins, globulins, and albumin) variables were assessed. During stress, progressive corticosterone and H/L increments, and antibody titers and lymphoproliferation decreases were detected. No clear pattern of changes was found in biochemical variables. During recovery, while corticosterone and lymphoproliferation had recovered three days after the stressor ended, H/L and antibody responses required respectively nine and 12 days to recover to their basal levels, respectively. Findings suggest that immunity is already threatened when heat stress is sustained for three or more days. However, the system appears resilient, needing six to 12 days to recover to their basal responses.
Assuntos
Coturnix/fisiologia , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/fisiopatologia , Sistema Imunitário/fisiopatologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células , Corticosterona/sangue , Feminino , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Contagem de Leucócitos , Linfócitos , TemperaturaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio de corte trasversal para caracterizar los factores predisponentes de disfunción tiroidea; la población de estudio fue de 100 pacientes adultos entre 18 y 80 años, portadores de patologías tiroideas que asistieron a la consulta externa de Medicina Interna del Hospital Central Universitario Dr. "Antonio María Pineda" de Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, en el período julio - octubre 2015, la compilación de los datos se hizo a través de la aplicación de una encuesta lo que permitió establecer datos de referencia regional en cuanto a la prevalencia de las enfermedades tiroideas, e identificar la influencia de la herencia, el ambiente, la nutrición y el uso de fármacos; sobre los mecanismo fisiológicos de la función tiroidea de la población en estudio. ; y así establecer bases para la posterior creación de programas sanitarios dirigidos a la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades de la glándula tiroides(AU)
A transversal study was done to characterize predisposing factors for thyroid dysfunction; the study population was 100 outpatients between 18 and 80 years, carriers of thyroid disease at the department of Internal Medicine Hospital Dr. "Antonio Maria Pineda", Barquisimeto,Venezuela between July and October 2015. A survey was applied allowing for regional reference data regarding the prevalence of thyroid diseases, to identify the influence of heredity, environment, nutrition, and medication use on the physiological mechanismof thyroid function of the study population; also to establish foundations for the subsequent creation of health programs for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the thyroid gland(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Hipertireoidismo/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , Medicina InternaRESUMO
Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and wastewater. Therefore, this compound readily comes into contact with humans. The objective of this work is to review the recent literature (2010 to 2014) on possible detrimental effects of BPA to human fertility and health in both sexes. The review indicated that BPA causes adverse infertility effects on men and women, besides posing environmental risks. We concluded that new public policy on its use and effects is needed.
O bisfenol A (BPA) encontra-se em plásticos policarbonatos, resinas epóxi e águas residuais. Portanto, esse composto tem contato com o ser humano. Para verificar sua possível ação prejudicial à saúde, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a literatura sobre seus efeitos na fertilidade em ambos os sexos. Após uma revisão da literatura presente em sites de artigos científicos, selecionando artigos recentes do ano de 2010 até 2014, o presente estudo indicou que o BPA causa efeitos adversos de infertilidade no homem e na mulher, além de acarretar riscos ao meio ambiente. Permitindo-se concluir que existe a necessidade de novas políticas públicas sobre seu uso e novos estudos sobre seus efeitos.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Fertilidade , Infertilidade , Resinas Epóxi/toxicidade , Endocrinologia , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and wastewater. Therefore, this compound readily comes into contact with humans. The objective of this work is to review the recent literature (2010 to 2014) on possible detrimental effects of BPA to human fertility and health in both sexes. The review indicated that BPA causes adverse infertility effects on men and women, besides posing environmental risks. We concluded that new public policy on its use and effects is needed.(AU)
O bisfenol A (BPA) encontra-se em plásticos policarbonatos, resinas epóxi e águas residuais. Portanto, esse composto tem contato com o ser humano. Para verificar sua possível ação prejudicial à saúde, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a literatura sobre seus efeitos na fertilidade em ambos os sexos. Após uma revisão da literatura presente em sites de artigos científicos, selecionando artigos recentes do ano de 2010 até 2014, o presente estudo indicou que o BPA causa efeitos adversos de infertilidade no homem e na mulher, além de acarretar riscos ao meio ambiente. Permitindo-se concluir que existe a necessidade de novas políticas públicas sobre seu uso e novos estudos sobre seus efeitos.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Fertilidade , Infertilidade , Resinas Epóxi/toxicidade , Sistema Endócrino/fisiopatologia , EndocrinologiaRESUMO
A disfunção adeno hipofisária (DAH) é a mais comum endocrinopatia dos equídeos idosos. A presença de adenomas em região correspondente a hipófise pode ser associada a esta disfunção. Apesar de várias descrições desta afecção como doença clínica bem definida, suas características fisiopatológicas impõem a ela inúmeras possíveis interferências ao diagnóstico presuntivo. Relata-se neste artigo um caso de DAH por adenoma hipofisário em pônei idoso que apresentava diversos sinais associados a infecções secundárias, comumente predispostas pela endocrinopatia, definindo condição clínica diferenciada. Em função de sua senilidade e de seu estado geral debilitado não houve tempo hábil para diagnóstico in vivo sendo sua condição esclarecida somente em exame post-mortem.(AU)
The Adenohypophyseal dysfunction (AHD) is the most common endocrine disease of older horses.The presence of adenomas in pituitary corresponding region can be commonly associated with this disorder. Despite several descriptions of this condition as well-defined clinical disease, its pathophysiological characteristics impose numerous possible interference to the presumptive diagnosis. It's reported in this paper a case of AHD for pituitary adenomas in older pony that showed several signs associated with secondary infections, commonly . predisposed by endocrinopathy, defining distinct clinical condition. Because of their senility and its weakenedgeneral condition there wasn't enough time for in vivo diagnosis and their condition was only clarified in post mortem exam.(AU)
La disfunción adenohipofisarias (DAH) es Ia enfermedad endocrina más común de los caballos másviejos. La presencia de adenomas en Ia región correspondiente de hipófisis pueden ser comúnmente asociadoscon este trastorno. A pesar de varias descripciones de esta condición como uma enfermedad clínica bien definida,su características fisiopatológicas imponen numerosas posibles interferencias en diagnóstico presuntivo. Se informaen este trabajo un caso de DAH debido a adenomas hipofisarios en poni ancianos que mostraban varios signos asociados a infecciones secundarias, comúnmente predispuestos por endo crinopatía, que definen una condición clínica distinta. Debido a su senilidad y su estado general de debilidad no hubo tiempo suficiente para el diagnóstico in vivo y su condición aclaró sólo en examen post- mortem. (AU)