RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the existing literature reporting the effects of computerized cognitive trainings on the executive functions of children with ADHD. METHOD: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA statement; the primary sources used were five electronic databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed, Springer, Taylor & Francis). RESULTS: 20 articles met the eligibility criteria, data on the training characteristics and the effects on executive functions were extracted, followed by an analysis of bias and the methodological quality of the studies. The results of the studies were widely heterogeneous, largely associated with the variety of training programs and the measurement instruments used. The most studied executive functions were working memory and inhibitory control. Some of the studies reported that the intervention led to significant effects on working memory and attention (N = 7), and improvements in inhibitory control (N = 5) and planning (N = 4) were also reported. At the same time, others did not report the effects of the intervention on these processes. The assessment of the quality of the evidence showed important risk biases among the reviewed studies. CONCLUSION: Some training based on computer systems showed positive effects on the executive functions of working memory, attention, and inhibitory control in children with ADHD. However, other training sessions did not show significant effects. In general, the evidence shows mixed results, a high diversity of measurement instruments, and high risks of bias between the studies. Therefore, the evidence has not been consistent about the general benefits of computerized training on the executive functions of children with ADHD.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Função Executiva , Criança , Humanos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/terapia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Treino Cognitivo , Memória de Curto Prazo , Sistemas ComputacionaisRESUMO
New ways of interacting with computers is driving research, which is motivated mainly by the different types of user profiles. Referred to as non-conventional interactions, these are found with the use of hands, voice, head, mouth, and feet, etc. and these interactions occur in scenarios where the use of mouse and keyboard would be difficult. A constant challenge in the adoption of new forms of interaction, based on the movement of pointers and the selection of interface components, is the Midas Touch (MT) problem, defined as the involuntary action of selection by the user when interacting with the computer system, causing unwanted actions and harming the user experience during the usage process. Thus, this article aims to mitigate the TM problem in interaction with web pages using a solution centered on the Head Tracking (HT) technique. For this purpose, a component in the form of a Bar was developed and inserted on the left side of the web page, called the Pactolo Bar (PB), in order to enable or disable the clicking event during the interaction process. As a way of analyzing the effectiveness of PB in relation to TM, two stages of tests were carried out based on the collaboration of voluntary participants. The first step aims to find the data that would lead to the best configuration of the BP, while the second step aims to carry out a comparative analysis between the PB solution and the eViacam software, whose use is also focused on the HT technique. The results obtained from the use of PB were considered promising, since the analysis of quantitative data points to a significant prevention of involuntary clicks in the iteration interface and the analysis of qualitative data showed the development of a better user experience due to the ease of use, which can be noticed in elements such as the PB size, the triggering mechanism, and its positioning in the graphical interface. This study benefits in the context of the user experience, because, when using non-conventional interactions, basic items such as aspects of the graphic elements, and interaction events raise new studies that seek to mitigate the problem of the Midas Touch.
Assuntos
Sistemas Computacionais , Interface Usuário-Computador , Humanos , Confiabilidade dos DadosRESUMO
The recognition of hypoxia symptoms is a critical part of physiological training in military aviation. Acute exposure protocols have been designed in hypobaric chambers to train aircrews to recognize hypoxia and quickly take corrective actions. The goal of the acute hypoxia test is to know the time of useful consciousness and the minimal arterial oxygen saturation tolerated. Currently, there is no computer system specifically designed to analyze the physiological variables obtained during the test. This paper reports the development and analytical capabilities of a computational tool specially designed for these purposes. The procedure was designed using the Igor Pro 8.01 language, which processes oxygen saturation and heart rate signals. To accomplish this, three functional boards are displayed. The first allows the loading and processing of the data. The second generates graphs that allow for a rapid visual examination to determine the validity of individual records and calculate slopes on selected segments of the recorded signal. Finally, the third can apply filters to generate data groups for analysis. In addition, this tool makes it possible to propose new study variables that are derived from the raw signals and can be applied simultaneously to large data sets. The program can generate graphs accompanied by basic statistical parameters and heat maps that facilitate data visualization. Moreover, there is a possibility of adding other signals during the test, such as the oxygenation level in vital organs, electrocardiogram, or electroencephalogram, which illustrates the test's excellent potential for application in aerospace medicine and for helping us develop a better understanding of complex physiological phenomena.
Assuntos
Aviação , Oximetria , Humanos , Sistemas Computacionais , Visualização de Dados , Hipóxia/diagnósticoRESUMO
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho do sistema web "Apoio à Revisão Sistemática" quanto à identificação de referências bibliográficas duplicadas, em comparação a outros programas. Métodos Trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica que avalia o processo automático de identificação de duplicatas do sistema "Apoio à Revisão Sistemática" (versão 1.0), em comparação ao EndNote X9® e Rayyan® , considerando checagem manual como referência. Foi utilizado um conjunto de estudos relacionados a três temas sobre fibrose cística recuperados das bases de dados Pubmed, Embase e Web of Science. Para avaliação de desempenho, utilizaram-se a sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia e área sob a curva ROC para cada software, em comparação à referência. Resultados As buscas nas bases de dados resultaram em 1332 estudos, sendo 273 (20,5%) verdadeiros duplicados. Em comparação aos dados de referência, o programa "Apoio à Revisão Sistemática" identificou maior proporção de duplicatas verdadeiras do que os demais. Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia do sistema "Apoio à Revisão Sistemática" apresentaram-se acima de 98%. Conclusão e implicações para a prática O sistema "Apoio à Revisão Sistemática" possui alta sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para identificação de estudos duplicados, otimizando o tempo e o trabalho dos revisores da área da saúde.
Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el desempeño del sistema web "Apoyo a la Revisión Sistemática" en cuanto a la identificación de referencias duplicadas en comparación a otros programas. Métodos Se trata de una investigación metodológica que evalúa el proceso automático de desduplicación del sistema web "Apoyo a la Revisión Sistemática" (versión 1.0), en comparación al EndNote X9® y Rayyan®, considerando la verificación manual como referencia. Fue utilizado, como ejemplo, un conjunto de estudios relacionados a tres temas sobre fibrosis quística recuperados de las bases de datos Pubmed, Embase y Web of Science. Se analizó la sensibilidad, especificidad, precisión y el área sobre la curva ROC de los programas. Resultados Las búsquedas en las bases de datos dieron como resultado 1332 estudios, siendo 273 (20,5%) verdaderos duplicados. En comparación a los datos de referencia, el programa "Apoyo a la Revisión Sistemática" identificó mayor proporción de duplicados verdaderos que los demás. Los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y precisión del sistema "Apoyo a la Revisión Sistemática" fueron superiores a 98%. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica El sistema "Apoyo a la Revisión Sistemática" posee alta sensibilidad, especificidad y precisión para identificación de estudios duplicados obtenidos a partir de búsquedas en bases de datos en el área de salud, optimizando el trabajo de investigadores. Palabras clave Exactitud de los Datos; Bases de Datos Bibliográficas; Revisión Sistemática; Sensibilidad y Especificidad; Software.
Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of the Systematic Review Support web-based system for the identification of duplicate records compared with similar software tools. Methods A methodological study was conducted assessing the automated process of de-duplication performed by the Systematic Review Support web-based system (version 1.0) versus the EndNote X9® and Rayyan® systems, adopting hand-checking as the benchmark reference for comparisons. A set of studies on three topics related to cystic fibrosis retrieved from the Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science electronic databases was used for testing purposes. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the ROC curve of the software systems were compared to the benchmark values for performance evaluation. Results The database searches retrieved 1332 studies, of which 273 (20.5%) were true duplicates. The Systematic Review Support tool identified a larger proportion of true duplicates than the other systems tested. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the Systematic Review Support tool exceeded 98%. Conclusion and implications for practice The Systematic Review Support system provided a high level of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in identifying duplicate studies, optimizing time and effort by reviewers in the health field.
Assuntos
Humanos , Sistemas Computacionais , Validação de Programas de Computador , Bases de Dados como Assunto , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Revisões Sistemáticas como AssuntoRESUMO
O Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) recebeu notoriedade entre brasileiros e estrangeiros por oferecer um complexo sistema de qualificação dos testes psicológicos, pouco visto em âmbito mundial. Sua elaboração dependeu de uma autarquia, que o financiou, normatizou e o mantém, mas também de pesquisadores docentes de avaliação psicológica, que trouxeram a expertise da área para que houvesse o pleno estabelecimento de seus parâmetros. Passadas duas décadas de seu lançamento, o SATEPSI foi tema de artigos, capítulos, lives e diálogos digitais, nos quais foram destaque, de modo geral, as Resoluções do Conselho Federal de Psicologia, que o normatiza, e seus impactos para a área de avaliação psicológica - como, por exemplo, o aumento do número de pesquisas e de testes brasileiros qualificados. O que se pretende neste artigo é mencionar sua construção, à luz dos autores que vivenciaram o SATEPSI em funções e tempos distintos. Atenção especial será dada aos Métodos Projetivos, cuja história ainda é pouco revelada.(AU)
The system to evaluate psychological tests (Satepsi) received notoriety among Brazilians and foreigners for offering a complex system of qualification of psychological tests, which is rarely seen worldwide. Its development depended on an autarchy (which financed, standardized, and maintains it) and on researchers teaching psychological assessment, who brought their expertise to the area so its parameters could be fully established. After two decades of its launch, Satepsi was the subject of articles, chapters, lives, and digital dialogues, which usually highlighted the Resolutions of the Federal Council of Psychology that normatize psychological evaluation and their impacts, such as the increase in the number of qualified Brazilian tests. This study aims to mention its construction in the light of the authors who experienced Satepsi in different functions and times, giving special attention to Projective Methods, whose history remains to be shown.(AU)
El Sistema de Evaluación de Tests Psicológicos (SATEPSI) ganó notoriedad entre los brasileños y los extranjeros por ofrecer un complejo sistema de calificación de los tests psicológicos, poco frecuente a nivel mundial. Su elaboración dependió de una autarquía, que lo financió, lo estandarizó y lo mantiene, pero también de investigadores docentes de evaluación psicológica, que trajeron la experiencia del área para que hubiera el pleno establecimiento de sus parámetros. Tras dos décadas de su lanzamiento, SATEPSI fue tema de artículos, capítulos, en directo y diálogos digitales, en los cuales destacaron, de modo general, las Resoluciones del Consejo Federal de Psicología que lo normatiza y sus impactos para el área de evaluación psicológica, como el aumento del número de investigaciones y de pruebas brasileñas calificadas. Lo que se pretende en este artículo es mencionar su construcción, a la luz de los autores que vivieron el SATEPSI en funciones y tiempos distintos. Se prestará especial atención a los métodos proyectivos cuya historia aún no se ha revelado.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica Breve , Testes Psicológicos , Psicometria , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Determinação da Personalidade , Testes de Personalidade , Testes de Aptidão , Competência Profissional , Prática Profissional , Interpretação Psicanalítica , Psicologia , Segurança , Recursos Audiovisuais , Programas de Autoavaliação , Controle Social Formal , Sociedades , Estudantes , Orientação Vocacional , Comportamento , Organizações de Normalização Profissional , Imagem Corporal , Sistemas Computacionais , Saúde Mental , Eficácia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Responsabilidade Legal , Resultado do Tratamento , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Gestão da Qualidade Total , Comércio , Aula , Disciplinas e Atividades Comportamentais , Internet , Credenciamento , Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas , Diagnóstico , Avaliação de Desempenho Profissional , Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade , Ética , Capacitação Profissional , Cursos , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Prova Pericial , Autorrelato , Habilidades para Realização de Testes , Melhoria de Qualidade , Pandemias , Habilidades Sociais , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Escala de Avaliação Comportamental , Engajamento no Trabalho , Acesso à Internet , Arquivos da Web como Assunto , Intervenção Baseada em Internet , Teletrabalho , COVID-19 , Bem-Estar Psicológico , Direitos Humanos , Inteligência , Testes de Inteligência , Manuais como Assunto , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
Introdução. As revisões sistemáticas permitem que a produção científica sobre um assunto específico seja agregada e resumida, entretanto, sua realização é árdua, principalmente nas etapas iniciais, sendo de grande utilidade a existência de ferramentas computacionais que automatizem ou semiautomatizem o trabalho manual de investigadores. Objetivo. Desenvolver e avaliar um sistema computacional para identificar referências duplicadas e auxiliar na fase de elegibilidade de estudos de revisão de literatura. Métodos. Estudo metodológico que apresenta o sistema web "Apoio à Revisão Sistemática" (AReS), versão 1.0, com ênfase na avaliação de validade da identificação de referências duplicadas e na avaliação de usabilidade. Na descrição de suas funcionalidades, foram simuladas as etapas iniciais de uma revisão sistemática com estudos sobre fibrose cística. Na avaliação de validade, realizou-se comparação de sensibilidade e especificidade dos sistemas AReS, EndNote® e Rayyan®, considerando-se como referência a seleção manual de duplicatas. Para o teste de usabilidade, estudantes de pós-graduação, voluntários, resolveram 21 tarefas utilizando o sistema AReS. Os dados observados foram registrados e permitiram a avaliação da conclusão das tarefas (eficácia) e do tempo necessário para conclusão de cada tarefa (eficiência); a usabilidade foi avaliada pelos participantes por meio do instrumento System Usability Scale (SUS). Resultados: O sistema AReS permite eliminar referências duplicadas e apresentar resumos na mesma tela que contém os critérios de elegibilidade, facilitando a identificação dos elegíveis. O sistema compara as decisões dos pesquisadores sobre a elegibilidade dos estudos, mostrando as divergências a serem resolvidas. Na avaliação de validade, o sistema AReS identificou maior proporção de verdadeiras duplicatas do que os sistemas EndNote® e Rayyan®, com valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia acima de 98%. A avaliação de usabilidade resultou em índice de conclusão das tarefas acima de 90%, conforme esperado, com tempo médio total de 55,1 minutos, quando o esperado era de no máximo 60 minutos, e nota média de usabilidade de 82,4 em escala de 0 a 100. Conclusão: O sistema AReS (versão 1.0) permite a eliminação acurada de referências duplicadas e auxilia na seleção de estudos na fase de elegibilidade em revisões de literatura. A eficácia, eficiência e o grau de usabilidade fornecido pelo instrumento SUS poderão ser melhorados a partir da incorporação de ajustes que foram identificados no teste de usabilidade.
Introduction. Systematic reviews enable the scientific output on a specific subject to be pooled and summarized, but this can be painstaking, especially in the early stage. Thus, computer-based tools which semi or fully automate the manual work of investigators can be of great utility. Objective. To develop and assess a computer-based system for identifying duplicate references and aiding the eligibility stage of literature review studies. Methods. A methodological study presenting the Systematic Review Support web-based System (AReS), version 1.0, with assessment of the validity of the identification of duplicate references and usability evaluation. In the description of its functionalities, the initial stages of a systematic review of studies on cystic fibrosis were simulated. For the assessment of validity, a comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the AReS, EndNote® and Rayyan® systems was made, adopting manual screening for duplicates as a benchmark. For the test of usability, volunteer post-graduate students performed 21 tasks using the AReS system. The data observed were recorded, allowing an assessment of task completion (effectiveness) and time required to complete each task (efficiency); usability was rated by participants using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results: The AReS system allowed removal of duplicate references; displayed the abstracts on the same screen as the eligibility criteria, aiding the identification of eligible abstracts. The system compared the decisions of the researchers regarding the eligibility of the studies, showing the differences to be resolved. On the validity assessment, the AReS identified a larger proportion of true duplicates than the EndNote® and Rayyan® systems tested, yielding sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values exceeding 98%. The evaluation of usability resulted in a task completion rate of over 90%, as expected, with a mean time of 55.1 minutes within a maximum expected time of 60 minutes, and usability score of 82.4 on a scale of 0 to 100. Conclusion: The AReS system (version 1.0) enabled accurate exclusion of duplicate references in literature reviews and aided the screening of studies in the eligibility stage. The effectiveness, efficiency and level of usability on the SUS can be further enhanced by incorporating tweaks identified in the usability tests.
Assuntos
Sistemas Computacionais , Software , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Design Centrado no Usuário , Atividades Científicas e TecnológicasRESUMO
This paper introduces an analog notch filtering-based coupling circuit for receivers in ultra-narrowband and narrowband power line communication systems, which are connected to low-voltage electric power grids. It is composed of a twin-T notch analog filter, which is responsible for imposing a significant attenuation on the main frequency (i.e., f0∈{50,60} Hz) in cascade with an elliptic low-pass analog filter, designed with a 3 dB cut-off frequency of fcâ«f0. For f0=60 Hz and fc=2 MHz, the prototype of the analog notch filtering-based coupling circuit attains attenuation values of 22 dB and less than 2 dB at the main frequency and in the rest of the frequency bandwidth, respectively, when practical scenarios are considered. Lastly, it shows that the analog notch filtering-based coupling circuit is more effective than a typical capacitive coupling circuit when frequencies lower than 3 kHz are considered for data communication and sensing purposes.
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Comunicação , Sistemas Computacionais , Eletricidade , EletrodosRESUMO
A Kalman filter can be used to fill space-state reconstruction dynamics based on knowledge of a system and partial measurements. However, its performance relies on accurate modeling of the system dynamics and a proper characterization of the uncertainties, which can be hard to obtain in real-life scenarios. In this work, we explore how the values of a Kalman gain matrix can be estimated by using spiking neural networks through a combination of biologically plausible neuron models with spike-time-dependent plasticity learning algorithms. The performance of proposed neural architecture is verified with simulations of some representative nonlinear systems, which show promising results. This approach traces a path for its implementation in neuromorphic analog hardware that can learn and reconstruct partial and changing dynamics of a system without the massive power consumption that is typically needed in a Von Neumann-based computer architecture.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Redes Neurais de Computação , Neurônios/fisiologia , Computadores , Sistemas ComputacionaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Neural Clinical Score for tuberculosis (NCS-TB) is a computer system developed to improve the triage of presumed pulmonary TB (pPTB). METHODS: A study was performed with cohorts of pPTB patients cared for at a reference hospital in Northeast Brazil. RESULTS: The NCS-TB sensitivity was 76.5% for TB diagnosis, which shortened the time from triage to smear microscopy results (3.3 to 2.5 days; p<0.001) and therapy initiation (6.7 to 4.1 days; p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Although the NCS-TB was not suitable as a screening tool, it was able to optimize laboratory diagnosis and shorten the time to treatment initiation.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Tuberculose , Brasil , Sistemas Computacionais , Humanos , Proteína de Ligação a Regiões Ricas em Polipirimidinas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Triagem , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The goal of this work is to present a systematic literature mapping (SLM) identifying algorithms for the search for data, determining the best path and types of communication between the local server and the drone, as well as possible simulators to validate proposed solutions. The concept, here considered as IoT Off-Grid, is characterized by being an environment without commercial electrical infrastructure and without communication connected to the internet. IoT equipment generates data to be stored on a local server. It collects these data through a drone that searches each local server for later integration with the commercial internet environment. As a result, we have algorithms to determine the best path based on the TSP-travelling salesman problem. Different types of communication between the drone and the server contain the data, predominantly WiFi 802.11. As a simulator, OMNeT++ stands out.