RESUMO
Abstract In the last years phytosterols, natural components of plants, have received more attention due to association of their consumption with reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There are several scientific studies about phytosterols in vegetable oils, but they are scarce in unconventional oils. The objective of this research was evaluating the content of phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city, in Brazil. The analysis included cold alkaline saponification, derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane reagents, and quantification by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and internal standardization. The quality control parameters indicated that the method was suitable for analysis. Total sterols were between 272.3 mg kg-1 (coconut oil) to 6169.7 mg kg-1 (evening primrose oil). β-sitosterol was the component found in higher concentrations and evening primrose oil was the most representative in quantity of phytosterols.
Assuntos
Fitosteróis/análise , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Sitosteroides/análise , Estigmasterol/análise , Óleos de Plantas/classificação , Brasil , Cromatografia Gasosa , Linho , Carthamus tinctorius , Óleo de Palmeira/análiseRESUMO
ß-sitosterol ß-d-glucoside (BSSG) was extracted from "piña" of the Agave angustifolia Haw plant by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with a KOH solution such as a catalyst and a conventional maceration method to determine the best technique in terms of yield, extraction time, and recovery. The quantification and characterization of BSSG were done by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). With an extraction time of 5 s by MAE, a higher amount of BSSG (124.76 mg of ß-sitosterol ß-d-glucoside/g dry weight of the extract) than those for MAE extraction times of 10 and 15 s (106.19 and 103.97 mg/g dry weight respectively) was shown. The quantification of BSSG in the extract obtained by 48 h of conventional maceration was about 4-5 times less (26.67 mg/g dry weight of the extract) than the yields reached by the MAE treatments. MAE achieved the highest amount of BSSG, in the shortest extraction time while preserving the integrity of the compound's structure.
Assuntos
Agave/química , Etanol/química , Micro-Ondas , Extratos Vegetais/química , Sitosteroides/análise , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Padrões de Referência , Sitosteroides/química , Soluções , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
Sterol profiles were obtained from cyanobacteria Phormidium autumnale, cultivated in a heterotrophic system using three distinct sources of carbon: glucose, sucrose, and agroindustrial slaughterhouse wastewater. A simultaneous saponification-extraction ultrasound-assisted method was performed to determine sterol and other non-saponified compounds in the dry biomasses. A total of 24 compounds were observed in the biomasses, including hope-22,29-en-3-one, squalene, and 22 other sterols. Using wastewater as a carbon source, the microalgae biomass produced a diversity of sterols such as stigmasterol (455.3⯵gâ¯g-1) and ß-sitosterol (279.0⯵gâ¯g-1). However, with glucose it is possible to produce ergosterol (1033.3⯵gâ¯g-1). Squalene was found in all the cultures, with 1440.4⯵gâ¯g-1, 225.4⯵gâ¯g-1, and 425.6⯵gâ¯g-1 for glucose, sucrose, and slaughterhouse wastewater biomasses, respectively. Several intermediate compounds from those sterols were found. These data provide the construction of the sterol metabolism according to the literature for P. autumnale heterotrophically cultured.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Cianobactérias/metabolismo , Lipidômica/métodos , Esteróis/análise , Esteróis/biossíntese , Carbono/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Cianobactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ergosterol/biossíntese , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Microalgas/metabolismo , Phormidium , Sitosteroides/análise , Esqualeno/análise , Esteróis/isolamento & purificação , Estigmasterol/análise , Águas Residuárias/microbiologiaRESUMO
Sewage pollution is a principal factor of decreasing water quality, although it has not been considered a real impact in Amazonia that is still considered a pristine environment around the world. Thus, this study aimed to assess the levels of sewage contamination in sediments from three streams crossing Manausâ¯-â¯a Brazilian city of 2,403,796 inhabitants in the heart of the Amazon rain forest. Cholesterol, cholestanol, brassicasterol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmastanol, coprostanol, and epicoprostanol levels were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal indicator, coprostanol, was found in high concentrations (509-12â¯830â¯ngâ¯g-1) and high relative proportions (21-54%) in all samples collected in the Mindu stream that crosses many heavily populated districts of the city, and in the Quarenta stream that crosses the Industrial District of Manaus. The sediments of the Tarumã-Açu stream also presented coprostanol; however, concentrations (Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos
, Rios/química
, Esteróis/análise
, Poluentes da Água/análise
, Poluição da Água/análise
, Qualidade da Água
, Biomarcadores/análise
, Brasil
, Colestadienóis/análise
, Colestanol/análise
, Colestanóis/análise
, Colesterol/análogos & derivados
, Colesterol/análise
, Cromatografia Líquida
, Contaminação de Medicamentos
, Fezes
, Sedimentos Geológicos/química
, Fitosteróis/análise
, Esgotos/análise
, Sitosteroides/análise
, Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem
RESUMO
Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease which reduces the life quality of affected individuals. Therapeutic tools used for treating inflammatory pain are associated with several undesirable effects. Buddleja thyrsoides Lam., known as 'Barbasco' or 'Cambara', is mostly used in several disorders and possesses antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Here, we investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the B. thyrsoides crude extract applied orally and topically in acute pain models and an arthritic pain model induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) paw injection in male mice (25-30â g). The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the B. thyrsoides extract crude revealed the presence of the lupeol, stigmasterol, and ß-sitosterol. The stability study of the B. thyrsoides gel did not show relevant changes at low temperatures. The oral treatment with the B. thrysoides extract prevented the capsaicin-induced spontaneous nociception and the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, but did not alter the thermal threshold in the tail immersion test. The B. thyrsoides antinociceptive effect was not reversed by naloxone in the capsaicin test. The B. thyrsoides oral or topical treatment reversed the CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia with maximum inhibition (Imax) of 69 ± 6 and 68 ± 5% as well as 78 ± 15 and 87 ± 12%, respectively. Moreover, the topical but not oral treatment inhibited the CFA-induced cell infiltration, but did not reduce the paw edema significantly. The oral treatment with B. thyrsoides did not cause adverse effects. These findings suggest that the oral or topical treatment with B. thyrsoides presents antinociceptive actions in an arthritic pain model without causing adverse effects.
Assuntos
Analgésicos não Narcóticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Buddleja/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Dor Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Cutânea , Administração Oral , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/efeitos adversos , Analgésicos não Narcóticos/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Brasil , Buddleja/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Etnofarmacologia , Géis , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Camundongos , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/administração & dosagem , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/efeitos adversos , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/análise , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sitosteroides/administração & dosagem , Sitosteroides/efeitos adversos , Sitosteroides/análise , Sitosteroides/uso terapêutico , Estigmasterol/administração & dosagem , Estigmasterol/efeitos adversos , Estigmasterol/análise , Estigmasterol/uso terapêutico , ViscosidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia (C. ficifolia) fruit has demonstrated hypoglycemic effect, which may be attributed to some components in the extract. However, the major secondary metabolites in this fruit have not yet been identified and little is known about its extra-pancreatic action, in particular, on liver carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, in addition to the isolation and structural elucidation of the principal components in the aqueous extract of C. ficifolia, the aim of this study was to determine whether or not the hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of Cucurbita ficifolia (C. ficifolia) fruit is due to accumulation of liver glycogen in diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aqueous extract from fruit of C. ficifolia was fractionated and its main secondary metabolites were purified and chemically characterized (NMR and GC-MS). Alloxan-induced diabetic mice received daily by gavage the aqueous extract (30 days). The liver glycogen content was quantified by spectroscopic method and by PAS stain; ALT and AST by spectrometric method; glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase and GLUT2 by Western blot; the mRNA expression of GLUT2 and glucagon-receptor by RT-PCR; while serum insulin was quantified by ELISA method. A liver histological analysis was also performed by H&E stain. RESULTS: Chemical fingerprint showed five majoritarian compounds in the aqueous extract of C. ficifolia: p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicin, stigmast-7,2,2-dien-3-ol and stigmast-7-en-3-ol. The histological analysis showed accumulation of liver glycogen. Also, increased glycogen synthase and decreased glycogen phosphorylase were observed. Interestingly, the histological architecture evidenced a liver-protective effect due the extract. CONCLUSION: Five compounds were identified in C. ficifolia aqueous extract. The hypoglycemic effect of this extract may be partially explained by liver glycogen accumulation. The bioactive compound responsible for the hypoglycemic effect of this extract will be elucidated in subsequent studies.
Assuntos
Cucurbita/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Glicogênio Hepático/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Aloxano , Animais , Álcoois Benzílicos/análise , Álcoois Benzílicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Cumáricos/análise , Ácidos Cumáricos/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Glucosídeos/análise , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Hidroxibenzoatos/análise , Hidroxibenzoatos/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Insulina/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Propionatos , Sitosteroides/análise , Sitosteroides/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The hexane (HEX) and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions from Blechnum binervatum, Blechnum brasiliense and Blechnum occidentale were studied about phytochemicals and biological properties using multitarget approach. METHODS: The chemical composition was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated against free radicals and on lipid peroxidation. Monoamine oxidases (MAO) and cholinesterases enzymatic modulation, as well as effects on rat and human cells, were assessed. KEY FINDINGS: The CG-MS analysis allowed the identification of a non-polar compound series, being neophytadiene the major constituent in all DCM fractions and in HEX fractions from B. binervatum and B. occidentale. In B. brasiliense HEX fraction, ß-sitosterol was the main compound. In general, B. brasiliense DCM fraction presented the highest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values around 9, 2 and 1.2 times lower than those found for the other species, against HOË, NOË and on lipid peroxidation, respectively. Regarding enzyme modulations, B. brasiliense DCM fraction presented higher MAO-A inhibition (IC50 : 31.83 µg/ml), with a better selectivity index (SI MAO-A/MAO-B: 6.77). The lack of harmful effects was observed in rat cells, also highlighted in the stem cells for all Blechnum samples. CONCLUSION: These findings encourage the search for multibinding natural products, mainly from B. brasiliense DCM fraction.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Gleiquênias/química , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sitosteroides/farmacologia , Terpenos/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos Wistar , Sitosteroides/análise , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The hexanic, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from branches of Stenocereus stellatus were tested in both the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) - induced ear oedema model and antimicrobial activity assay. The % of oedema inhibition, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), as well as the polyphenolic and flavonoid content were determined. Also, extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In TPA model, the three extracts showed moderate oedema inhibition. In the antimicrobial activity assay, methanolic extract shows better MIC against all strains. The lowest MICs were for Candida albicans (31 µg/mL) and Rhizopus sp. (15 µg/mL). Also, 50.78 mg eq. of gallic acid/g extract of polyphenol and 115.12 mg eq. of catequine/g extract of flavonoids content were founded in ethyl acetate extract. In the chromatographic analysis, ß-sitosterol, ß-amyrine, betulin and some other molecules were identified. The results show that S. stellatus possess antimicrobial activities against some fungus species.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Cactaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polifenóis/análise , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Antioxidantes/química , Cactaceae/metabolismo , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Flavonoides/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ésteres de Forbol/toxicidade , Rhizopus/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Secundário , Sitosteroides/análiseRESUMO
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil was obtained via subcritical n-propane fluid extraction (SubFE) under different temperatures and pressures with an average yield of 28% and its composition, purity and oxidative stability were compared to oils obtained via conventional solvent extraction methods (SEMs). When the oxidative stability was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, the oil was found to be up to 5 times more resistant to lipid oxidation as compared to the SEM oils. Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis showed characteristic and similar TAG profiles for SubFE and SEMs oils but higher purity for the SubFE oil. The flaxseed oil content of ß-tocopherol, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were quantified via GC-MS. SubFE showed to be a promising alternative to conventional SEM since SubFE provides an oil with higher purity and higher oxidation stability and with comparable levels of biologically active components.
Assuntos
Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Óleo de Semente do Linho/análise , Óleo de Semente do Linho/química , Propano/química , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Colesterol/análogos & derivados , Colesterol/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Óleo de Semente do Linho/normas , Oxirredução , Fitosteróis/análise , Pressão , Análise de Componente Principal , Sitosteroides/análise , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Estigmasterol/análise , Temperatura , beta-Tocoferol/análiseRESUMO
A physico-chemical and phytochemical characterisation of the oil of two rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols is presented for two close species of Plukenetia, endemic to the Amazon Region of Peru. Plukenetia huayllabambana presented approximately 9% more oil yield than Plukenetia volubilis. Fatty acid profiles were pretty similar for both species but P. huayllabambana presented a significantly higher content of α-linolenic acid than P. volubilis (51.3 and 45.6 g/100 g oil, respectively). Important contents of γ- and δ-tocopherol were evidenced in both oils (127.6 and 84.0 and, 93.3 and 47.5 mg/100 g oil, for P. volubilis and P. huayllabambana, respectively). ß-Sitosterol was the most important and representative phytosterol in both oils (â¼127 mg/100 g oil). The results of this study indicate P. huayllabambana as an important dietary source of health promoting phytochemicals.