RESUMO
Sepse, definida pela Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SRIS) secundária a um agente infeccioso, é uma afecção comum em cães e gatos e está relacionada a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade nestas espécies. Sua patogenia é complexa e multifatorial, mas a instabilidade hemodinâmica tem sido apontada como fator relevante para o alto índice de óbito nos pacientes, pois gera hipóxia e subsequente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. O tratamento é baseado na terapia guiada por metas e tem como objetivo restaurar o equilíbrio circulatório pela infusão de grandes quantidades de fluido, sendo que a escolha da fluidoterapia adequada é ainda muito controversa. Assim, esta revisão descreve a fisiopatogenia da sepse e compara resultados do uso de coloides e cristaloides apresentados nos periódicos consultados.(AU)
Defined by the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), which is secondary to an infectious agent, sepsis is a common affection in dogs and cats, being related to high morbidity and mortality rates in these species. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. Hemodynamic instability is being identified as a key factor for the high mortality rate, since it causes hypoxia and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. The treatment consists of goal-oriented therapy and the primary objective is to restore the circulatory balance through the infusion of large amounts of fluid. However, choosing the adequate fluid therapy is still very controversial. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe the pathophysiology of sepsis and to compare the results of the use of the colloids and crystalloids presented in the scientific articles analyzed.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Sepse/fisiopatologia , Sepse/terapia , Sepse/veterinária , Cristais Líquidos , Coloides , Choque Séptico/terapia , Choque Séptico/veterinária , Soluções Farmacêuticas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Sepse, definida pela Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica (SRIS) secundária a um agente infeccioso, é uma afecção comum em cães e gatos e está relacionada a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade nestas espécies. Sua patogenia é complexa e multifatorial, mas a instabilidade hemodinâmica tem sido apontada como fator relevante para o alto índice de óbito nos pacientes, pois gera hipóxia e subsequente disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. O tratamento é baseado na terapia guiada por metas e tem como objetivo restaurar o equilíbrio circulatório pela infusão de grandes quantidades de fluido, sendo que a escolha da fluidoterapia adequada é ainda muito controversa. Assim, esta revisão descreve a fisiopatogenia da sepse e compara resultados do uso de coloides e cristaloides apresentados nos periódicos consultados.
Defined by the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), which is secondary to an infectious agent, sepsis is a common affection in dogs and cats, being related to high morbidity and mortality rates in these species. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. Hemodynamic instability is being identified as a key factor for the high mortality rate, since it causes hypoxia and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. The treatment consists of goal-oriented therapy and the primary objective is to restore the circulatory balance through the infusion of large amounts of fluid. However, choosing the adequate fluid therapy is still very controversial. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe the pathophysiology of sepsis and to compare the results of the use of the colloids and crystalloids presented in the scientific articles analyzed.
Assuntos
Animais , Coloides , Cristais Líquidos , Sepse/fisiopatologia , Sepse/terapia , Sepse/veterinária , Choque Séptico/terapia , Choque Séptico/veterinária , Soluções Farmacêuticas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of mannitol solution as a decontamination agent on the chemical burn of the human corneas. METHODS: Eight donor corneas from an eye bank were exposed to 25µl of 2.5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution on a filter paper for 20s. Three eyes were rinsed with 1000ml of mannitol 20% for 15min immediately after removal of the filter paper, 3 other were rinsed with sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.9% (1000ml for 15min) and two eyes were not rinsed. Microstructural changes were monitored in the time domain by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for 75min. RESULTS: NaCl reduced the penetration depth to approximately half the thickness of the cornea at 15min; scattering within the anterior cornea was higher than that for the unrinsed eye. With mannitol, no increased scattering was observed in the posterior part of the corneal stroma within a time period of 1h after rinsing. OCT images revealed low-scattering intensity within the anterior stroma at the end of the rinsing period. CONCLUSION: In eye bank human corneas, mannitol proved to be an efficient agent to decontaminate HF burn.
Assuntos
Queimaduras Químicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões da Córnea/diagnóstico por imagem , Descontaminação/métodos , Queimaduras Oculares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ácido Fluorídrico/efeitos adversos , Manitol/uso terapêutico , Soluções Farmacêuticas/uso terapêutico , Irrigação Terapêutica/métodos , Queimaduras Químicas/etiologia , Queimaduras Químicas/terapia , Lesões da Córnea/induzido quimicamente , Lesões da Córnea/terapia , Queimaduras Oculares/induzido quimicamente , Queimaduras Oculares/terapia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Cloreto de Sódio/uso terapêutico , Tomografia de Coerência ÓpticaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Geoffroea decorticans (chañar) fruits and their derivate product (arrope) have been traditionally used as food and a folk medicine for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases including bronchopulmonary disorders and to relieve dolorous process. AIM OF THE STUDY: In order to evaluate the pharmacology action of this plant, studies were performed of antinociceptive and antioxidant activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aqueous and ethanolic extracts and arrope of chañar were evaluated in various established pain models, including chemical nociception induced by subplantar formalin and intraperitoneal acetic acid and thermal nociception method, such as tail immersion test in rats. To examine the possible connection of the opioid receptor to the antinociceptive activity of extracts and arrope it was performed a combination test with naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist. RESULTS: The aqueous extract and arrope (1000 mg/kg) caused an inhibition of the pain in formalin test in the first phase, similar to morphine and decrease in the second phase. In a combination test using naloxone, diminished analgesic activity of aqueous extract and arrope were observed, indicating that antinociceptive activity is connected with the opioid receptor. The aqueous extract and arrope, caused an inhibition of the writhing response induced by acetic acid. Central involvement in analgesic profile was confirmed by the tail immersion test, in which the aqueous extract and arrope showed a significant analgesic activity by increasing latency time. The aqueous extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the arrope, it may be due to the cooking process. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that the aqueous extract and arrope of Geoffroea decorticans (chañar) fruits, does possess significant antinociceptive effects. It is further concluded that aqueous extract with maximum inhibition of free radical is the most potent extract amount tested extracts. At the oral doses tested the aqueous extract and arrope were non-toxic. The present results justifies their popular use and constitutes the first validation study of the antinociceptive action.