RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending a tertiary referral hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. METHODS: An unmatched case-control study was conducted on pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinics of a tertiary referral hospital between March and July 2021. The study recruited pregnant women who had a hemoglobin level of <11 g/dL into the anemic group, while those with hemoglobin levels ≥11 g/dL were included in the non-anemic group. Demographics, clinical, obstetrics, nutrition-related, hygiene- and sanitation-related, and parasitic infection-related data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 449 pregnant women (399 anemic and 50 non-anemic) participated in the study. A total of 224 (56.7%) in the anemic group and 31 (62.0%) in the non-anemic group did not consume any dark green, leafy vegetables such as spinach, bukurey, cagaar, and koomboow (p=0.040). Notably, 255 (63.9%) in the anemic group and 21 (42.0%) in the non-anemic group had a middle-upper arm circumference <23 cm. More than half of anemic [335 (84%)] and non-anemic [46 (92.0%)] were classified under low dietary diversity score. Majority of the study participants, 288 (72.4%) of the anemic and 39 (78%) of the non-anemic groups, used pit toilets in dwellings, and 70.2% (134/191) of the anemic and 64.4% (246/382) of the non-anemic groups disposed of solid waste in open fields. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that women who consumed green vegetables such as spinach, bukurey, cagaar, and koomboow in their diet had middle-upper arm circumference less than 23 cm, and those with low dietary diversity significantly developed anemia during pregnancy.
Assuntos
Anemia , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Anemia/epidemiologia , Adulto , Somália/epidemiologia , Centros de Atenção Terciária/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Hemoglobinas/análise , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency among patients attending a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. METHODS: This retrospective study examined the results of serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D tests of 28,125 patients admitted to Somalia Mogadishu-Turkey Training and Research Hospital between January 2017 and December 2021. Vitamin D insufficiency is defined as 20-30 ng/mL, deficiency as 10-19 ng/mL, and severe deficiency as <10 ng/mL. RESULTS: A total of 28,125 patients with a mean age of 44.27±20.4 years were included in the study. The majority of patients were in the age group of 19-40 years. The mean serum level of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was 28.42±15.34 ng/mL. Of the patients included in the study, 5.8% (1,618/28,125) had vitamin D sufficiency, 6.5% (1,826/28,125) had vitamin D insufficiency, 41.8% (11,761/28,125) had vitamin D deficiency, and 45.9% (12,920/28,125) had severe vitamin D deficiency. The mean serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels were lower in females than in males (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The study indicated a high prevalence of vitamin deficiency among patients attending the largest tertiary care hospital, particularly female patients and older people. It is recommended to develop educational and awareness programs, and campaigns to reduce vitamin D deficiency in the population, especially those at high risk.
Assuntos
Deficiência de Vitamina D , Vitamina D , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Somália , Vitaminas , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Calcifediol , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are small Gram-negative bacteria that parasitize red blood cells and can cause mild to severe anemia in a wide range of vertebrates, including ruminants. Cattle population in Somalia is around 3.9 million heads, with animals more concentrated around the river areas, mainly in the Juba River and Shabelle River Valleys. Information on hemoplasmas in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce, mainly in Somalia, where no studies have been performed to date. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the molecular occurrence of hemoplasmas in 131 cattle blood samples from Somalia. Thirty out of 131 (22.90%; 95% CI: 16.54-30.81%) cattle were infested by ticks: Rhipicephalus pulchellus (68.18%), Amblyomma gemma (18.18%), Amblyomma lepidum (9.09%), Hyalomma marginatum (1.51%), Hyalmomma rufipes (1.51%), and Rhipicephalus pravus (1.51%). A total of 74/131 (56.48%; 95% CI: 47.93-64.67%) cattle were positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. by real-time PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. Hemoplasma-positive samples were later subjected to species-specific PCR assays for Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematobovis' based on the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 34/74 (45.94%; 95% CI: 35.07-57.22%) animals were coinfected by both species; 31/74 (41.89%; 95% CI: 31.32-53.26%) and 3/74 (4.05%; 95% CI: 01.39-11.25%) cattle were solely positive to M. wenyonii and 'Ca. M. haematobovis', respectively. Six out of 74 (8.1%; 95% CI: 03.77-16.58%) cattle were negative on species-specific conventional PCR assays but tested positive by a semi-nested PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA gene of hemoplasmas. Sequencing of the detected hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. 16S rRNA gene confirmed that animals were infected by M. wenyonii and 'Ca. M. haematobovis'. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the detection of hemoplasmas in cattle from Somalia.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma , Carrapatos , Animais , Bovinos , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Somália/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study assessed the outcomes of nonsurgical embryo recovery (NSER) after superovulation (SOV) in five locally adapted Brazilian breeds of sheep and goats. The objective was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of using SOV combined with a less-invasive embryo collection technique for supplying the Brazilian animal gene bank with germplasm from specific genotypes of interest. Morada Nova (n = 20), Santa Inês (n = 20), and Somalis (n = 20) ewes received an intravaginal progesterone (330 mg) device for 9 days, while Canindé (n = 15) and Moxotó (n = 15) goats received an intravaginal medroxyprogesterone acetate (60 mg) device for 6 days. All females received 133 mg of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH) administrated in six decreasing doses 12 hours apart, starting 60 hours before device removal, plus 37.5 µg of d-cloprostenol at the fifth and sixth pFSH dose. Donors in estrus were mated with fertile males. The corpora lutea (CL) number was assessed by ultrasonography 1 day before NSER. On day 6.5 or 7 after estrus, NSER was performed following hormonally induced cervical relaxation. A total of 97% of sheep and 90% of goats responded with estrus, and among those, 91% of sheep and 85% of goats presented a CL. In ewes, the numbers of CL were greater (p < 0.05) in the Santa Inês breed, while similar (p > 0.05) CL numbers were found among the goat breeds. All viable embryos were freezable (excellent and good quality) and the number per donor was 7.8 for sheep and 4.9 for goats. All parameters of NSER efficiency, embryo yield, and fertility post-NSER did not differ (p > 0.05) between breeds among each species. The SOV-NSER procedures applied for an embryo biobank supply of locally adapted Brazilian breeds of small ruminants were efficient regarding production of cryopreservable embryos, and preservation of donor fertility. Therefore, SOV followed by NSER is recommended for embryo biobank assembly in sheep and goats.
Assuntos
Bancos de Espécimes Biológicos , Cabras , Masculino , Suínos , Ovinos , Animais , Feminino , Brasil , Somália , Progesterona , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/farmacologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the subjective, chemical and sensorial meat characteristics of ½ Santa Inês (SI) x ½ No Defined Racial Standard (NDRS) and ½ Brazilian Somalis (BS) x ½ No Defined Racial Standard (NDRS) crossbred lambs, finished in confinement. Sixteen uncastrated male lambs with initial weight of 19.7 ± 2.03 kg and approximately 90 days of age. A randomized block design was used, with blocks represented by the initial weight of each genetic group, with eight animals per group. There was a higher degree and distribution of marbling, percentage of lipids and meat color for ½ BS x ½ NDRS lambs. The conjugated linoleic acid profile was higher for ½ SI x ½ NDRS lambs. Considering the meat quality of the evaluated genetic groups, Santa Inês crossbred lambs have a better nutritional value for meat, especially taking into account the production of foods that are beneficial to human health.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Carneiro Doméstico , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Brasil , Humanos , Masculino , Carne/análise , Ovinos/genética , Carneiro Doméstico/genética , SomáliaRESUMO
STRENGTHS-BASED INQUIRY OF RESILIENCY FACTORS AMONG REFUGEES IN METRO VANCOUVER: A comparison of newly-arrived and settled refugees. OBJECTIVE: To identify the resiliency factors among refugees in the Metro Vancouver area, and compare these factors between newly-arrived and settled refugees. DESIGN: Semi-structured individual interviews. SETTING: Vancouver, British Columbia, and surrounding suburban communities. PARTICIPANTS: 13 key informants from resettlement, healthcare, and public education sectors who work closely with refugees, 13 refugees who have resided less than five years in Canada (LTFYRs), and 8 refugees who have resided greater than five years in Canada (GTFYRs). Refugee source countries were Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Kenya, Vietnam, Somalia, and Mexico. MAIN FINDINGS: Key informants stated that knowledge from this study would help create and improve current supports for refugees, inform policy, increase understanding of refugee perspectives, and promote strengths-based resettlement strategies. Resiliency factors were grouped into themes, which were categorized as internal or external resiliency factors. Internal resiliency factors included fixed characteristics (age at arrival, female gender, and past education/skills), positive coping strategies (acceptance and positivity), proactivity, and integration (personal identity and adaptation). External resiliency factors identified were support systems, employment and finances, living environment, and societal encouragement of refugees. Comparison of responses between LTFYRs and GTFYRs revealed overall consistency in resiliency factors, but with LTFYRs identifying characteristics that assisted with acute integration, such as age at arrival, more often than GTFYRs. Comparison of responses between refugees and key informants revealed that key informants less frequently identified internal resiliency factors. CONCLUSION: This study qualitatively describes several internal and external resiliency factors of refugees in Vancouver. Awareness and promotion of these resiliency factors in refugee populations, in collaboration with healthcare providers, settlement organizations and education systems, may improve refugee resettlement. These findings will also help generate the groundwork for local interventions that can support refugee resiliency in the population studied.
Assuntos
Refugiados , Afeganistão , Colúmbia Britânica , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Iraque , Quênia , México , Somália , Síria , VietnãRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the climate has played a role in the COVID-19 outbreak, we compared virus lethality in countries closer to the Equator with others. Lethality in European territories and in territories of some nations with a non-temperate climate was also compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lethality was calculated as the rate of deaths in a determinate moment from the outbreak of the pandemic out of the total of identified positives for COVID-19 in a given area/nation, based on the COVID-John Hopkins University website. Lethality of countries located within the 5th parallels North/South on 6 April and 6 May 2020, was compared with that of all the other countries. Lethality in the European areas of The Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom was also compared to the territories of the same nations in areas with a non-temperate climate. RESULTS: A lower lethality rate of COVID-19 was found in Equatorial countries both on April 6 (OR=0.72 CI 95% 0.66-0.80) and on May 6 (OR=0.48, CI 95% 0.47-0.51), with a strengthening over time of the protective effect. A trend of higher risk in European vs. non-temperate areas was found on April 6, but a clear difference was evident one month later: France (OR=0.13, CI 95% 0.10-0.18), The Netherlands (OR=0.5, CI 95% 0.3-0.9) and the UK (OR=0.2, CI 95% 0.01-0.51). This result does not seem to be totally related to the differences in age distribution of different sites. CONCLUSIONS: The study does not seem to exclude that the lethality of COVID-19 may be climate sensitive. Future studies will have to confirm these clues, due to potential confounding factors, such as pollution, population age, and exposure to malaria.
Assuntos
Clima , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Estações do Ano , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Betacoronavirus , Brunei/epidemiologia , Burundi/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Congo/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Equador/epidemiologia , Guiné Equatorial/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente) , França/epidemiologia , Gabão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Ilhas do Oceano Índico/epidemiologia , Indonésia/epidemiologia , Quênia/epidemiologia , Malásia/epidemiologia , Melanesia/epidemiologia , Micronésia/epidemiologia , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Papua Nova Guiné/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Ruanda/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Samoa/epidemiologia , São Tomé e Príncipe/epidemiologia , Seicheles/epidemiologia , Singapura/epidemiologia , Somália/epidemiologia , Timor-Leste/epidemiologia , Clima Tropical , Uganda/epidemiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background The epidemiology of ESRD requiring maintenance dialysis (ESRD-D) in large, diverse immigrant populations is unclear.Methods We estimated ESRD-D prevalence and incidence among immigrants in Ontario, Canada. Adults residing in Ontario in 2014 were categorized as long-term Canadian residents or immigrants according to administrative health and immigration datasets. We determined ESRD-D prevalence among these adults and calculated age-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) comparing immigrants to long-term residents. Among those who immigrated to Ontario between 1991 and 2012, age-adjusted ESRD-D incidence was calculated by world region and country of birth, with immigrants from Western nations as the referent group.Results Among 1,902,394 immigrants and 8,860,283 long-term residents, 1700 (0.09%) and 8909 (0.10%), respectively, presented with ESRD-D. Age-adjusted ESRD-D prevalence was higher among immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa (PR, 2.17; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.84 to 2.57), Latin America and the Caribbean (PR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.90 to 2.34), South Asia (PR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.59), and East Asia and the Pacific (PR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.46). Immigrants from Somalia (PR, 4.18; 95% CI, 3.11 to 5.61), Trinidad and Tobago (PR, 2.88; 95% CI, 2.23 to 3.73), Jamaica (PR, 2.88; 95% CI, 2.40 to 3.44), Sudan (PR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.53 to 5.27), and Guyana (PR, 2.69; 95% CI, 2.19 to 3.29) had the highest age-adjusted ESRD-D PRs relative to long-term residents. Immigrants from these countries also exhibited higher age-adjusted ESKD-D incidence relative to Western Nations immigrants.Conclusions Among immigrants in Canada, those from sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean have the highest ESRD-D risk. Tailored kidney-protective interventions should be developed for these susceptible populations.