RESUMO
Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de incidência, detecção e mortalidade pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids) no estado de Minas Gerais, de 2007 a 2016. Métodos: estudo de séries temporais, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: no período estudado, foram notificados 35.349 casos,entre os quais predominou a transmissão por via sexual (81,7%); destes, 50,3% foram entre heterossexuais e 22,8% entre homossexuais. Houve aumento da taxa de incidência de aids (variação anual 1,6%; IC95%0,0;3,3) e de detecção de HIV+ (variação anual 60,3%; IC95%22,9;109,0). A taxa de mortalidade foi estacionária. O percentual de notificações pelo critério HIV+ aumentou de 3,8% em 2007 para 65,1% em 2016. Conclusão: a tendência de crescimento da detecção de HIV coincide com a estratégia para identificação dos casos; a incidência de aids foi crescente.
Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de los coeficientes de incidencia, detección y mortalidad por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (Sida) en el estado de Minas Gerais, entre 2007-2016. Métodos: estudio de las series temporales de casos notificados del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan) por la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y análisis de series temporales. Resultados: había 35.349 casos y predominio de contaminación por vía sexual (81,7%), en heterosexuales (50,3%) y homosexuales (22,8%). Aumentó la tendencia de la incidencia de sida y detección de VIH +, con variación anual del 1,6% y del 60,3% (p <0,05), respectivamente. La mortalidad fue estacionaria. Aumentaron las notificaciones por el criterio de VIH +. Conclusión: el aumento de la tendencia de detección de VIH +, indica que la estrategia para identificación de portadores se ha mostrado apropiada, pero la incidencia de sida continua creciente.
Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) incidence, detection and mortality coefficients in the state of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016. Methods: this was a time series study of data held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan) using Prais-Winsten regression. Results: in the period studied, 35,349 cases were notified, with predominance of sexually transmitted cases (81.7%), 50.3% of which were heterosexual cases and 22.8% were homosexual cases. AIDS incidence increased (annual change 1.6%; 95%CI 0.0;3.3) as did HIV detection (annual change 60.3%; 95%CI 22.9;109.0). The mortality rate was stationary; HIV+ notifications increased from 3.8% in 2007 to 65.1% in 2016. Conclusion: the growing trend of HIV+ detection coincided with the government strategy to identify cases. AIDS incidence increased.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/tendências , Estudos de Séries Temporais , Incidência , Notificação de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous peoples of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiological study on the occurrence and distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the indigenous population assisted by the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena (Indigenous Special Health District) Mato Grosso do Sul between 2001 and 2014, based on three secondary databases. Annual rates of HIV and AIDS detection and prevalence were calculated, considering case distribution according to village, Health Base Pole and sociodemographic variables. Accumulated rates of detection, mortality and case fatality were calculated by ethnic group and for the Health Base Pole with the highest number of cases. RESULTS: The HIV detection rate fluctuated between 0.0 and 18.0/100 thousand people in the study period. For AIDS, there was no notification before 2007, but in 2012 its rate reached 16.6/100 thousand. HIV prevalence grew between 2001 and 2011, and it continuously grew for AIDS starting from 2007. The highest HIV detection rates occurred among Guarani peoples (167.1/100 thousand) and for AIDS, among the Kaiowá peoples (79.3/100 thousand); mortality and fatality rates were higher among the Kaiowá. Regarding the Dourados Health Base Pole, the AIDS detection rate increased, and the mortality and fatality rates decreased. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection and AIDS have been increasing among indigenous peoples, with distribution of the disease mainly in the Health Base Poles of the southern region of the state, where greater economic and social vulnerability are also observed. The endemic character of HIV and AIDS can become epidemic in some years given the existence of cases in other villages in the state. Its occurrence among the Guarani and Kaiowá populations indicates the need for expanded diagnosis, access to treatment and prevention measures.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Escolaridade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Serviços de Saúde do Indígena , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous peoples of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS This is a descriptive epidemiological study on the occurrence and distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the indigenous population assisted by the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena (Indigenous Special Health District) Mato Grosso do Sul between 2001 and 2014, based on three secondary databases. Annual rates of HIV and AIDS detection and prevalence were calculated, considering case distribution according to village, Health Base Pole and sociodemographic variables. Accumulated rates of detection, mortality and case fatality were calculated by ethnic group and for the Health Base Pole with the highest number of cases. RESULTS The HIV detection rate fluctuated between 0.0 and 18.0/100 thousand people in the study period. For AIDS, there was no notification before 2007, but in 2012 its rate reached 16.6/100 thousand. HIV prevalence grew between 2001 and 2011, and it continuously grew for AIDS starting from 2007. The highest HIV detection rates occurred among Guarani peoples (167.1/100 thousand) and for AIDS, among the Kaiowá peoples (79.3/100 thousand); mortality and fatality rates were higher among the Kaiowá. Regarding the Dourados Health Base Pole, the AIDS detection rate increased, and the mortality and fatality rates decreased. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection and AIDS have been increasing among indigenous peoples, with distribution of the disease mainly in the Health Base Poles of the southern region of the state, where greater economic and social vulnerability are also observed. The endemic character of HIV and AIDS can become epidemic in some years given the existence of cases in other villages in the state. Its occurrence among the Guarani and Kaiowá populations indicates the need for expanded diagnosis, access to treatment and prevention measures.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção pelo HIV e da aids entre povos indígenas do Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico descritivo sobre ocorrência e distribuição da infecção pelo HIV e aids na população indígena assistida pelo Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Mato Grosso do Sul, entre 2001 e 2014, a partir de três bases de dados secundários. Calcularam-se as taxas anuais de detecção e de prevalência de HIV e aids, com distribuição dos casos segundo aldeia, Polo Base e variáveis sociodemográficas. As taxas acumuladas de detecção, mortalidade e letalidade foram calculadas por etnia e para os Polos Base com o maior número de casos. RESULTADOS A taxa de detecção de HIV flutuou entre 0,0 e 18,0/100 mil pessoas no período. Para a aids, não houve notificação antes de 2007, mas em 2012 sua taxa chegou a 16,6/100 mil. A prevalência de HIV indicou crescimento entre 2001 e 2011, e para a aids observou-se aumento contínuo a partir de 2007. As maiores taxas de detecção de HIV ocorreram entre os Guarani (167,1/100 mil) e de aids, entre os Kaiowá (79,3/100 mil); as taxas de mortalidade e letalidade foram superiores entre os Kaiowá. Para o Polo Base de Dourados, observou-se elevação da taxa de detecção de aids e diminuição das taxas de mortalidade e letalidade. CONCLUSÕES A infecção pelo HIV e a aids mostraram-se crescentes entre povos indígenas, com distribuição da doença principalmente nos Polos Base da região sul do estado, onde observa-se também maior vulnerabilidade econômica e social. O caráter endêmico do HIV e da aids pode se tornar epidêmico em alguns anos, considerando a existência de casos em outras aldeias do estado. Sua ocorrência entre os Guarani e Kaiowá sinaliza a necessidade de ampliação do diagnóstico, do acesso ao tratamento e de medidas de prevenção.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Prevalência , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/diagnóstico , Escolaridade , Serviços de Saúde do Indígena , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Neoplasias do Ânus/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Epidemias , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/economia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Humanos , Fatores de Tempo , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de la población VIH/SIDA femenina de Ciudad Habana desde 1986 hasta diciembre del 2006. Se evidenció un incremento en las tasas de incidencia de VIH/SIDA y de caso SIDA por año. El grupo de edad más afectado fue de 20 a 24 años. El debut clínico se presentó en 3,7 por ciento y el tiempo promedio entre el diagnóstico de VIH y caso SIDA fue 4 años. El síndrome de desgaste y la tuberculosis pulmonar fueron las enfermedades marcadoras de SIDA más frecuentemente encontradas(AU)
A retrospective and descriptive study on HIV/AIDS female population was carried out in Havana City from 1986 to December 2006. An increase in the rates of incidence per year in relation to HIV/AIDS and AIDS case were evidenced. The most affected age group was from 20 to 24 years. The clinical debut became evident in 3,7 percent and the average time between the HIV diagnostic and AIDS case was 4 years. The wasting syndrome and the lung tuberculosis were the most frequent indicative illnesses of AIDS(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Perfil de Saúde , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Estudo Observacional , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV and identify associated risk factors among inmates at the Belize Central Prison, managed by the Kolbe Foundation, Belize. METHODS: A voluntary sample of 623 participants was obtained from the male inmate population incarcerated during the period from 15 January to 5 March 2005. HIV serostatus was determined on location using the Abbott Determine Assay for HIV-1/2 for screening, and the MedMira MiraWell Rapid HIV-1/2 Test for confirmatory testing. Remaining serum was tested by ELISA at the Central Medical Laboratory, Belize. Demographic and risk behavior data were collected using an interviewer administered pre-tested questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders and to identify independent associations with HIV seropositivity. RESULTS: Of the 623 inmates in the sample, 25 tested positive for HIV-1/2 antibody for a seroprevalence of 4.0% (95% Confidence Interval 2.7, 6.0). After adjustment for confounding, HIV serostatus was positively associated with male-to-male sexual activity outside prison, age, and district of residence before current incarceration. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence in the Central Prison was almost twice that estimated for the adult population of Belize in 2004 (2.4%). However, the social variables of importance to inmates appeared to reflect the epidemic in the general population, with the exception that male-to-male sex outside prison is likely more important to the male inmate population in Belize. The findings suggest that HIV is likely contracted by most inmates before their incarceration, largely due to same-sex activity.
Assuntos
Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Prisioneiros , Adulto , Belize , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV and identify associated risk factors among inmates at the Belize Central Prison, managed by the Kolbe Foundation, Belize. METHODS: A voluntary sample of 623 participants was obtained from the male inmate population incarcerated during the period from 15 January to 5 March 2005. HIV serostatus was determined on location using the Abbott Determine Assay for HIV-1/2 for screening, and the MedMira MiraWell Rapid HIV-1/2 Test for confirmatory testing. Remaining serum was tested by ELISA at the Central Medical Laboratory, Belize. Demographic and risk behavior data were collected using an interviewer administered pre-tested questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders and to identify independent associations with HIV seropositivity. RESULTS:Of the 623 inmates in the sample, 25 tested positive for HIV-1/2 antibody for a seroprevalence of 4.0 percent (95 percent Confidence Interval 2.7, 6.0). After adjustment for confounding, HIV serostatus was positively associated with male-to-male sexual activity outside prison, age, and district of residence before current incarceration. CONCLUSIONS: The seroprevalence in the Central Prison was almost twice that estimated for the adult population of Belize in 2004 (2.4 percent). However, the social variables of importance to inmates appeared to reflect the epidemic in the general population, with the exception that male-to-male sex outside prison is likely more important to the male inmate population in Belize. The findings suggest that HIV is likely contracted by most inmates before their incarceration, largely due to same-sex activity.
OBJETIVOS: Determinar la seroprevalencia al VIH e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados en hombres internados en la Prisión Central de Belice, administrada por la Fundación Kolbe. MÉTODOS: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 623 voluntarios hombres que se encontraban encarcelados entre el 15 de enero y el 5 de marzo de 2005. El estatus serológico con respecto al VIH se determinó en la prisión mediante la prueba de tamizaje Abbot Determine Assay y se confirmó con la prueba MedMira MiraWell Rapid, ambas para anticuerpos contra el VIH 1 y 2. El suero restante se analizó por ELISA en el Laboratorio Médico Central de Belice. Se recabaron los datos demográficos y sobre las conductas de riesgo mediante una encuesta preevaluada aplicada por un entrevistador. Se identificaron las asociaciones independientes con la seropositividad al VIH mediante análisis de regresión logística multifactorial ajustado por posibles factores de confusión. RESULTADOS: De los 623 prisioneros de la muestra, 25 resultaron positivos a anticuerpos contra el VIH-1/2, para una seroprevalencia de 4,0 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 2,7 por ciento a 6,0 por ciento). Después de ajustar por los factores de confusión, la seropositividad se asoció con la actividad sexual con otros hombres fuera de la prisión, la edad y el distrito de residencia antes de su encarcelamiento actual. CONCLUSIONES: La seroprevalencia en la Prisión Central casi duplicó el estimado para la población adulta de Belice en 2004 (2,4 por ciento). Sin embargo, las variables sociales de importancia en los prisioneros parecieron reflejar la epidemia en la población general, aunque la relación sexual con hombres fuera de la prisión pareció tener mayor importancia en la población masculina encarcelada en Belice. Estos resultados indican que la mayoría de los prisioneros habría contraído la infección por el VIH antes de su encarcelamiento, en gran parte debido a prácticas homosexuales.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Prisioneiros , Belize , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Cuban HIV/AIDS epidemic has the lowest prevalence rate of the Caribbean region. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba and to explore the reasons for this low prevalence. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Cuban HIV/AIDS programme established in 1983. This programme has an extensive adult HIV testing policy, including testing of all pregnant women. HIV and AIDS cases have been recorded since 1986. Persons found to be HIV-positive are interviewed on their sexual behaviour and partners. Tracing and voluntary testing of these partners are organised. Epidemiological description of this epidemic was obtained from analysis of this data set. Using elementary mathematical analyses, we estimated the coverage of the detection system (percentage of HIV-positive adults detected) and the average period between HIV infection and detection. Estimated HIV prevalence rates were corrected to account for the coverage. RESULTS: HIV prevalence has increased since 1996. In 2005, the prevalence among pregnant women was 1.2 per 10,000 (16/137000). Estimated HIV prevalence among 15- to 49-year-olds was 8.1 per 10,000 (4913/6065000; 95%CI: 7.9 per 10,000 - 8.3 per 10,000). Most (77%) of the HIV-positive adults were men, most (85.1%) of the detected HIV-positive men were reported as having sex with men (MSM), and most of the HIV-positive women reported having had sex with MSM. The average period between HIV infection and detection was estimated to be 2.1 years (IQR = 1.7 - 2.2 years). We estimated that, for the year 2005, 79.6% (IQR: 77.3 - 81.4%) of the HIV-positive persons were detected. CONCLUSION: MSM drive the HIV epidemic in Cuba. The extensive HIV testing policy may be an important factor in explaining the low HIV prevalence. To reduce the HIV epidemic in Cuba, the epidemic among MSM should be addressed. To understand this epidemic further, data on sexual behaviour should be collected. Now that antiretroviral therapy is more widely available, the Cuban policy, based on intensive HIV testing and tracing of partners, may be considered as a possible policy to control HIV/AIDS epidemics in other countries.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Preservativos , Cuba/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Soroprevalência de HIV/tendências , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Fatores Sexuais , Parceiros SexuaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A substantial decline of HIV prevalence has been observed in injection drug users (IDUs) from Rio de Janeiro, in recent years. Differential characteristics and behaviors of new (injecting for <6 years) and long-term (>=6y) injectors may help to understand recent changes and to implement appropriate prevention strategies. METHODS: Between October 1999 and December 2001, 609 active/ex-IDUs were recruited from different communities, interviewed, and tested for HIV. Contingency table analysis and t-tests were used to assess differences between new and long-term injectors. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of HIV serostatus for long-term and new injectors. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 11.7% for 309 long-term injectors (95% CI 8.1-15.3) and 4.3% for 300 new injectors (95% CI 2.0-6.6). New injectors reported having engaged in treatment and having received syringes from needle exchange programs (NEPs) more frequently than long-term injectors in the last 6 months, but sharing behaviors remained frequent and even increased vis-à-vis long-term injectors. For male new injectors, "sexual intercourse with another man" was found to be the sole significant risk factor for HIV infection (Adj OR = 8.03; 95% CI 1.52-42.48). Among male long-term injectors, "to have ever injected with anyone infected with HIV" (Adj OR = 3.91; 95% CI 1.09-14.06) and to have "ever been in prison" (Adj OR = 2.56; 95% CI 1.05-6.24) were found to be significantly associated with HIV infection. DISCUSSION: New injectors are seeking help in drug treatment centers or needle exchange programs. They differ from long-term injectors in terms of their risk factors for HIV infection and have lower prevalence levels for HIV. Such differences may help to understand the recent dynamics of HIV/AIDS in this population and highlight the need to reinforce new injectors' help-seeking behavior and to reduce current unacceptably high levels of unprotected sex and syringe sharing in new injectors despite attendance of prevention/treatment programs.