RESUMO
Adequate iodine nutrition is fundamental for all humans and is critical during pregnancy and lactation due to iodine forms part of the structure of thyroid hormones (THs) and it is required for THs function. Iodine is a scarce micronutrient that must be obtained from the diet. Sufficient iodine can be found in the nature from seafood and given it is not frequently consumed by Chileans, public health policies state that table salt in Chile must be iodized. Health plans must be monitored to determine if the intake of iodine is being appropriated and the population has not fallen in deficiency or excess. The aim of this work was to evaluate iodine intake in 26 women at the third trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women are resident from El Bosque a low-income County located in Santiago de Chile. These Chilean pregnant women were recruited by nutritionist at the Centros de Salud familiar (CESFAM). A 24 h dietary recall (24 h-DR) was applied to them to evaluate iodine intake. Samples of urine and blood were taken by health professionals to analyze parameters of thyroid function and to measure urine iodine concentration (UIC). The survey analysis showed that the iodine consumption in these pregnant women derived mainly from salt, bread and milk and not from seafood. The survey analysis indicated that iodine intake was above the requirements for pregnant women. However, the average UIC indicated that iodine intake was adequate, suggesting the need to find a better parameter to determine iodine intake in pregnant women.
Assuntos
Iodo , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Iodo/sangue , Iodo/urina , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/sangue , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Ingestão de Alimentos , Chile , Estudos de Coortes , Pobreza , Glândula Tireoide/fisiologiaRESUMO
Personal care product use is a potential source of metals exposure among children, but studies have been limited. We measured urinary concentrations of 10 metals (aluminum, arsenic [As], barium [Ba], cadmium, cobalt [Co], lead [Pb], manganese [Mn], molybdenum [Mo], nickel, and zinc [Zn]) in third trimester pregnant women (nâ¯=â¯212) and their children at 8-14 years of age (nâ¯=â¯250). Demographic factors (child sex, age, socioeconomic status, and maternal education), body mass index (BMI) z-score, and child personal care product use in the 24â¯h prior to urine collection were examined as predictors of urinary metal concentrations. Metals were detected in 80-100% of urine samples, with significant differences in maternal versus childhood levels. However, metal concentrations were not strongly correlated within or between time points. In linear regression models including all demographic characteristics, BMI z-score, and specific gravity, age was associated with higher Co (6% [95% CI: 2, 10]), while BMI z-score was associated with lower Mo (-6% [95% CI: -11, -1). In addition, significantly higher metal concentrations were observed among users of colored cosmetics (Mo: 42% [95% CI: 1, 99]), deodorant (Ba: 28% [3, 58]), hair spray/hair gel (Mn: 22% [3, 45]), and other toiletries (As: 50% [9, 108]), as well as with an increasing number of personal care products used (As: 7% [3, 11]) after adjustment for child sex, age, total number of products used, and specific gravity. However, significantly lower metal concentrations were noted for users of hair cream (As and Zn: -20% [-36, -2] and -21% [-35, -2], respectively), shampoo (Pb: -40% [-62, -7]), and other hair products (Pb: -44% [-65, -9]). We found that personal care product use may be a predictor of exposure to multiple metals among children. Further research is recommended to inform product-specific exposure source identification and related child health risk assessment efforts.
Assuntos
Arsênio/urina , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Metais/urina , Adolescente , Criança , Cidades , Estudos de Coortes , Cosméticos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Mães , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Presence of Bisphenol A (BPA) has been documented worldwide in a variety of human biological samples. There is growing evidence that low level BPA exposure may impact placental tissue development and thyroid function in humans. The aim of this present pilot study was to determine urinary concentrations of BPA during the last trimester of pregnancy among a small subset of women in Mexico City, Mexico and relate these concentrations to risk of delivering prematurely. METHODS: A nested case-control subset of 60 participants in the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) study in Mexico City, Mexico were selected based on delivering less than or equal to 37 weeks of gestation and greater than 37 weeks of gestation. Third trimester archived spot urine samples were analyzed by online solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: BPA was detected in 80.0% (N = 48) of the urine samples; total concentrations ranged from < 0.4 µg/L to 6.7 µg/L; uncorrected geometric mean was 1.52 µg/L. The adjusted odds ratio of delivering less than or equal to 37 weeks in relation to specific gravity adjusted third trimester BPA concentration was 1.91 (95%CI 0.93, 3.91, p-value = 0.08). When cases were further restricted to births occurring prior to the 37th week (n = 12), the odds ratio for specific-gravity adjusted BPA was larger and statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to document measurable levels of BPA in the urine of a population of Mexican women. This study also provides preliminary evidence, based on a single spot urine sample collected during the third trimester, that pregnant women who delivered less than or equal to 37 weeks of gestation and prematurely (< 37 weeks) had higher urinary concentrations of BPA compared to women delivering after 37 weeks.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Ambientais/intoxicação , Fenóis/intoxicação , Nascimento Prematuro/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , México/epidemiologia , Fenóis/urina , Projetos Piloto , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/efeitos dos fármacos , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Nascimento Prematuro/urinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterise the haemodynamic, renal-electrolyte and hormonal parameters in normal near-term pregnancy. DESIGN: Observational prospective case-series study. SETTING AND POPULATION: Eleven women with normal pregnancies at 35-39 weeks gestation. METHODS: Following baseline laboratory assessments and placement of a right-atrial catheter, serial measurements were obtained for 2 hours in the supine position (SP) followed by a change to the (LLP) and subsequent observations for 2 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone (ALDO), diuresis, creatinine clearance, sodium and potassium excretion. RESULTS: In the SP, the subjects' BP remained stable while their CVP decreased. In the LLP, the subjects' systolic and diastolic BP consistently decreased by about 15 mmHg and their CVP increased within the first 60 minutes. ANP levels doubled in the subjects while they rested in the LLP, whereas the subjects' PRA and ALDO levels decreased by half compared with when they rested in the SP. In the LLP, the subjects' creatinine clearance significantly increased by 12% and their sodium excretion and diuresis increased by 38% and 59% respectively. CONCLUSION: Rest in the LLP induces systemic and intra-renal haemodynamic and hormonal changes that may play a central physiological role in the renal excretory response to restore excessive sodium/water retention in late pregnancy.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Rim/metabolismo , Gravidez/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Aldosterona/sangue , Fator Natriurético Atrial/sangue , Creatinina/urina , Diurese/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Postura/fisiologia , Potássio/urina , Gravidez/sangue , Gravidez/urina , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/sangue , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/fisiologia , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Renina/sangue , Sódio/urina , Decúbito Dorsal/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Con el objetivo de evaluar la ingesta de yodo en mujeres embarazadas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires se determinó la excreción urinaria de yodo, debido a que es un excelente marcador de estado nutricional poblacional. Para ello se utilizó un método potenciométrico descripto con anterioridad. Además, para correlacionar la ingesta de yodo con la función tiroidea y con fenómenos de autoinmunidad se investigaron el volumen tiroideo y los niveles de TSH, T4 libre y anticuerpos anti-tiroides séricos. Se observó una elevada excreción urinaria media de yodo (740 µg/24 h), comparable con otras poblaciones como la norteamericana o la japonesa. Los resultados de los niveles hormonales y de anticuerpos anti-tiroides demostraron que la población estudiada se encuentra dentro de los límites descriptos por la bibliografía. Se concluye que no existiría deficiencia de yodo, discutiéndose el efecto que puede tener una dieta con elevado contenido de yodo sobre la función tiroidea y la posibilidad de desarrollo de patologías de etiología autoinmune en el embarazo
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Glândula Tireoide , Iodo/urina , Gravidez/urina , Anticorpos/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangueRESUMO
Con el objetivo de evaluar la ingesta de yodo en mujeres embarazadas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires se determinó la excreción urinaria de yodo, debido a que es un excelente marcador de estado nutricional poblacional. Para ello se utilizó un método potenciométrico descripto con anterioridad. Además, para correlacionar la ingesta de yodo con la función tiroidea y con fenómenos de autoinmunidad se investigaron el volumen tiroideo y los niveles de TSH, T4 libre y anticuerpos anti-tiroides séricos. Se observó una elevada excreción urinaria media de yodo (740 Ag/24 h), comparable con otras poblaciones como la norteamericana o la japonesa. Los resultados de los niveles hormonales y de anticuerpos anti-tiroides demostraron que la población estudiada se encuentra dentro de los límites descriptos por la bibliografía. Se concluye que no existiría deficiencia de yodo, discutiéndose el efecto que puede tener una dieta con elevado contenido de yodo sobre la función tiroidea y la posibilidad de desarrollo de patologías de etiología autoinmune en el embarazo (AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Iodo/urina , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez/urina , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Tiroxina/sangue , Tireotropina/sangue , Anticorpos/sangue , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urinaRESUMO
Urinary calcium excretion has been reported to be diminished in preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to determine urinary calcium excretion in pregnant patients with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH) and preeclampsia (PE), and in normotensive patients (N). Forty-four pregnant patients (gestational age, 20-42 weeks; 18 CAH, 17 PE, 9 N) were evaluated for calciuria, proteinuria, plasma uric acid and blood pressure. Patients with PE (82 +/- 15.1 mg/24 h) showed significantly lower calciuria (P < 0.05) than the group with CAH (147 +/- 24.9 mg/24 h) and the N group (317 +/- 86.0 mg/24 h) (P < 0.05, Student t-test). Plasma uric acid was significantly higher in the PE group (6.1 +/- 0.38 mg/dl) than the CAH group (5.0 +/- 0.33 mg/dl; P < 0.05), which also presented higher proteinuria levels, although the difference was not statistically significant. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not differ between the PE (164 +/- 105 mmHg) and CAH (164 +/- 107 mmHg) groups. Calciuria was significantly lower in the group with preeclampsia than in the group with chronic arterial hypertension. We conclude that calciuria can be a further factor for identifying preeclampsia.
Assuntos
Cálcio/urina , Hipertensão/urina , Pré-Eclâmpsia/urina , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Eclâmpsia/complicações , Pré-Eclâmpsia/diagnóstico , Gravidez , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Estudos Prospectivos , Ácido Úrico/sangueRESUMO
Urinary calcium excretion has been reported to be diminished in preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to determine urinary calcium excretion in pregnant patients with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH) and preeclampsia (PE), and in normotensive patients (N). Forty-four pregnant patients (gestational age, 20-42 weeks; 18 CAH, 17PE, 9N) were evaluated for calciuria, proteinuria, plasma uric acid and blood pressure. Patients with PE (82 + 15.1 mg/24 h) showed significantly lower calciuria (P<0.05) than the group with CAH (147 + 24.9 mg/24 h) and the N group (317 + 86.0 mg/24 h) (P<0.05, Student t-test), Plasma uric acid was significantly higher in the PE group (6.1 + 0.38 mg/dl) than the CAH group (5.0 + 0.33 mg/dl; P<0.05), which also presented higher proteinuria levels, although the difference was not statistically significant. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not differ between the PE (164 + 105 mmHg) and CAH (164 + 107 mmHg) groups. Calciuria was significantly lower in the group with preeclampsia than in the group with chronic arterial hypertension. We conclude that calciuria can be a further factor for identifying preeclampsia.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Cálcio/urina , Hipertensão/urina , Pré-Eclâmpsia/urina , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Pré-Eclâmpsia/complicações , Pré-Eclâmpsia/diagnóstico , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez/urina , Estudos Prospectivos , Ácido Úrico/sangueRESUMO
Las infecciones del tracto urinario representan las complicaciones más frecuentes en el embarazo; de tal forma se señala una prevalecencia promedio de 4 a 7 por ciento de bacteriuria asintomática durante esta etapa. El propósito de esta investigación es estudiar la asociación entre la bacteriuria asintomática recurrente (BAR) durante el embarazo y el bajo peso del recién nacido. Se efectuo un estudio de cohortes en derechohabientes adscritas a la unidad de Medicina Familiar No.10 en Jalapa, Veracruz, en el periodo de enero a diciembre de 1996. Para determinar esta asociación en una población de 846 embarazadas se estudio una muestra de 118 casos, formándose dos grupos: 59 con BAR (grupo experimental) y 59 sin BAR (grupo control). Las gestantes fueron estudiadas cuando acudieron a control prenatal realizándoles un urocultivo cuantitativo, el cual de resultar positivo requirió corroboración con otro. La prevalencia de BAR observada fue de 6.97 por ciento. Las diferencias encontradas al estudiar la asociación entre bacteriuria asintomática recurrente durante el embarazo y bajo peso del recién nacido no fueron estadísticamente significativas