RESUMO
The use of in-vitro produced (IVP) embryo transfer (ET) in dairy herds is growing fast. Much of this growth is on dairy farms where the focus is on milk production and not on selling breeding stock. The value of implementing IVP-ET in a dairy herd arises from a higher genetic merit of the IVP-embryo, but the cost to produce a pregnancy with an IVP embryo is greater than the cost of artificial insemination (AI). The first objective of this study was to review estimates of the net benefit of using IVP-ET over AI in dairy herds using existing literature. Another objective was to show how much IVP-ET use in a herd is optimal. Most of the literature is based on simulation modeling, including our own work that focuses on the dairy industry in the USA. We found that the most profitable use of AI and IVP-ET is often a combination of the two. More IVP-ET should be used when the value of surplus calves is greater and the cost of IVP-ET is lower, among many other factors. In the future, use of IVP-ET will be further improved by more accurately identifying superior donors and recipients, reducing the generation interval, and achieving greater efficiency in embryo production.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriologia , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Transferência Embrionária/veterináriaRESUMO
Embryo biopsy for fetal sexing has clinical application, but few reports are available of its use within an active embryo transfer program. We evaluated results on biopsy of 459 embryos over one breeding season. There were no significant differences in pregnancy rate between biopsied and non-biopsied embryos (72% vs 73%) or for biopsied embryos recovered at the centre (73%) compared with those shipped overnight (72%). However, the pregnancy rate decreased significantly in shipped embryos biopsied ≥20h after collection. Overall, 86% of biopsies provided a sex diagnosis. The likelihood of a positive genomic (g) DNA result was significantly higher for biopsies from large blastocysts (96%) than from smaller embryos (70-85%). In total, 38% of biopsies were positive for Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) and were diagnosed as male. Subsequently, 95% of Y-DNA-positive embryos were confirmed as male and 78% of Y-DNA-negative embryos were confirmed as female. The accuracy of prediction of female (Y-DNA negative) was significantly higher when the biopsy sample was probed for Y-DNA only compared with probing for both gDNA and Y-DNA. We estimate that by transferring only Y-DNA-negative embryos, 3% of potential female pregnancies may have been lost, and production of male pregnancies was reduced by 72%.
Assuntos
Blastocisto/patologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/patologia , Cavalos/embriologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Diagnóstico Pré-Implantação , Análise para Determinação do Sexo , Animais , Argentina , Biópsia , Cruzamento/economia , Cruzamento/métodos , Comércio , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Transferência Embrionária/métodos , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Implantação/métodos , Diagnóstico Pré-Implantação/veterinária , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/métodos , Análise para Determinação do Sexo/veterinária , Medicina Veterinária Esportiva/economia , Medicina Veterinária Esportiva/métodos , Medicina Veterinária Esportiva/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
The aim of this review is to provide a brief description of the current situation of the embryo industry in Brazil, in the context of the national and international livestock production scenario. Total number of embryos produced (375,894) declined in 2015 in comparison with the previous years. B. Taurus dairy breeds and crossbreds accounted for 51.8% of the total embryo production. Moreover, the percentage of frozen-tawed embryos transferred reached 22.8% in 2015, the highest value in a decade. A greater proportion of embryos were produced in vitro, both in dairy (97.2%) and beef (90.2%) breeds. The use of embryo technologies in Brazil has remarkably increased 726.5% in the past 20 years, but still represents only 0.33% of the number of cows and heifers at reproductive age. Nonetheless, embryo transfer (ET)accounted for an estimated 19.7% of all purebred calves born and registered by the Brazilian Zebu Cattle Breeders Association in the period 2005-2015, highlighting the importance of ET for animal breeding and genetic improvement of the herd. In the world ́s context, Brazil is the largest producer of bovine in vitro produced (IVP) embryos, but is ranked only 11th based on an index of intensity of use of embryo technologies, below Canada, USA and various European countries. This scenario demonstrates a potential for further increases in embryo production in Brazil, mainly associated with the expected adoption of new technologies by a large proportion of dairy and beef farms; the use of embryo technologies for large scale production of crossbreds; and to eventual increases in the international embryo import/export activity.
Assuntos
Indústria Agropecuária/economia , Indústria Agropecuária/história , Pesquisas com Embriões/ética , Pesquisas com Embriões/história , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Transferência Embrionária/história , Transferência Embrionária/tendênciasRESUMO
The aim of this review is to provide a brief description of the current situation of the embryo industry in Brazil, in the context of the national and international livestock production scenario. Total number of embryos produced (375,894) declined in 2015 in comparison with the previous years. B. Taurus dairy breeds and crossbreds accounted for 51.8% of the total embryo production. Moreover, the percentage of frozen-tawed embryos transferred reached 22.8% in 2015, the highest value in a decade. A greater proportion of embryos were produced in vitro, both in dairy (97.2%) and beef (90.2%) breeds. The use of embryo technologies in Brazil has remarkably increased 726.5% in the past 20 years, but still represents only 0.33% of the number of cows and heifers at reproductive age. Nonetheless, embryo transfer (ET)accounted for an estimated 19.7% of all purebred calves born and registered by the Brazilian Zebu Cattle Breeders Association in the period 2005-2015, highlighting the importance of ET for animal breeding and genetic improvement of the herd. In the world ́s context, Brazil is the largest producer of bovine in vitro produced (IVP) embryos, but is ranked only 11th based on an index of intensity of use of embryo technologies, below Canada, USA and various European countries. This scenario demonstrates a potential for further increases in embryo production in Brazil, mainly associated with the expected adoption of new technologies by a large proportion of dairy and beef farms; the use of embryo technologies for large scale production of crossbreds; and to eventual increases in the international embryo import/export activity.(AU)
Assuntos
Pesquisas com Embriões/ética , Pesquisas com Embriões/história , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Transferência Embrionária/história , Transferência Embrionária/tendências , Indústria Agropecuária/economia , Indústria Agropecuária/históriaRESUMO
ET is a critical step in an assisted reproduction cycle. Over the past decade there has been an increasing trend to extending culture from cleavage-stage to blastocyst transfer. There has also been a trend to single ET and reporting the success of an assisted reproductive cycle as a cumulative live-birth rate after using both fresh and frozen embryos. There is low evidence that fresh blastocyst transfer is associated with improved live-birth rates compared with fresh cleavage-stage embryos. However, in the few studies that report cumulative pregnancy rates after fresh and frozen transfers, no significant difference was found. Cleavage-stage transfer is associated with greater numbers of embryos available for freezing, and blastocyst transfer is associated with increased number of cycles with no embryos to transfer. Further well-designed studies are warranted to evaluate the outcomes for blastocyst transfer including cumulative live-birth rate after fresh and frozen transfers, time to live birth, costs of the different transfer strategies, and perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity.
Assuntos
Blastocisto , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto , Implantação do Embrião , Transferência Embrionária/métodos , Infertilidade/terapia , Blastocisto/patologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto/patologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Criopreservação , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária , Transferência Embrionária/efeitos adversos , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Feminino , Fertilidade , Fertilização in vitro/efeitos adversos , Fertilização in vitro/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Infertilidade/diagnóstico , Infertilidade/economia , Infertilidade/fisiopatologia , Nascido Vivo , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The present assay attempts to evaluate the feasibility of using embryo transfer in small community farmers by in vivo study and by modelling the results obtained. From the total of 59 donor cows, 62.7% responded to treatment, with a significant difference (p = 0.002) in the percentage of the response between breeds, being 90.5% (19/21) in Holstein and 47.4% (18/38) in Brahman. A total of 283 embryos were graded as transferable, while 141 as non-transferable, without difference in the percentage of transferable embryo by breed (p = 0.18). The mean of transferable embryos graded as class I and II was not different between Holstein and Brahman (p = 0.96 and p = 0.92, respectively); besides, no differences were observed in the other grades (non-transferable). The highest difference in costs, regardless of its quality by breed, was seen in the lower levels of probable fertility of the embryo transferred, even reaching several hundred dollars. When modelling the expected costs for embryo produced and transferred, values can reach nearly $2000.00 when the probable fertility is only 10%. However, when the probable fertility was 60%, embryo cost was close to $300.00. This technology seems to be viable on average or high-scale systems, having a superovulatory response between 60 and 80% with 4-6 transferrable embryos. Yet, in small-scale farming, due to the reduced number of donors and/or recipients, the costs surpass the economical feasibility of the technique.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Destinação do Embrião/veterinária , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Agricultura/métodos , Animais , Cruzamento/métodos , Bovinos/genética , Destinação do Embrião/economia , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Fertilidade , Vigor Híbrido , Gravidez , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare cost-effectiveness between pituitary down-regulation with a GnRH agonist (GnRHa) short regimen on alternate days and GnRH antagonist (GnRHant) multidose protocol on in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized. SETTING: A private center. PATIENT(S): Patients were randomized into GnRHa (n = 48) and GnRHant (n = 48) groups. INTERVENTION(S): GnRHa stimulation protocol: administration of triptorelin on alternate days starting on the first day of the cycle, recombinant FSH (rFSH), and recombinant hCG (rhCG) microdose. GnRHant protocol: administration of a daily dose of rFSH, cetrorelix, and rhCG microdose. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): ICSI outcomes and treatment costs. RESULT(S): A significantly lower number of patients underwent embryo transfer in the GnRHa group. Clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower and miscarriage rate was significantly higher in the GnRHa group. It was observed a significant lower cost per cycle in the GnRHa group compared with the GnRHant group ($5,327.80 ± 387.30 vs. $5,900.40 ± 472.50). However, mean cost per pregnancy in the GnRHa was higher than in the GnRHant group ($19,671.80 ± 1,430.00 vs. $11,328.70 ± 907.20). CONCLUSION(S): Although the short controlled ovarian stimulation protocol with GnRHa on alternate days, rFSH, and rhCG microdose may lower the cost of an individual IVF cycle, it requires more cycles to achieve pregnancy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01468441.
Assuntos
Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transferência Embrionária/economia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipófise/metabolismo , Adulto , Análise Custo-Benefício , Regulação para Baixo/fisiologia , Esquema de Medicação , Transferência Embrionária/métodos , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/economia , Fertilização in vitro/métodos , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/administração & dosagem , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/economia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/economia , Resultado do Tratamento , Pamoato de Triptorrelina/administração & dosagem , Pamoato de Triptorrelina/economiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine if the technique of embryo transfer in cattle can be commercially feasible in a region situated in the humid tropics of Mexico. Twenty-six Bos taurus and twenty-six Bos indicus cows were estrous synchronized and superovulated to obtain a total of 80 embryos of both sub-species. Embryos were classified using stereoscopic microscopy based on established criteria. Nine dual-purpose farms situated in the tropics of Mexico were chosen to provide ten recipient cows each to transfer one embryo per cow. The females were transferred using a fixed-time protocol after verifying the presence of a corpus luteum on the seventh day after the end of hormonal treatment. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out 28 days after embryo transfer by ultrasonography. Estimation of the cost was determined by calculating the expenses for preparation of the donor and embryo recovery, which were US $633 and US $589 for B. taurus and B. indicus, respectively. The cost of each embryo was determined considering the number of transferable embryos recovered, which was 3.8 on mean. The cost of each conception was calculated taking into account the percentage of pregnant animals (27% on mean), and the cost for preparing donor and recipient cows, for transferring embryo. The overall cost per gestation was US $1,447. Considering a 50:50 ratio of male to female born, the cost for a replacement heifer calf was US $2,894, which surpassed by far the commercial cost of a crossbred ready-to-bred heifer normally used as replacement (approximately US $900).