RESUMO
Family history and traumatic experiences are factors linked to bipolar disorder. It is known that the lifetime risk of bipolar disorder in relatives of a bipolar proband are 5-10% for first degree relatives and 40-70% for monozygotic co-twins. It is also known that patients with early childhood trauma present earlier onset of bipolar disorder, increased number of manic episodes, and more suicide attempts. We have recently reported that childhood trauma partly mediates the effect of family history on bipolar disorder diagnosis. In light of these findings from the scientific literature, we reviewed the work of British writer Virginia Woolf, who allegedly suffered from bipolar disorder. Her disorder was strongly related to her family background. Moreover, Virginia Woolf was sexually molested by her half siblings for nine years. Her bipolar disorder symptoms presented a pernicious course, associated with hospitalizations, suicidal behavioral, and functional impairment. The concept of neuroprogression has been used to explain the clinical deterioration that takes places in a subgroup of bipolar disorder patients. The examination of Virgina Woolf’s biography and art can provide clinicians with important insights about the course of bipolar disorder.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Tentativa de Suicídio/história , Transtorno Bipolar/história , Pessoas Famosas , Literatura Moderna/história , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Sobreviventes Adultos de Maus-Tratos Infantis/história , Sobreviventes Adultos de Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologiaRESUMO
Family history and traumatic experiences are factors linked to bipolar disorder. It is known that the lifetime risk of bipolar disorder in relatives of a bipolar proband are 5-10% for first degree relatives and 40-70% for monozygotic co-twins. It is also known that patients with early childhood trauma present earlier onset of bipolar disorder, increased number of manic episodes, and more suicide attempts. We have recently reported that childhood trauma partly mediates the effect of family history on bipolar disorder diagnosis. In light of these findings from the scientific literature, we reviewed the work of British writer Virginia Woolf, who allegedly suffered from bipolar disorder. Her disorder was strongly related to her family background. Moreover, Virginia Woolf was sexually molested by her half siblings for nine years. Her bipolar disorder symptoms presented a pernicious course, associated with hospitalizations, suicidal behavioral, and functional impairment. The concept of neuroprogression has been used to explain the clinical deterioration that takes places in a subgroup of bipolar disorder patients. The examination of Virgina Woolf's biography and art can provide clinicians with important insights about the course of bipolar disorder.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/história , Pessoas Famosas , Literatura Moderna/história , Tentativa de Suicídio/história , Sobreviventes Adultos de Maus-Tratos Infantis/história , Sobreviventes Adultos de Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Feminino , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologiaRESUMO
Chronic mania is an under-investigated condition and few reports have associated this disorder with an organic background. The present work examines Kraepelin's reliable description of chronic mania from a current behavioral neurology viewpoint. Kraepelin had described a cluster of symptoms that are now recognized as core manifestations of the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) clinical phenotype. We also carried out additional reviews of original manuscripts from Kraepelin's peers, in order to find any case reports that might fulfill the current diagnostic proposal for bvFTD. Even though we failed to find an ideal case, we found some scholars who seemed to agree that chronic mania should be considered a special form of dementia. The present work highlights, through historical data, the possible overlapping features between primary psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms secondary to neurodegenerative conditions.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/história , Catatonia/história , Demência/história , Demência Frontotemporal/história , Fenótipo , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Catatonia/fisiopatologia , Doença Crônica , Demência/fisiopatologia , Demência Frontotemporal/fisiopatologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , HumanosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Chronic mania is an under-investigated condition and few reports have associated this disorder with an organic background. The present work examines Kraepelin’s reliable description of chronic mania from a current behavioral neurology viewpoint. Kraepelin had described a cluster of symptoms that are now recognized as core manifestations of the behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) clinical phenotype. We also carried out additional reviews of original manuscripts from Kraepelin’s peers, in order to find any case reports that might fulfill the current diagnostic proposal for bvFTD. Even though we failed to find an ideal case, we found some scholars who seemed to agree that chronic mania should be considered a special form of dementia. The present work highlights, through historical data, the possible overlapping features between primary psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms secondary to neurodegenerative conditions.
RESUMO A mania crônica constitui uma condição subinvestigada e alguns trabalhos têm associado esta desordem a um substrato orgânico. O presente manuscrito analisa a descrição fidedigna de Kraepelin de mania crônica a partir de um ponto de vista atual da neurologia comportamental. Concebemos que ele havia descrito um conjunto de sintomas que atualmente é reconhecido como manifestações centrais do fenótipo clínico da variante comportamental da demência frontotemporal (bvFTD). Também realizamos uma revisão adicional de manuscritos originais de pares contemporâneos de Kraepelin, a fim de procurar por um único relato de caso que poderia preencher critério diagnóstico atual de bvFTD. Mesmo que não tenhamos conseguido encontrar um caso perfeitamente exemplar, identificamos que alguns estudiosos da época pareciam concordar que a mania crônica devesse ser considerada uma forma especial de demência. O presente trabalho destaca por meio de dados históricos a sobreposição entre transtornos psiquiátricos primários e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos secundários a doenças neurodegenerativas.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Fenótipo , Transtorno Bipolar/história , Catatonia/história , Demência/história , Demência Frontotemporal/história , Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Catatonia/fisiopatologia , Doença Crônica , Demência/fisiopatologia , Demência Frontotemporal/fisiopatologiaAssuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/história , Catatonia/história , Delírio/história , Pessoas Famosas , Adulto , França , História Medieval , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The particularities of those that have been considered "hard cases" in the clinical field, and their relationship with personality disorders, are discussed together with their quintessential conceptual and diagnostic model: the borderline personalities. The aim of the study is to historically and epistemologically rebuild their origins within psychiatry and psychoanalysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: From a classical epistemological and historical study, a brief tour is made through the nineteenth century alienism and the postulate of "partial insanity". Next, a passage is spawned through the concepts that emerged from this postulate: "monomania" and "moral insanity", up to mid-century Kraepelin and the "fundamental states" of manic-depressive insanity as pathological constitutional forms or characters, and reaching the twentieth century with characterology and psychopathic personalities. Finally, psychoanalysis is analyzed as the main source of borderline personality disorders arising from the problems encountered in analytical treatments and the development of the notion of "character neurosis". CONCLUSIONS: Borderline personality disorders are the result of the conjunction of a number of factors, heirs of the notion of "partial insanity", of the fundamental states of manic-depression insanity, of characterology, of the idea of constitutions and pathological personalities, together with the emerging concerns of psychoanalysis in the early twentieth century.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/fisiopatologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/fisiopatologia , Psicanálise/métodos , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/história , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Bipolar/história , Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , HumanosRESUMO
Este artigo analisa historicamente o background ideológico que tornou possível a transformação da noção de melancolia nos conceitos de depressão e transtorno bipolar, a partir das mudanças médicas e psicológicas ocorridas no decorrer do século XIX. A antiga noção de melancolia foi remodelada e sua transição para a doença depressiva foi facilitada pelo conceito de Iipemania de Esquirol, que, pela primeira vez, enfatizou a natureza afetiva primária da doença. Finalmente, uma vez obtidas as condições conceituais necessárias, a melancolia e a mania foram combinadas no conceito de insanidade alternante, periódica, circular, ou de forma dupla, seus rígidos padrões descritivos foram flexibilizados, tendo culminado este processo na sinopse de Kraepelin.
This article historically examines the ideological background that opened the way to the transformation of the notion of melancholia into the concepts of depression and bipolar disorder, based on changes in medicine and psychology during the 19th century. The older notion of melancholia was remodeled and its transition to the concept of depression disorder was facilitated by the concept of lipemania, introduced by Esquirol, who first emphasized the primarily affective nature of the disease. Finally, once the necessary conceptual conditions had been attained, melancholia and mania were merged into the concept of periodic, circular and alternating (or even simultaneous) insanity. Consequently, its strict descriptive standards were relaxed, culminating in Kraepelin's synopsis.
Cet article examine du point de vue historique le contexte idéologique qui a permit la transformation de la notion de mélancolie en concepts de dépression et de trouble bipolaire à partir de l'évolution médicale et psychologique qui a eu lieu au cours du XIX siècle. L'ancienne notion de mélancolie est révisée et sa transformation en notion de maladie dépressive s'opère entre autre grâce au concept de lypémanie d'Esquirol qui a été le premier à souligner le caractère affectif primaire de la maladie. Les conditions conceptuelles nécessaires établies, la mélancolie et la manie sont transformées en concept de la folie alternante, périodique, circulaire, ou double. Ses normes descriptives rigides sont assouplies, ce qui finalement abouti à la synthèse de Kraepelin.
Este artículo analiza históricamente el background ideológico que hizo posible la transformación de la noción de melancolía en los conceptos de depresión y trastorno bipolar, a partir de los cambios médicos y psicológicos ocurridos en el decorrer del siglo XIX. La noción antigua de melancolía fue remodelada y su transición para la enfermedad depresiva fue facilitada por el concepto de lipemania de Esquirol, quien, por primera vez, enfatizó la naturaleza afectiva primaria de la enfermedad. Finalmente, obtenidas las condiciones conceptuales necesarias, la melancolía y la manía fueron combinadas en el concepto de insanidad alternante, periódica, circular, o de forma dupla, sus patrones rígidos descriptivos fueron flexibilizados, culminando este proceso en la sinopsis de Kraepelin.
Assuntos
Humanos , Psiquiatria/história , Transtorno Bipolar/história , Transtorno Depressivo/históriaRESUMO
Dado el aumento en el diagnostico de bipolaridad, las dificultades de establecer límites entre el ánimo normal y patológico y los riesgos derivados de la indicación de tratamientos inadecuados se presentan aquí antecedentes relativos a la historia y diagnóstico del Trastorno Bipolar así como las principales clasificaciones vigentes y las áreas de conflicto en cuanto a diagnóstico diferencial.
Given the increase diagnosis of bipolarity nowadays, the difficult to clarify the border between normal and pathological mood in this article the historical aspects and clinical features of Bipolar Disorder are reviewed as well as the differential diagnosis.