RESUMO
No puerpério, a mulher passa por intensas mudanças de ordem familiar e social, como também de adaptações psicológicas e biológicas, que são marcadas por alterações metabólicas e hormonais complexas, sendo a fase de maior risco para o desenvolvimento de algum transtorno mental. Objetivo:Realizar uma revisão da literatura paraidentificar a assistência à saúde nos transtornos mentais no período de puerpério. Metodologia:Estudo descritivo na modalidade revisão integrativa, realizado com artigos originais disponíveis nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, publicados nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic LibraryOnline (SCIELO) e Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), no período de 2015 a 2021 com os seguintes descritores: assistência de enfermagem, transtornos mentais e períodopós-parto. Resultados:Foram encontrados 58artigos, dos quais 17foram selecionados ao final do processo. 10 trabalhos evidenciaram fatores associados com transtorno mental, 4 trabalhos descreveram medidas de proteção e 3 abordaram ações assistenciais de saúde na intervenção dos transtornos mentais no puerpério. Conclusões:Após análise da literatura, observa-seque o baixo suporte social e familiar se mostraram como principais fatores de risco associados aos transtornos mentais para a puérpera. Já os fatores de proteção foram relacionados com aumento do apoio familiar e assistencial por meio dos serviços de saúde, bem como a importância da enfermagem na implementação de estratégias preventivas para os transtornos mentais no puerpério (AU).
In the puerperium, women undergoes intense changes of family and social order, as well as psychological and biological adaptations, which are marked by complex metabolic and hormonal alterations, being the phase of greatest risk for the development of somemental disorder. Objective: Conduct a review of the literature to identify health care in mental disorders in the postpartum period.Methodology:Descriptive study in the integrative review modality, carried out with original articles available in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published in the scientific electronic library online (SCIELO) and Latin American literature in health sciences (LILACS) databases, from 2015 to 2021 with the following descriptors: nursing care, mental disorders and postpartum period.Results:Fifty-eight articles were found, of which 17 were selected at the end of the process. 10 studies showed factors associated with mental disorder, 4 studies described protective measures and 3 addressed health care actions in the intervention of mental disorders in the puerperium.Conclusions:After analyzing the literature, we observed that low social and family support were shown to be the main risk factors associated with mental disorders for the puerperal. On the other hand, the protective factors were related to increased family and care support through health services, as well as the importance of nursing in the implementation of preventive strategies for mental disorders in the puerperium (AU).
En el puerperio, la mujer sufre intensos cambios de orden familiar y social, así como adaptaciones psicológicas y biológicas, que se caracterizan por complejas alteraciones metabólicas y hormonales, siendo la fase de mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de algún trastorno mental.Objetivo:Realizar una revisión de la literatura para identificar la atención médica en los trastornos mentales en el período posparto. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo en la modalidad de revisión integradora, realizado con artículos originales disponibles en portugués, inglés y español, publicados en las bases de datos de la biblioteca científica electrónica en línea (SCIELO) y de la literatura latinoamericana en ciencias de la salud (LILACS), de 2015 a 2021 con los siguientes descriptores: cuidados de enfermería, trastornos mentales y puerperio.Resultados: Se encontraron cincuenta y ocho artículos, de los cuales 17 fueron seleccionados al final del proceso. 10 estudios mostraron factores asociadosal trastorno mental, 4 estudios describieron medidas de protección y 3 abordaron acciones de atención sanitaria en la intervención de los trastornos mentales en el puerperio.Conclusiones: Después de analizar la literatura, observamos que el bajo apoyo social y familiar demostró ser el principal factor de riesgo asociado a los trastornos mentales para el puerperal. Por otro lado, los factores protectores se relacionaron con el aumento del apoyo familiar y asistencial a través de los servicios de salud, asícomo la importancia de la enfermería en la implementación de estrategias preventivas para los trastornos mentales en el puerperio (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Período Pós-Parto/psicologia , Assistência à Saúde Mental , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Cuidados de Enfermagem/psicologia , Humanização da Assistência , Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy in adults, and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a frequent histopathological feature in patients with MTLE. Pharmacoresistance is present in at least one-third of patients with MTLE with HS (MTLE+HS). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy, including the effect of genetic and molecular factors. In recent years, the increased knowledge generated by high-throughput omic technologies has significantly improved the power of molecular genetic studies to discover new mechanisms leading to disease and response to treatment. In this review, we present and discuss the contribution of different omic modalities to understand the basic mechanisms determining pharmacoresistance in patients with MTLE+HS. We provide an overview and a critical discussion of the findings, limitations, new approaches, and future directions of these studies to improve the understanding of pharmacoresistance in MTLE+HS. However, it is important to point out that, as with other complex traits, pharmacoresistance to anti-seizure medications is likely a multifactorial condition in which gene-gene and gene-environment interactions play an important role. Thus, studies using multidimensional approaches are more likely to unravel these intricate biological processes.
Assuntos
Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal , Epilepsia , Transtornos Mentais , Adulto , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Esclerose/patologiaRESUMO
AIMS: During illnesses caused by infectious diseases, a suite of brain-mediated responses called sickness syndrome occurs, triggering behavioral and physiological changes. This study investigated whether ghrelin modulates sickness syndrome induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MAIN METHODS: Male Wistar rats were pretreated with vehicle or [D-lys3]-GHRP-6, a ghrelin receptor GHS-R1 antagonist (20 nmol, i.c.v), 30 min before injection of LPS (200 µg/kg, i.p.) or sterile saline. We investigated the behavioral effects in male rats after LPS administration by screening for depressive-like behavior, locomotor activity alterations, and corticosterone release. Changes in body temperature were measured using a biotelemetry probe preimplanted in the peritoneal cavity to evaluate the effect of ghrelin on the thermoregulatory response during immunological challenge. KEY FINDINGS: Pretreatment with [D-lys3]-GHRP-6 blunted most of the assessed parameters related to sickness syndrome, including social withdrawal, anhedonia, depressive-like behavior, and anorexia, reduced the activation of the HPA axis, but did not alter LPS-induced fever. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that ghrelin centrally mediates the sickness behavior and activation of HPA, as a ghrelin receptor antagonist attenuates social withdrawal, anhedonia, depressive-like behavior, anorexia, and HPA activation in response to LPS.
Assuntos
Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiologia , Comportamento de Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Transtornos Mentais/prevenção & controle , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Receptores de Grelina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Temperatura Corporal , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento de Doença/fisiologia , Locomoção , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Mentais/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are hypothalamic neuropeptides classically associated with their regulatory role in reproduction, water homeostasis, and social behaviors. Interestingly, this role has expanded in recent years and has positioned these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for various neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism, addiction, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Due to the chemical-physical characteristics of these neuropeptides including short half-life, poor blood-brain barrier penetration, promiscuity for AVP and OT receptors (AVP-R, OT-R), novel ligands have been developed in recent decades. This review summarizes the role of OT and AVP in neuropsychiatric conditions, as well as the findings of different OT-R and AVP-R agonists and antagonists, used both at the preclinical and clinical level. Furthermore, we discuss their possible therapeutic potential for central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Vasopressinas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Agonismo de Drogas , Antagonismo de Drogas , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Vasoconstritores/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Maternal inflammation during pregnancy causes later-in-life alterations of the offspring's brain structure and function. These abnormalities increase the risk of developing several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, intellectual disability, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, microcephaly, and cerebral palsy. Here, we discuss how astrocytes might contribute to postnatal brain dysfunction following maternal inflammation, focusing on the signaling mediated by two families of plasma membrane channels: hemi-channels and pannexons. [Ca2+]i imbalance linked to the opening of astrocytic hemichannels and pannexons could disturb essential functions that sustain astrocytic survival and astrocyte-to-neuron support, including energy and redox homeostasis, uptake of K+ and glutamate, and the delivery of neurotrophic factors and energy-rich metabolites. Both phenomena could make neurons more susceptible to the harmful effect of prenatal inflammation and the experience of a second immune challenge during adulthood. On the other hand, maternal inflammation could cause excitotoxicity by producing the release of high amounts of gliotransmitters via astrocytic hemichannels/pannexons, eliciting further neuronal damage. Understanding how hemichannels and pannexons participate in maternal inflammation-induced brain abnormalities could be critical for developing pharmacological therapies against neurological disorders observed in the offspring.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/metabolismo , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais , Complicações na Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Astrócitos/patologia , Transporte Biológico Ativo , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Transtornos Mentais/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/etiologia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/metabolismo , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/patologia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Complicações na Gravidez/patologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/patologiaRESUMO
Autophagy is a process of degradation and recycling of cytoplasmatic components by the lysosomes. In the central nervous system (CNS), autophagy is involved in cell surveillance, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity. Neuropsychiatric conditions are associated with functional disturbances at molecular and cellular levels, causing significant impairments in cell homeostasis. Additionally, emerging evidence supports that dysfunctions in autophagy contribute to the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. However, the studies on autophagy in psychiatric disorders are highly heterogeneous and have several limitations, mainly to assess causality and determine the autophagy flux in animals and human samples. Besides, the role of this mechanism in non-neuronal cells in the CNS is only recently being explored. Thus, this review summarizes and discusses the changes in the autophagy pathway in animal models of psychiatric disorders and the limitations underlying the significant findings. Moreover, we compared these findings with clinical studies. Understanding the involvement of autophagy in psychiatric conditions, and the limitation of our current models may contribute to the development of more effective research approaches and possibly pharmacological therapies.
Assuntos
Autofagia/fisiologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transtornos Mentais/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that the single-disease paradigm does not accurately reflect the individual experience, with increasing prevalence of chronic disease multimorbidity, and subtle yet important differences in types of co-occurring diseases. Knowledge of multimorbidity patterns can aid clarification of individual-level burden and needs, to inform prevention and treatment strategies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in Jamaica, identify population subgroups with similar and distinct disease profiles, and examine consistency in patterns identified across statistical techniques. METHODS: Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to examine multimorbidity patterns in a sample of 2,551 respondents aged 15-74 years, based on data from the nationally representative Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2007/2008 and self-reported presence/absence of 11 chronic conditions. Secondary analyses compared results with patterns identified using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). RESULTS: Nearly one-quarter of the sample (24.1%) were multimorbid (i.e. had ≥2 diseases), with significantly higher burden in females compared to males (31.6% vs. 16.1%; p<0.001). LCA revealed four distinct classes, including a predominant Relatively Healthy class, comprising 52.7% of the sample, with little to no morbidity. The remaining three classes were characterized by varying degrees and patterns of multimorbidity and labelled Metabolic (30.9%), Vascular-Inflammatory (12.2%), and Respiratory (4.2%). Four diseases determined using physical assessments (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia) were primary contributors to multimorbidity patterns overall. EFA identified three patterns described as "Vascular" (hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, stroke); "Respiratory" (asthma, COPD); and "Cardio-Mental-Articular" (cardiovascular disease, arthritis, mental disorders). CONCLUSION: This first study of multimorbidity in the Caribbean has revealed a high burden of co-existing conditions in the Jamaican population, that is predominantly borne by females. Consistency across methods supports the validity of patterns identified. Future research into the causes and consequences of multimorbidity patterns can guide development of clinical and public health strategies that allow for targeted prevention and intervention.
Assuntos
Análise de Classes Latentes , Multimorbidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Asma/complicações , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/patologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/patologia , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Autorrelato , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar a assistência às pessoas com transtornos mentais em conflito com a lei. Trata-se de um estudo de avaliação realizado em duas etapas: Estudo Metodológico e Estudo de Caso. O estudo metodológico, desenvolvido de fevereiro a dezembro de 2019, delineou a construção e validação do modelo lógico e da matriz de critérios para avaliação da assistência ao grupo estudado, a partir dos três procedimentos sugeridos pelo referencial da Psicometria de Pasquali: 1) teóricos- composto por ensaio teórico, scoping review e estudo de avaliabilidade, a fim de identificar os conteúdos que compuseram o modelo lógico e a matriz de critérios; 2) empíricos compreenderam a construção do instrumento de coleta através do Google Forms e a seleção de 44 experts para o processo de validação do instrumento de avaliação proposto; e 3) analíticos- realizado a partir de duas etapas Delphi, em que se considerou válido o item avaliado como adequado que obteve 70% de concordância entre os experts. O estudo de caso ocorreu no âmbito do Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram entrevistados, em janeiro de 2020, três gestores e sete profissionais de saúde que atuavam no cenário pesquisado. O conteúdo textual decorrente das entrevistas foi submetido à análise textual lexicográfica, com auxílio do software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionneires e a análise dos dados foi realizada a partir de literatura pertinente. O ensaio teórico refletiu sobre a existência de muros (in) visíveis que cerceiam as pessoas com transtornos mentais em conflito com a lei. A scoping review identificou que as pesquisas acerca da assistência à saúde mental ofertada aos internos dos Institutos de Psiquiatria Forense no Brasil eram predominantemente dissertações, com abordagem qualitativa, na área da Psicologia e Direito, publicadas em 2014, realizadas na região sudeste do Brasil, com ênfase nas falas dos profissionais de saúde e sem especificar a metodologia da análise de dados. Ademais, indicou que a assistência ofertada aos internos destas instituições tem caráter punitivo, pauta-se na medicalização excessiva e diverge da legislação vigente, o que dificulta a reintegração social desses sujeitos. O estudo de avaliabilidade resultou: na elaboração e pactuação do modelo lógico; na análise e comparação entre a realidade da política e o modelo lógico; e na elaboração da matriz de critérios. O modelo lógico foi validado pela Técnica de Grupo Nominal. A adequabilidade do conteúdo da matriz de critérios foi avaliada por 16 experts na etapa Delphi 1 e por 12 na etapa Delphi 2. A matriz de critérios teve seu conteúdo validado mediante Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,93. Para gestores e profissionais de saúde entrevistados na etapa de campo, a assistência no cenário estudado é permeada por carências estruturais, mas mudanças no âmbito da gestão institucional têm permitido avanços no processo de desinstitucionalização dos internos. Recomenda-se o estabelecimento de metas exequíveis, bem como que a matriz de critérios proposta nesse estudo direcione a avaliação contínua e sistemática, capaz de incidir em melhorias na assistência prestada a esta clientela (AU).
The objective was to evaluate the assistance to people with mental disorders in conflict with the law. It is an evaluation study carried out in two stages: Methodological Study and Case Study. The methodological study, developed in February 2019, outlines a construction and validation of the logical model and the matrix of criteria for assessing assistance to the studied group, based on the three procedures suggested by Pasquali's psychometric framework: 1) theoristscomposed of theoretical essay, scope review and availability study, in order to identify the contents that make up the logical model and the criteria matrix; 2) empirical - understand the construction of a collection instrument using Google Forms and the selection of 44 specialists for the validation process of the analyzed evaluation instrument; and 3) analytical - carried out using two Delphi steps, in which the item evaluated as adequate is considered valid, which recovered 70% of agreement between the specialists. The case study took place at the Hospital of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. In January 2020, three managers and seven health professionals who worked in the surveyed scenario were interviewed. The textual content resulting from the interviews was subjected to lexicographic textual analysis, with the aid of the software Interface de R pour Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionneires and the data analysis was performed from the relevant literature. The theoretical essay reflected on the existence of (in) visible walls that surround people with mental disorders in conflict with the law. The scoping review identified that research on mental health care offered to interns at the Institutes of Forensic Psychiatry in Brazil was predominantly dissertations, with a qualitative approach, in the area of Psychology and Law, published in 2014, carried out in the southeastern region of Brazil, with emphasis on the speeches of health professionals and without specifying the methodology of data analysis. In addition, he indicated that the assistance offered to the interns of these institutions has a punitive character, is based on excessive medicalization and diverges from the current legislation, which hinders the social reintegration of these subjects. The evaluability study resulted in: the elaboration and agreement of the logical model; in the analysis and comparison between the reality of politics and the logical model; and in the elaboration of the criteria matrix. The logical model was validated by the Nominal Group Technique. The content adequacy of the criteria matrix was assessed by 16 experts in the Delphi 1 stage and by 12 in the Delphi 2 stage. The content matrix had its content validated by 0.93 Content Validity Coefficient. For managers and health professionals interviewed in the field stage, assistance in the scenario studied is permeated by structural deficiencies, but changes in the scope of institutional management have allowed advances in the process of deinstitutionalization of inmates. It is recommended to establish achievable goals, as well as the criteria matrix proposed in this study to direct continuous and systematic assessment, capable of focusing on improvements in the assistance provided to this cliente (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Avaliação em Saúde/métodos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Assistência à Saúde Mental , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Saúde Mental , Estudo de Validação , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
Clarifying the relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology may open avenues for effective treatments. Here, we investigate the odds of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms across increasing burdens of neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid-ß pathology. Participants who passed away between 2004 and 2014 underwent comprehensive neuropathologic evaluation at the Biobank for Aging Studies from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of São Paulo. Postmortem interviews with reliable informants were used to collect information regarding neuropsychiatric and cognitive status. Of 1,092 cases collected, those with any non-Alzheimer pathology were excluded, bringing the cohort to 455 cases. Braak staging was used to evaluate neurofibrillary tangle burden, and the CERAD neuropathology score was used to evaluate amyloid-ß burden. The 12-item neuropsychiatric inventory was used to evaluate neuropsychiatric symptoms and CDR-SOB score was used to evaluate dementia status. In Braak I/II, significantly increased odds were detected for agitation, anxiety, appetite changes, depression, and sleep disturbances, compared to controls. Increased odds of agitation continue into Braak III/IV. Braak V/VI is associated with higher odds for delusions. No increased odds for neuropsychiatric symptoms were found to correlate with amyloid-ß pathology. Increased odds of neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with early neurofibrillary tangle pathology, suggesting that subcortical neurofibrillary tangle accumulation with minimal cortical pathology is sufficient to impact quality of life and that neuropsychiatric symptoms are a manifestation of AD biological processes.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/patologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Biochemical imbalances, provoked by aging or a secondary illness, might directly affect the brain, causing severe problems, such as loss of memory or alteration of behavior patterns. Brain disorders are usually classified as injuries (such as stroke, hematomas, and concussions), tumors, and neurodegenerative (such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) and mental (such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) diseases. As the pathophysiology of these illnesses is not completely established and multiple factors are involved, metallomics, a bioanalytical strategy that allows the detection of metal ions and metalloproteins in diverse biological matrices, is of extreme relevance in identifying which elements are affected by a disease and/or treatment. Thus, determining which element ions suffer disturbances in their homeostasis during the disease progress is relevant to understand the biochemical changes and propose new drug targets. In addition, it is well known that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of pathological neurodegenerative and mental diseases, which may be caused by metal ion dyshomeostasis, so it is also important to understand endogenous antioxidant metalloprotein and metalloenzyme mechanisms in this regard. In this context, recent applications of metallomics in the study of neurodegenerative and mental disorders are discussed in this chapter, as well as future trends in this research area.