RESUMO
Downhill running-based overtraining model increases the hypothalamic levels of IL-1ß, TNF-α, SOCS3, and pSAPK-JNK. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of 3 overtraining protocols on the levels of BiP, pIRE-1 (Ser724), pPERK (Thr981), pelF2α (Ser52), ATF-6, GRP-94, caspase 4, caspase 12, pAKT (Ser473), pmTOR (Ser2448), and pAMPK (Thr172) proteins in the mouse hypothalamus. The mice were randomized into the control, overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up), and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups. After the overtraining protocols (i.e., at the end of week 8), hypothalamus was removed and used for immunoblotting. The OTR/down group exhibited increased levels of all of the analyzed endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in the hypothalamus at the end of week 8. The OTR/up and OTR groups exhibited increased levels of BiP, pIRE-1 (Ser724), and pPERK (Thr981) in the hypothalamus at the end of week 8. There were no significant differences in the levels of caspase 4, caspase 12, pAKT (Ser473), pmTOR (Ser2448), and pAMPK (Thr172) between the experimental groups at the end of week 8. In conclusion, the 3 overtraining protocols increased the endoplasmic reticulum stress at the end of week 8.
Assuntos
Transtornos Traumáticos Cumulativos/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal/efeitos adversos , Esforço Físico , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Transtornos Traumáticos Cumulativos/etiologia , Transtornos Traumáticos Cumulativos/imunologia , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/enzimologia , Hipotálamo/imunologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neurônios/enzimologia , Neurônios/imunologia , Fosforilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , eIF-2 Quinase/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of the study described here was to investigate the effects of pulsed ultrasound and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in an experimental model of overuse. Wistar rats performed 21 d of exercise on a treadmill at different intensities and were exposed to ultrasound in the presence or absence of AuNPs. The overuse model promoted behavioral changes and increased creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as the levels of superoxide, nitrotyrosine, nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. These values were significantly decreased by AuNPs and by AuNPs plus ultrasound. Catalase activity remained unchanged and the glutathione level increased significantly after exposure to AuNPs plus ultrasound. These results suggest a susceptibility to anxiety as well as elevated levels of oxidative stress. However, therapeutic interventions with AuNPs plus ultrasound reduced the production of oxidants and oxidative damage and improved the anti-oxidant defense system.