RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether neurophysiologic responses (auditory evoked potentials) differ between typically developed children and children with phonological disorders and whether these responses are modified in children with phonological disorders after speech therapy. METHODS: The participants included 24 typically developing children (Control Group, mean age: eight years and ten months) and 23 children clinically diagnosed with phonological disorders (Study Group, mean age: eight years and eleven months). Additionally, 12 study group children were enrolled in speech therapy (Study Group 1), and 11 were not enrolled in speech therapy (Study Group 2). The subjects were submitted to the following procedures: conventional audiological, auditory brainstem response, auditory middle-latency response, and P300 assessments. All participants presented with normal hearing thresholds. The study group 1 subjects were reassessed after 12 speech therapy sessions, and the study group 2 subjects were reassessed 3 months after the initial assessment. Electrophysiological results were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Latency differences were observed between the groups (the control and study groups) regarding the auditory brainstem response and the P300 tests. Additionally, the P300 responses improved in the study group 1 children after speech therapy. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that children with phonological disorders have impaired auditory brainstem and cortical region pathways that may benefit from speech therapy.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Articulação/terapia , Potenciais Evocados P300/fisiologia , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos do Tronco Encefálico/fisiologia , Fonoterapia/métodos , Análise de Variância , Vias Auditivas/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/terapia , Testes de Linguagem , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether neurophysiologic responses (auditory evoked potentials) differ between typically developed children and children with phonological disorders and whether these responses are modified in children with phonological disorders after speech therapy. METHODS: The participants included 24 typically developing children (Control Group, mean age: eight years and ten months) and 23 children clinically diagnosed with phonological disorders (Study Group, mean age: eight years and eleven months). Additionally, 12 study group children were enrolled in speech therapy (Study Group 1), and 11 were not enrolled in speech therapy (Study Group 2). The subjects were submitted to the following procedures: conventional audiological, auditory brainstem response, auditory middle-latency response, and P300 assessments. All participants presented with normal hearing thresholds. The study group 1 subjects were reassessed after 12 speech therapy sessions, and the study group 2 subjects were reassessed 3 months after the initial assessment. Electrophysiological results were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Latency differences were observed between the groups (the control and study groups) regarding the auditory brainstem response and the P300 tests. Additionally, the P300 responses improved in the study group 1 children after speech therapy. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that children with phonological disorders have impaired auditory brainstem and cortical region pathways that may benefit from speech therapy. .
Assuntos
Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Articulação/terapia , /fisiologia , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos do Tronco Encefálico/fisiologia , Fonoterapia/métodos , Análise de Variância , Vias Auditivas/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Testes de Linguagem , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/terapia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Se estudia a niños con dificultades fonológicas (DF) desde la perspectiva de la teoría de la fonología natural. Según ella, el desarrollo consiste en la paulatina eliminación de procesos fonológicos de simplificación (PSF) que afectan a la producción de palabras. Los niños con DF no eliminan adecuadamente los PSF y, por ello, sus emisiones son poco inteligibles y similares a la de niños de menor edad. Existe información en español acerca de la eliminación de PSF en el desarrollo típico, pero es escasa en menores con DF. Objetivo: comparar el manejo de PSF en niños con DF de 4, 5 y 6 años. Método: Se trabajó con 34 menores, con DF y diagnóstico de TEL, alumnos de escuela de lenguaje, distribuidos en tres grupos: 4.0 a 4.11 años (n12); 5.0 a 5.11 años (n11) y 6.0 a 6.11 años (n11). Fueron evaluados individualmente en su establecimiento educacional con el Test para evaluar procesos de simplificación fonológica (TEPROSIF-.‐R). Resultados: Se constató que la eliminación de PSF en los niños con problemas fonológicos es evidente entre los 4 y 5 años, pero se lentifica entre los 5 y 6 años, en especial, en los relacionados con la estructura de la sílaba y de la palabra.
This paper studies children who have phonological difficulties (PD) from the theoretical principles of natural phonology. This theory holds that the development consists in the gradual loss of the phonological simplification processes (PSP) which affect the production of words. Children with PD do not delete properly the PSP and therefore their speech is unintelligible and similar to that of younger children. Studies on the loss of phonological simplification processes in children with typical language development have been carried out in Spanish. However, far too little attention has been paid to this loss in children with PD. Objective: to compare the management of phonological simplification processes by children aged 4, 5 and 6 years with PD. Method: 34 children with PD and diagnosed with Specific Language Impairment (SLI), students enrolled in a language school, divided into three groups: 4.0 to 4.11 years (n12); 5.0 to 5.11 years (n11) and 6.0 to 6.11 years (n11). Children were assessed individually in their schools using the Test para Evaluar Procesos de Simplificación Fonológica (TEPROSIF-.‐R). Results: it was observed that the loss of PSP in children with PD is evident between children aged 4 and 5 years, but it is slower between children aged 5 and 6 years, especially, those related to the structure of the syllable and the word.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Fonética , Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Testes de Articulação da FalaRESUMO
In this phonetic study, productions of the consonant in the stressed syllable position of the word arara as produced by 13 subjects with short and/or anterior lingual frenulum were compared before and after lingual frenectomy. The results from the measurement of the stressed consonant duration and from the identification of the consonant manners of articulation based on the inspection of spectral characteristics are discussed and related to the answers to a perceptual identification test. After surgery, the number of tap productions did not increase, but alveolar productions did. These clinically relevant findings show frenectomy improved tongue mobility, but, as temporal controls were not totally re-established after surgery and 6-month speech therapy sessions, the production of the alveolar tap remained largely unchanged.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação , Freio Lingual/fisiopatologia , Fala/fisiologia , Doenças da Língua , Língua/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtornos da Articulação/patologia , Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Articulação/cirurgia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Freio Lingual/patologia , Freio Lingual/cirurgia , Masculino , Movimento/fisiologia , Fonética , Período Pós-Operatório , Acústica da Fala , Inteligibilidade da Fala/fisiologia , Medida da Produção da Fala , Língua/patologia , Doenças da Língua/patologia , Doenças da Língua/fisiopatologia , Doenças da Língua/cirurgia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the changes after frenectomy concerning mobility and functions of the tongue. METHODS: Participants were 53 subjects who had never undergone speech therapy or lingual frenulum surgery. A specific lingual frenulum protocol with scores was used by speech-language pathologists when there was evidence of frenulum alteration. Ten subjects had abnormal frenulum and were referred to an otolaryngologist for frenectomy. After surgery, the subjects were re-evaluated using the same protocol. Photos and videos were taken for comparison. RESULTS: Thirty days after surgery, the subjects had the shape of the tip of the tongue and its movements improved. Lip closure and speech were also improved. CONCLUSION: Frenectomy is efficient to improve tongue posture, tongue mobility, oral functions, and oral communication.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação/cirurgia , Freio Lingual/cirurgia , Doenças da Língua/cirurgia , Língua/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Freio Lingual/anatomia & histologia , Freio Lingual/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Movimento , Língua/anatomia & histologia , Doenças da Língua/fisiopatologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A crosslinguistic study is underway concerning children's protracted phonological development (i.e. speech sound disorders). The current article reports pilot Spanish data for this study from two 4-year-old boys with protracted phonological development. The purposes of the pilot study were to: (1) develop and evaluate a word list for elicitation that could be used across Spanish dialects and that sufficiently sampled Spanish word lengths, stress patterns, word shapes and phonemes; and (2) to derive hypotheses for the larger study, based on patterns found in these children's speech, and a review of the literature. The two speakers showed some developmental patterns reported for other languages (e.g. constraints on production of liquids and word-initial consonants in unstressed syllables) but also patterns that may reflect Spanish phonological inventories, allophony and frequencies. These data helped consolidate the Spanish word list for elicitation and led to questions for the ongoing study concerning word structure, multisyllabic words, liquids, fricatives and vowel sequences.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Idioma , Multilinguismo , Fonética , Adolescente , Transtornos da Articulação/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Fonoterapia , Vocabulário , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Descrever as mudanças ocorridas após a frenectomia com relação à mobilidade e funções da língua. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 53 sujeitos, os quais nunca haviam se submetido a fonoterapia ou a cirurgia do frênulo. Um protocolo com escores específicos para avaliação do frênulo lingual foi utilizado para avaliar os sujeitos com evidências de alteração neste aspecto. Foi encontrada alteração em dez sujeitos, que foram encaminhados a um otorrinolaringologista para frenectomia. Após a cirurgia, esses sujeitos foram reavaliados pelo fonoaudiólogo utilizando-se o mesmo protocolo. Fotos e vídeos foram usados para comparação. RESULTADOS: Trinta dias após a cirurgia, os sujeitos apresentaram a forma da ponta da língua modificada, assim como os movimentos melhorados. O fechamento labial e a fala também melhoraram. CONCLUSÃO: A frenectomia é eficiente para melhorar a mobilidade e a postura da língua, assim como suas funções, incluindo a produção da fala.
PURPOSE: To describe the changes after frenectomy concerning mobility and functions of the tongue. METHODS: Participants were 53 subjects who had never undergone speech therapy or lingual frenulum surgery. A specific lingual frenulum protocol with scores was used by speech-language pathologists when there was evidence of frenulum alteration. Ten subjects had abnormal frenulum and were referred to an otolaryngologist for frenectomy. After surgery, the subjects were re-evaluated using the same protocol. Photos and videos were taken for comparison. RESULTS: Thirty days after surgery, the subjects had the shape of the tip of the tongue and its movements improved. Lip closure and speech were also improved. CONCLUSION: Frenectomy is efficient to improve tongue posture, tongue mobility, oral functions, and oral communication.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Transtornos da Articulação/cirurgia , Freio Lingual/cirurgia , Doenças da Língua/cirurgia , Língua/fisiologia , Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Freio Lingual/anatomia & histologia , Freio Lingual/fisiopatologia , Movimento , Doenças da Língua/fisiopatologia , Língua/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Information about the prevalence of consonant production errors, including compensatory articulations (CA), in individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who speak Brazilian Portuguese is limited, particularly regarding liquid sounds. The literature primarily reports the occurrence of CA for plosive and fricative sounds, since occurrence of CAs in sounds that require higher amounts of oral air pressure is expected. While the use of CA during liquid sound production is not expected, clinical experience suggests that individuals with CLP present with inadequate backing, elevation, and anteriorization of the tongue as well as tongue clicks during production of /r/ and /l/. Objectives: Describe the occurrence of consonant error productions during liquid sounds for children with CLP; compare the occurrence between children operated with the Furlow and von Langenbeck techniques for palatoplasty; and compare the occurrence between children operated between 9-12 months and 15-18 months of age at primary palatoplasty. Material and Methods: A sample of 397 children (237 males and 160 females) with operated unilateral CLP was studied. In this group, 163 underwent palatoplasty with the Furlow procedure and 234 with the modified von Langenbeck procedure. Age at palatoplasty was between 9 and 12 months for 189 children and between 15 and 18 months for 208 children. Data about production of /l/, /r/, /R/, /λ/ and consonant clusters /l/ and /r/ were obtained from speech pathology records. Speech pathologists registered the speech findings after an auditory-perceptual evaluation of the participants at the sixth year of age. Results: The use of middorsum palatal place (MDP) of production was identified for 2 percent of the sample. Tongue anteriorization of the /l/ production was observed for 55 percent of the children. No significant difference was found related to surgical technique, but children operated earlier developed the use of the consonant cluster /r/ sooner than children operated later (p=0.040). Conclusion: We found a low occurrence of use of cleft related CA during attempts of production of liquid phonemes, and the variable age at primary palatoplasty significantly interfered with the acquisition of consonant cluster /r/.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Fenda Labial/fisiopatologia , Fissura Palatina/fisiopatologia , Fonética , Fala/fisiologia , Brasil , Fenda Labial/reabilitação , Fenda Labial/cirurgia , Fissura Palatina/reabilitação , Fissura Palatina/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Testes de Articulação da Fala , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Speech inconsistency is characterised by variable productions of the same lexical items within the same context. This study aimed to describe inconsistencies among Brazilian Portuguese (BP)-speaking children with and without phonological disorder (PD) as well as the effectiveness of a speech inconsistency test (SIT). METHODS: The study sample included children between 5 years 0 months (5;0 years) and 10;10 years of age, both genders, 51 children with PD and 50 without speech-language disorders. The SIT includes 25 pictures, each named 3 times in different sequences within the same session. RESULTS: The inconsistency average of children with PD (27.4%) was higher than that of typically developing children (9.8%). Linear regression showed age and gender effects, receiver operating characteristic curves were built for speech inconsistency with combined gender and age cutoff values. Inconsistent subjects among typically developing children included 2 younger boys and 2 older girls. Inconsistencies were found among children with PD, including 10 boys up to 7;6 years and 11 over this age, and 7 girls up to 7;6 years and 6 over this age. CONCLUSION: Speech inconsistency in BP-speaking children seems to be an effective measure for differentiating children with PD from those with typically developing phonology.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Testes de Articulação da Fala , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Fonética , Curva ROC , Fatores Sexuais , VocabulárioRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Information about the prevalence of consonant production errors, including compensatory articulations (CA), in individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who speak Brazilian Portuguese is limited, particularly regarding liquid sounds. The literature primarily reports the occurrence of CA for plosive and fricative sounds, since occurrence of CAs in sounds that require higher amounts of oral air pressure is expected. While the use of CA during liquid sound production is not expected, clinical experience suggests that individuals with CLP present with inadequate backing, elevation, and anteriorization of the tongue as well as tongue clicks during production of /r/ and /l/. OBJECTIVES: Describe the occurrence of consonant error productions during liquid sounds for children with CLP; compare the occurrence between children operated with the Furlow and von Langenbeck techniques for palatoplasty; and compare the occurrence between children operated between 9-12 months and 15-18 months of age at primary palatoplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 397 children (237 males and 160 females) with operated unilateral CLP was studied. In this group, 163 underwent palatoplasty with the Furlow procedure and 234 with the modified von Langenbeck procedure. Age at palatoplasty was between 9 and 12 months for 189 children and between 15 and 18 months for 208 children. Data about production of /l/, /r/, /R/, /λ/ and consonant clusters /l/ and /r/ were obtained from speech pathology records. Speech pathologists registered the speech findings after an auditory-perceptual evaluation of the participants at the sixth year of age. RESULTS: The use of middorsum palatal place (MDP) of production was identified for 2% of the sample. Tongue anteriorization of the /l/ production was observed for 55% of the children. No significant difference was found related to surgical technique, but children operated earlier developed the use of the consonant cluster /r/ sooner than children operated later (p=0.040). CONCLUSION: We found a low occurrence of use of cleft related CA during attempts of production of liquid phonemes, and the variable age at primary palatoplasty significantly interfered with the acquisition of consonant cluster /r/.