RESUMO
Malnutrition is commonly associated with immunological deregulation, increasing the risk of infectious illness and death. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from well-nourished healthy children, well-nourished infected children and malnourished infected children, which was evaluated by an oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanism assay of luminol-increase chemiluminescence and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1ß), IL-6 and IL-10, as well as phagocytosis using zymosan and as its antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion cytokines (TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 levels), phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity increased in all groups after pre-treatment with heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 at a ratio of 500:1 (bacteria:MDM) over 24 h compared with MDM cells without pre-treatment. The results could indicate that heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 is a potential candidate for regulating the immune function of macrophages.
Assuntos
Citocinas/imunologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/imunologia , Lacticaseibacillus casei/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Probióticos/farmacologia , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Atividade Bactericida do Sangue/imunologia , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Lactente , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/sangue , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/microbiologia , Interleucina-10/sangue , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/sangue , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-6/sangue , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Masculino , Fagocitose/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Nutritional restriction during lactation has long-term consequences on the functioning of neuroimmune systems. Receptors and transporter serotonin (5-HT) are present in macrophages and may influence their role. This study evaluated nitric oxide release by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in adult control rats and rats malnourished during lactation in response to different fluoxetine (FLX) concentrations and 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) agonists at different times. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were distributed into two groups according to maternal diet during lactation: a control group of 12 rats whose dams had received a 23% protein diet and a malnourished group of 12 rats whose dams had received an 8% protein diet. After weaning, all rats received a 23% protein diet. On the 90th day after birth, nitric oxide (NO) release kinetics was measured in supernatants of AMs cultured with FLX. The NO release following the adjunction of serotoninergic agonists was also quantified. RESULTS: The malnourished rats weighed less at weaning (control rats = 15.3 +/- 0.4 g, malnourished rats = 11.8 +/- 0.4 g); this difference persisted until 90 days of life (control rats = 355.4 +/- 8.6 g; malnourished rats = 267.8 +/- 7.9 g). In the presence of 10(-6)M FLX, NO release by AMs in control rats was lower. The addition of agonists did not interfere with NO release by AMs in control rats. NO release by AMs from malnourished rats was modified neither by FLX nor by agonists. As a consequence of malnutrition, there were lower numbers of cells and AMs in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and cell viability and NO release by AMs were impaired. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional manipulation in the perinatal period seems to interfere with the functional programming of macrophages; it also seems to affect their serotoninergic regulation through adulthood.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Contagem de Células , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Humanos , Sistema Imunitário/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sistema Imunitário/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/imunologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiopatologia , Recém-Nascido , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptor 5-HT1B de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 5-HT1B de Serotonina/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina/farmacologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , TempoRESUMO
Programming is an epigenetic phenomenon by which nutrition, environment and stress acting in a critical period earlier in life change the organism's development. This process was evolutionarily selected as an adaptive tool for the survival of organisms living in nutritionally deficient areas and submitted to stressful conditions. Thus, perinatal malnutrition turns on different genes that provide the organism with a thrifty phenotype. In conditions of abundant supply of nutrients, those programmed organisms can be at risk of developing metabolic diseases (obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension). How nutrition or neonatal stress can program the immune system is less well known. Here, we discuss some of the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur in mothers and neonates and how those factors can imprint hormonal or metabolic changes that program neuroimmunomodulatory effects. Some of these changes involve thyroid hormones, leptin, insulin, glucocorticoids and prolactin as potential imprinting factors. Most of them can be transferred through the milk and may change with malnutrition or stress. We discuss the programming effects of these hormones upon body weight, body composition, insulin action, thyroid, adrenal and immune and inflammatory responses, with special emphasis on leptin, a cytokine that seems to play a central role in these events.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/complicações , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/imunologia , Leptina/fisiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/imunologia , Neuroimunomodulação/imunologia , Neuropeptídeos/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo/imunologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Hormônios/metabolismo , Hormônios/fisiologia , Humanos , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiopatologia , Recém-Nascido , Leptina/metabolismo , Troca Materno-Fetal/imunologia , Doenças Metabólicas/fisiopatologia , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Gravidez , Estresse Fisiológico/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Neonatal malnutrition induces metabolic and endocrine changes that have beneficial effects on the neonatal in the short term but, in the longer term, these alterations lead to maladaptations. We investigated the effect of neonatal malnutrition on immune responses in adult rats submitted or not to an aggressiveness test. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were distributed to one of two groups according to their mothers' diet during lactation: the well-nourished group (group C, n = 42, receiving 23% of protein) and the malnourished group (group MN, n = 42, receiving 8% of protein). After weaning, all rats received normoproteic diet. Ninety days after birth, each group was subdivided into three subgroups: control rats (n = 14, respectively), aggressive rats (n = 14, respectively) and rats receiving foot shock (FS; n = 14, respectively). Plasma corticosterone concentration was measured after FS sessions. Leukocyte counts and humoral immunity were evaluated. RESULTS: In neonatal malnourished animals, FS-induced stress reduced plasma corticosterone concentration. Intraspecific aggressiveness induced alterations in leukocyte counts and antibody titers 7 and 15 days after immunization. Neonatal malnourished animals showed no changes in the immune parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of intraspecific aggressiveness activates the immune system. Neonatal malnutrition seems to have a long-lasting effect on components of both neuroendocrine and immune functions.
Assuntos
Agressão/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Sistema Imunitário/fisiopatologia , Desnutrição/imunologia , Estresse Psicológico/imunologia , Agressão/psicologia , Animais , Anticorpos/sangue , Formação de Anticorpos/imunologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Corticosterona/sangue , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Privação de Alimentos/fisiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/imunologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/metabolismo , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiopatologia , Recém-Nascido , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Desnutrição/metabolismo , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Comportamento Social , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , TempoRESUMO
Digestive intolerance to food proteins may occur in childhood as a result of a wide range of etiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Cow milk protein intolerance is the most common form of food intolerance in children. Food allergy and food intolerance may be confused because both produce similar symptoms, especially in young children with clinical manifestations of food allergy localized to the gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, food-sensitive enteropathy may be defined as the clinical food-related syndromes associated with an abnormal small intestinal mucosa. Although several foods have been reported to damage the small intestinal mucosa in infancy (soy, rice, fish, chicken meat, egg), cow milk-sensitive enteropathy is the most common cause. Whatever the mechanisms, digestive intolerance to food proteins with or without enteropathy is primarily a temporary condition of infancy, in contrast to most forms of food allergy. In children with these disorders, symptoms usually resolve by 1 to 3 years of age. The variation in prevalence rates of this disorder in different countries can be explained by different diagnostic criteria. The classic food-sensitive enteropathy syndromes with chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive in infancy have become rarer in some European countries, including Spain. Some risk factors for the development of these conditions appear to be early exposure to cow milk feedings, acute infectious diarrhea, and malnutrition. Breast-feeding appears to be at least partially protective.
Assuntos
Diarreia Infantil/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/imunologia , Proteínas do Leite/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/imunologiaRESUMO
Soy protein formulas are used for different conditions, including cow milk protein allergy, lactose and galactose intolerance, and severe gastroenteritis. Feeding soy protein formulas to normal term infants is associated with normal growth, normal protein nutritional status, and normal bone mineralization. Recent studies of infants fed soy protein formulas exclusively during the first months of life revealed no immunologic abnormality; however, the use of such formulas for management of cow milk protein allergy and for prevention of atopy is controversial. Although in the past decade many studies have stressed soy allergenicity, soy allergenicity has been confirmed by the challenge test in only a few studies. In this article we review the studies dealing with the allergenicity of soy protein formulas. We also present our own data on their use in the prevention and management of cow milk protein allergy.
Assuntos
Alimentos Infantis , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis , Animais , Pré-Escolar , Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Dermatite Atópica/prevenção & controle , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/imunologia , Recém-Nascido , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/prevenção & controle , Valor Nutritivo , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/análise , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/imunologia , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de SojaRESUMO
Several kind of cells T membrane receptors have been recognized, between them immunoglobulins heavy chains receptors mu and gamma, they act in the antigen recognition, they are subpopulations-cells T surface-matched too. In the malnutrition protein-calorie (MPC) immunologic alterations were observed, in both cellular immune and humoral immune, for example: The immunoglobulins are increased and cellular response towards antigens is decreased. This failure can be due to dysfunction in the lymphocyte T-subpopulation. So we research if there are different number, percent and function of lymphocytes T subpopulations between children with MPC and health infant. We observed an increment of lymphocytes T gamma in number and percent in children with MPC compared with health infant (p < 0.05) However, the lymphocytes T and subpopulation gamma response to phytohemagglutinin was bad. These findings are concordant with the literature about increased in lymphocyte T gamma of children with MPC. Additionally we observed a dysfunction in this subpopulation.