RESUMO
Sleep disturbances, abnormal melatonin secretion, and increased inflammation are aspects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pathophysiology. The present study evaluated the daily urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion profile and the salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in 20 controls and 20 ASD participants, as well as correlating these measures with sleep disturbances. Although 60% of ASD participants showed a significant night-time rise in aMT6s excretion, this rise was significantly attenuated, compared to controls (P < .05). The remaining 40% of ASD individuals showed no significant increase in nocturnal aMT6s. ASD individuals showed higher nocturnal levels of saliva TNF, but not IL-6. Dysfunction in the initiation and maintenance of sleep, as indicated by the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, correlated with night-time aMT6s excretion (r = -.28, P < .05). Dysfunction in sleep breathing was inversely correlated with aMT6s (r = -.31, P < .05) and positively associated with TNF level (r = .42, P < .01). Overall such data indicate immune-pineal axis activation, with elevated TNF but not IL-6 levels associated with disrupted pineal melatonin release and sleep dysfunction in ASD. It is proposed that circadian dysregulation in ASD is intimately linked to heightened immune-inflammatory activity. Such two-way interactions of the immune-pineal axis may underpin many aspects of ASD pathophysiology, including sleep disturbances, as well as cognitive and behavioral alterations.
Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/metabolismo , Ritmo Circadiano , Melatonina/análogos & derivados , Glândula Pineal/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/metabolismo , Sono , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Adolescente , Transtorno Autístico/complicações , Transtorno Autístico/fisiopatologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/urina , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Melatonina/metabolismo , Melatonina/urina , Glândula Pineal/fisiopatologia , Saliva/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/etiologia , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/fisiopatologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
From an evolutionary point of view, vitamin D and melatonin appeared very early and share functions related to defense mechanisms. In the current clinical setting, vitamin D is exclusively associated with phosphocalcic metabolism. Meanwhile, melatonin has chronobiological effects and influences the sleep-wake cycle. Scientific evidence, however, has identified new actions of both molecules in different physiological and pathological settings. The biosynthetic pathways of vitamin D and melatonin are inversely related relative to sun exposure. A deficiency of these molecules has been associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disorders, kidney diseases, cancer, psychiatric disorders, bone diseases, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, among others. During aging, the intake and cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, as well as the endogenous synthesis of melatonin are remarkably depleted, therefore, producing a state characterized by an increase of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Both molecules are involved in the homeostatic functioning of the mitochondria. Given the presence of specific receptors in the organelle, the antagonism of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the decrease of reactive species of oxygen (ROS), in conjunction with modifications in autophagy and apoptosis, anti-inflammatory properties inter alia, mitochondria emerge as the final common target for melatonin and vitamin D. The primary purpose of this review is to elucidate the common molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D and melatonin might share a synergistic effect in the protection of proper mitochondrial functioning.
Assuntos
Melatonina/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Humanos , Melatonina/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/genética , Estações do Ano , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/patologia , Vitamina D/genéticaRESUMO
Restrictions of sleep predispose to experience, in the long-term, excess malnutrition and non-transmissible chronic diseases. The objective of this research has to study the influence of working shifts on nutritional status lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FBG). Study of a series of cases considered a total of47 recruited workers from which 31 of them had a rotating shift (day and night) and 16 a steady shift (day). The nutritional assessment involved: BMI (Body Mass index), waist and hip circumference, tricipital, bicipital, sub scapular and supra iliac skin folds. Sleep hours were studied with a weekly record, food intake was studied by means of 24-hours dietary recall. It was determined: total cholesterol, c-HDL, c-LDL, blood triglycerides and fasting blood glucose (FBG). The sample was composed by 87 percent women and 13 percent men, average age of 38,7years [19,0] v/s 44,7[25¿2] (p=0,420) in rotating and steady shifts respectively. The rotating shift did not show any significant differences compared to the steady shift in terms of anthropometric parameters except for sub scapular skin fold that was significantly higher (p=0,032) in relation to the macronutrients intake. Lipid profile and glycerin did not show important differences (p=>0,05). The prevalence of the nutritional status was: rotating shift 35,4 percent normal, 45,1 percent overweight and 19,5 percent obese. On the other hand, the steady shift showed: 43,7 percent normal and 56¿ percent overweight. Seniority only in the rotating shift showed a positive correlation of BMI (r=0,436 p<0,005) body fat (r=0,454 p<0,005) total cholesterol (r= 0,¿94 p<0,005) LDL (r=0,484 p<0,005) and glycerin (r=0,405 p<0,005). We concluded that workers of the rotating and steady shift did not show significant differences among variables studied except for the sub scapular skin fold that was significantly higher in the rotating shift, that can be associated to predominantly central fat distribution.
Restricciones del sueño predisponen a padecer, a largo plazo, malnutrición por exceso y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue estudiar la influencia del turno laboral sobre estado nutricional, perfil lipídico y glicemia en ayuno. Estudio exploratorio del tipo de serie de casos, 47 reclutados; 31 turnos rotativos (día y noche), y 16 turno permanente (día). La evaluación nutricional se efectuó mediante el IMC, la circunferencia cintura-cadera y los pliegues tricipital, bícipital, subescapular y suprailiaco. Se estudió las horas sueño mediante un registro semanal, la ingesta dietética por encuesta de recordatorio de 24 horas. Se determinó el colesterol total, c-HDL, c-LDL, triglicéri-dos séricos y glicemia. La muestra estuvo representada en un 87 por ciento mujeres y 13 por ciento por hombres, cuya mediana de edad fue de 38,7 años [19,0] y 44,7[25,2] (p=0,420) en turno rotativo y permanente, respectivamente. El turno rotativo no mostró diferencias significativas respecto al turno permanente en los parámetros antropométricos a excepción, del pliegue subescapular que fue significativamente superior (p=0,032), respecto a ingesta de macronutrientes, perfil lipídico y glicemia tampoco mostró diferencias significativas (p=> 0,05). La prevalencia del estado nutricional en el turno rotativo fue en 35,4 por ciento normal, en 45,1 por ciento sobrepeso y en 19,5 por ciento obesidad, y turno permanente: 43,7 por ciento normal y 56,3 por ciento sobrepeso. La antigüedad laboral sólo en el turno rotativo se correlacionó positivamente con IMC (r=0,436 p<0,005), grasa corporal (r=0,454 p<0,005), el colesterol total (r= 0,394 p<0,005) el LDL (r=0,484 p<0,005) y la glicemia (r=0,405 p<0,005). En conclusión, los funcionarios del turno rotativo y permanente no mostraron diferencias significativas entre las variables estudiadas, a excepción del pliegue subescapular que fue significativamente mayor en el turno rotativo, lo que podría asociarse a la distribución de la...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Administração de Recursos Humanos em Hospitais/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos Humanos em Hospital/estatística & dados numéricos , Socorristas/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/metabolismo , /efeitos adversos , /efeitos adversos , HDL-Colesterol/efeitos adversos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , LDL-Colesterol/efeitos adversos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
The 8-hour shift work is one of the main achievements of the organized workers. International solidarity with United States miners, who were massacred in Chicago in 1886, and the aftermath of World War I promoted the establishment of 8-hour shift work in many countries. In Mexico, the 1917 Social Rights Declaration adhered to this position under the idea that the excessive workload above the 8-hour limit had negative effects on the health of workers; nevertheless, this statement seems to be sustained only by testimonies, anecdotal opinions and/or by the logic and common sense that then prevailed. For this reason, a literature review was carried out in search for the evidence supporting this apparently immovable length of the shift work. The globalization of the economy and the tendency towards flexibility and deregulation of current contractual relationships, are the new challenges that the 8-hour shift work is facing.
Assuntos
Emprego/legislação & jurisprudência , Mineração , Direitos Civis , Saúde Global , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Objetivo: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com o objetivo de caracterizar o ciclo sono-vigília e a prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) em estudantes de medicina. Métodos: Aplicou-se um questionário com a finalidade de caracterizar a qualidade subjetiva do sono e seu padrão durante a semana e os fins de semana, bem como a obediência às medidas de higiene do sono e o período de maior rendimento intelectual subjetivo. Para se diagnosticar a SDE, utilizou-se a escala de sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 410 estudantes (192 mulheres e 218 homens; média de idade de 21,73 +- 2,33 anos). O escore médio obtido com a ESE foi de 9,26 +- 3,41. Encontrou-se SDE em 39,26 por cento dos alunos (n=161). Os universitários apresentaram uma média de horas de sono nos dias de semana de 6,78 +- 0,93 horas e nos fins de semana de 8,3 +- 1,36 horas (p<0,05). Hábitos inadequados de sono foram mencionados por 406 estudantes (99,02 por cento). Conclusão: O ciclo sono-vigília da população estudada foi irregular, com aumento estatisticamente significativo das horas de sono nos fins de semana, em comparação com os dias da semana, refletindo uma privação do sono nos dias de semana. A alta prevalência de SDE no grupo estudado sugere a necessidade de implementação de programas preventivos que orientem os alunos sobre a importância da regularidade do sono e das medidas de higiene do sono.