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Maxillofacial trauma is associated with facial deformation, loss of function, emotional and social impacts, and high financial costs. This study investigated cases of maxillofacial trauma in a large Brazilian city through a cross-sectional study conducted at two public and two private hospitals. Primary data of 400 patients were collected through a questionnaire, clinical examination, and tomography. Statistical analysis at the 5% significance level was performed. Motorcycle accident was the major cause of trauma (41%); the most frequent trauma and treatment were mandibular fracture (24.3%) and surgery (71%), respectively. The female sex was more affected only regarding domestic accidents (p = 0.041) and falls (p < 0.001). Motorcycle accidents were more prevalent among 20 to 29 year-olds (p < 0.001), followed by physical aggression (p < 0.001) and sports accidents (p = 0.004). Falls were more frequent among 40 to 59 year-olds (p < 0.001). Mandibular fracture affected males and 20 to 29 year-olds more and was mainly associated with motorcycle accidents (48.2%) and physical aggression (22.7%) (p = 0.008). Nose fracture was more frequent in falls (29.6%), physical aggression (22.5%), and sports accidents (21.1%) (p < 0.001). Compound fracture was associated with motorcycle accidents (84.2%; p = 0.028). Maxillofacial trauma (mandibular, nasal, and zygomatic fractures) was associated with motorcycle accidents, physical aggression, and falls. Surgical treatment, hospital care, and public services were the most frequent.

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Traumas na região da face são comuns devido a sua topografia e à grande exposição do local. As lesões na região maxilofacial são normalmente causadas devido a traumas por acidentes de trânsito, agressão física, acidentes cotidianos como queda da própria altura e de nível. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de trauma facial com a presença de corpo estranho impactado na face, bem como o tratamento cirúrgico empregado. Paciente do sexo feminino, 17 anos, foi regulada para o Hospital Geral Cleristón Andrade com histórico de queda de cavalo, cursando com fragmento de madeira (galho de arbusto) tranfixado em região maxilofacial. A paciente foi encaminhada ao centro cirúrgico para a remoção do galho de arbusto transfixado. O procedimento foi rápido, e sua remoção se deu por meio do movimento contrário ao mecanismo de trauma. Lesão como esta possui aspectos singulares e devem ser avaliados multidisciplinarmente na emergência. A remoção desses objetos deve ser realizada de forma a preservar as estruturas dentro do possível, levando em consideração também os fatores estéticos e funcionais envolvidos(AU)

Traumas in the face region are common due to its topography and the great exposure of the place. Injuries in the maxillofacial region are usually caused due to trauma from traffic accidents, physical aggression, everyday accidents such as falling from height and level. The aim of this paper is to report a clinical case of facial trauma with the presence of a foreign body impacted on the face, as well as the surgical treatment used. A 17-year-old female patient was treated at the Cleristón Andrade General Hospital with a history of falling from a horse, taking a wood fragment (shrub branch) transfixed in the maxillofacial region. The patient was referred to the operating room for removal of the transfixed bush branch. The procedure was quick, and its removal took place through a movement contrary to the trauma mechanism. Injuries like this have unique aspects and must be evaluated multidisciplinary in an emergency. The removal of these objects must be carried out in order to preserve the structures as much as possible, also taking into account the aesthetic and functional factors involved(AU)

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Background: This retrospective study was conducted to identify the epidemiological profile and treatment modalities linked to the maxillofacial trauma (MFT) managed in the Maxillofacial Surgery Departments of seven hospital centers in Antioquia, Colombia. Material and Methods: Clinical records with specific attention to sociodemographic characteristics, mechanisms of injury, type of MFT, location of injuries, and treatment modalities of MFT were collected from January to December 2017. Descriptive analyses using Pearson's chi-square tests were performed. Results: A total of 1356 records were retrieved. Males were significantly more affected, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.85:1. The most susceptible age group involved was young adults (18 to 40 years). A low percentage of alcohol (9.3%) and drugs consumption (2.5%) was recorded. Most common causes of MFT were road traffic accidents (RTA), falls, and interpersonal violence (IPV). Most injuries involved both soft and hard tissues followed by hard tissues and isolated open soft tissue injuries. Among fractures, the middle third was the most commonly affected site and the utmost method of treatment was open reduction and internal fixation. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the evidence available, this study has demonstrated that the gender, age stratum, and etiological factors, such as RTA, falls, and IPV, but no alcohol and/or psychoactive substances consumption, may have a significant influence on the prevalence, patterns, and treatment modalities of MFT in this sample population.

Antecedentes: Este estudio retrospectivo se realizó para identificar el perfil epidemiológico y las modalidades de tratamiento vinculados al Trauma Maxilofacial (TMF) atendido en los Servicios de Cirugía Maxilofacial de siete centros hospitalarios de Antioquia, Colombia. Material y Métodos: Se recopilaron historias clínicas con atención específica a las características sociodemográficas, mecanismos de lesión, tipo de TMF, ubicación de las lesiones y modalidades de tratamiento de TMF de enero a diciembre de 2017. Análisis descriptivos utilizando el chi-cuadrado de Pearson fueron realizados. Resultados: Se recuperaron un total de 1356 registros. Los hombres se vieron significativamente más afectados, con una relación hombre-mujer de 3,85:1. El grupo de edad más susceptible involucrado fue el de los adultos jóvenes (18 a 40 años). Se registró un bajo porcentaje de consumo de alcohol (9,3%) y drogas (2,5%). Las causas más comunes de TMF fueron los accidentes de tránsito (ADT), las caídas y la violencia interpersonal (VIP). La mayoría de las lesiones involucraron tejidos blandos y duros, seguidas de tejidos duros y lesiones abiertas aisladas de tejidos blandos. Entre las fracturas, el tercio medio fue el sitio afectado con mayor frecuencia y el método de tratamiento más utilizado fue la reducción abierta y la fijación interna. Conclusion: Dentro de las limitaciones de la evidencia disponible, este estudio ha demostrado que el género, el estrato etario y los factores etiológicos, como ADT, caídas y VIP , pero no el consumo de alcohol y/o sustancias psicoactivas, pueden tener una influencia significativa en la la prevalencia, los patrones y las modalidades de tratamiento de TMF en esta poblaión muestral.

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 9 932 pacientes, quienes presentaron urgencias bucofaciales, atendidos en el Cuerpo de Guardia de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero del 2006 hasta diciembre del 2010, a fin de caracterizarles desde los puntos de vista clínico y terapéutico. Se halló una elevada incidencia de afectados con procesos patológicos agudos que constituyeron urgencias en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial, aunque solo 3,3 por ciento de ellos fueron hospitalizados. Hubo un predominio de pacientes con traumatismos de partes blandas, procesos inflamatorios sépticos agudos y procesos dolorosos de cabeza y cuello. La mayoría de los procederes quirúrgicos y ortopédicos se efectuaron en el cuerpo de guardia antes citado, lo cual pertenece a la categoría de cirugía menor y bajo régimen de atención ambulatoria

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 9 932 patients who presented oral and facial emergencies, assisted in the Maxillofacial Surgery emergency room of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January, 2006 to December, 2010, in order to characterize them from the clinical and therapeutical points of view. It was found a high incidence of affected patients with acute pathological processes that constituted emergencies in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service, although just 3.3 percent of them were hospitalized. There was a prevalence of patients with soft parts trauma, acute septic inflammatory processes and painful processes of head and neck. Most of the surgical and orthopedic procedures were carried out in the emergency room above mentioned, which belong to the category of minor surgery and under ambulatory care

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As agressões por arma de fogo podem trazer consequências devastadoras para a face e para a vida do indivíduo, sobretudo quando ferimentos extensos, fraturas e retenção dos projéteis estão envolvidos, podendo tornar o tratamento bem desafiador. Quando o ferimento é penetrante e os projéteis ficam alojados no organismo, adiciona-se complexidade ao quadro, pois muitas complicações podem surgir. É imprescindível que a tomada de decisão pela abordagem cirúrgica ou conservadora em relação aos objetos alojados leve em consideração critérios clínicos, cirúrgicos e anatômicos, a fim de trazer melhor qualidade de vida e menor morbidade ao paciente. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo é revisar e discutir os aspectos do ferimento penetrante por Projétil de Arma de Fogo e ilustrar por meio de cinco casos clínicos, diferentes condutas em relação ao manejo desses objetos quando retidos na face... (AU)

The assaults with firearms can lead devastating consequences for the face and the life of the individual, especially when large wounds, fractures and retention of projectiles are involved, can become quite challenging treatment. When the wound is penetrating and projectiles are housed in the body, it adds complexity to the frame, since many complications can arise. It is essential that the light decision making by surgical or conservative approach to staying objects take into account clinical, surgical and anatomical criteria to bring better quality of life and less morbidity to the patient. Thus, the aim of this study is to review and discuss aspects of penetrating injury by Projectile Firearms and illustrate through five clinical cases, different conduct in relation to the management of these projectiles when retained in the face... (AU)

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PURPOSE: This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to enhance maxillofacial area bone repair. METHODS: A comprehensive search of studies published up to February 2017 and listed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: The 15 selected studies evaluated a total of 374 patients (mean age, 28.5years) who were treated with LLLT. Gallium-arsenide (GaAs) and gallium aluminium arsenide (GaAlAs) were the most commonly used devices, and LLLT parameters varied greatly. Wavelengths varied from 500 to 1000nm. Tooth extraction, distraction osteogenesis, maxillary expansion, periodontal defects, orthodontic movement and maxillary cystic defects were evaluated. From the 15 selected studies, six evaluated bone repair (primary outcomes). Of these, four studies showed improvement in bone formation after using LLLT, two demonstrated improved results for only one follow up period, and one showed no additional benefits. The other 9 studies evaluated secondary parameters related to healing (secondary outcomes) in the maxillofacial area after applying LLLT, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and healing accelerator effects, and quality of life related to oral health. There were no adverse or negative effects of LLLT reported. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this review, a possible improvement in bone density can be found when LLLT is applied postoperatively in maxillofacial bony defects. LLLT also seems to promote anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and accelerate healing, as well as enhance quality of life related to oral health. However, LLLT use protocols need to be standardized before more specific conclusions can be drawn about this subject.

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O objetivo foi avaliar se a Escala de Severidade de Trauma Facial (FISS), proposta por Bagheri em 2006, pode predizer necessidade de intervenção em centro cirúrgico, tempo de internação hospitalar e necessidade de atuação de outras especialidades médicas. Foram levantados dados nos prontuários de pacientes vítimas de trauma de face de um hospital público terciário, entre janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2015, relativos à idade, gênero, comorbidades, hábitos, história do trauma maxilofacial, etiologia, presença e localização de fraturas e lacerações, assim como tipo de tratamento executado e hospitalização. Foi aplicado um escore para cada paciente de acordo com a FISS. O modelo de regressão logística multinominal foi ajustado e todas as análises foram realizadas pelo pacote estatístico "Statistical Package for Social Science" (SPSS) versão 17.0 da IBM. A amostra final foi composta por 469 prontuários com média de idade de 31,38 ± 14,13 anos. Acidentes de trânsito foram a causa mais frequente (41,2%) seguido de violência interpessoal (29,4%). O osso mais fraturado foi a mandíbula (32,9%), sendo o ângulo mandibular a região mais acometida (29,0%). Pacientes que relatam uso de álcool e aqueles com FISS > 5 apresentam, respectivamente, o dobro e 18 vezes mais chances de necessitarem intervenção em centro cirúrgico. O tempo médio de internação foi 8,14 dias ± 6,02, com significância estatística de maior período de internação para pacientes tabagistas (p < 0,0001). Aqueles com FISS > 5 possuíram maiores chances de ficar mais de 3 dias internados (p = 0,01) e aqueles com algum tipo de comorbidade, mais chances de necessitarem de apoio de outras especialidades (p = 0,022), assim como aqueles com FISS > 5 têm 6,6 vezes mais esta necessidade (p < 0,0001). Maiores valores de FISS podem ser usados como um indicador de predisposição de tempo de internação hospitalar, maiores chances de pacientes serem submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos e destes pacientes terem necessidade de acompanhamento por outras especialidades médicas durante seu período de internação.

The objective was to evaluate whether the Facial Injury Severimty Scale (FISS), proposed by Bagheri in 2006, can predict the need for operating room interventions, the length of hospital stay and the need for treatment by other specialties. Data were collected in patients' records of those suffering from maxillofacial trauma admitted to a tertiary hospital between January 2009 and December 2015, regarding age, gender, comorbidities, habits, history of maxillofacial trauma, etiology, presence and location of fractures and lacerations and the type of treatment performed and hospitalization. Each patient received a score, according to FISS. Multinomial logistic regression model was adjusted and all analyzes were performed by the statistical package "Statistical Package for Social Science" (SPSS) version 17.0 IBM. Final sample consisted of 469 medical records with a mean age of 31.38 ± 14.13 years. Traffic accidents were the most frequent cause of facial trauma (41.2%) followed by interpersonal violence (29.4%). The most fractured bone was mandible (32.9%), with and mandibular angle, the most affected region (29.0%). Patients reporting alcohol use and those with FISS > 5 present, respectively, twice and 18 times more likely to require intervention in an operating room. Mean length of hospital stay was 8.14 days ± 6.02, with a longer hospitalization period for smokers (p < 0.0001). Patients with FISS > 5 were more likely to be hospitalized for more than 3 days (p = 0.01) and those with some comorbidity, more likely to require support from other specialties (p = 0.022), as well as those with FISS > 5 were 6.6 times more likely to need other specialties (p <0.0001). Higher FISS values can be used as an indicator of predisposition to hospitalization time, greater chances of patients being submitted to surgical procedures and of these patients needing follow-up by other medical specialties during their hospitalization period.

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BACKGROUND/AIM: Soft tissue injuries (STI) are common in children and adolescents. This retrospective study evaluated the frequency of STI, gender, type of injury, and its location in pediatric patients, comparing the different age groups and how the presence of these lesions influences the pursuit for immediate care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of patients 0-15 years old who had been treated between 2005 and 2013 at the Dental Trauma Surveillance Center, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro were included in this study. Records with incomplete data and those in which the patient took more than 2 weeks to seek attendance were excluded. The data collected included the age and gender of the patient, the frequency, type and location of the injury, and immediate treatment (<24 h). Data were analyzed descriptively and with the chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Of the 543 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 56.2% had STI, and males (65.6%), and the age group of 0-3 years (39.7%) were the most affected. The concomitant presence of lesions in the intra- and extra-oral region was the most frequent in all age groups. In the extra-oral region, contusion (20.7%) and abrasion (19.3%) were more common to the upper lip and laceration to the lower lip (18.4%). In the intra-oral region, the injury was more frequent to the gums (41%), while the lips were the most affected by abrasion (12.2%) and laceration (24.9%). Regardless of the age groups, the pursuit for immediate care was statistically influenced by the presence of soft tissue lesions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is a high prevalence of STI in the study sample; the lesions were more common in boys and in patients aged 0-3 years. The presence of STI proved to be a determining factor for the pursuit for immediate care.

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Introducción: la traumatología facial es una vertiente de la Cirugía Maxilofacial, donde son necesarios conocimientos profundos de disciplinas tales como anatomía, fisiología, patología, y la estrecha relación con otras especialidades (quirúrgicas o no). Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la atención al politraumatizado maxilofacial, enfatizando en aspectos relacionados con el Soporte Vital Avanzado en Trauma y dentro de él, el manejo de la vía aérea con la estabilización de la columna cervical, de la ventilación y la circulación. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2014 y enero de 2015. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (41 revistas) y 6 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de sistemas referativos MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO. Se utilizaron como descriptores maxilofacial trauma, maxilofacial emergency, emergency management, critical care y sus equivalentes en español. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés y español, publicados preferentemente en los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 147 artículos. El estudio se circunscribió a 50 que enfocaban estas temáticas de manera más integral. Análisis e integración de la información: al analizar el comportamiento de los artículos referidos al tema, en relación con su representatividad en las revistas científicas, se halló que 6 por ciento correspondió a la Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Conclusiones: la atención eficaz del politraumatizado maxilofacial asegura resultados satisfactorios, tanto en la conservación de la vida, como desde el punto de vista estético y funcional. En esta temática es imprescindible manejar las directrices del Soporte Vital Avanzado del trauma y dentro de él, el manejo de la vía aérea con la estabilización de la columna cervical, ventilación y circulación(AU)

Introduction: facial traumatology is a branch of maxillofacial surgery requiring deep knowledge about disciplines such as anatomy, physiology and pathology, as well as their close relationship to other specialties, either surgical or not. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about the care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients, highlighting aspects related to advanced trauma life support, particularly management of the airway with cervical spine stabilization, ventilation and circulation. Methods: a bibliographic review was performed which covered the period from December 2014 to January 2015. The evaluation included high impact journals from theWeb of Sciences (41 journals) and 6 books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the search terms maxillofacial trauma, maxillofacial emergency, emergency management and critical care, and their Spanish counterparts. The review included papers in English and Spanish, preferably published the last five years. Of the 147 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 50 which approached the study topics in a more comprehensive manner. Data analysis and integration: Analysis of the representativeness of papers in scientific journals revealed that 6 percent corresponded to the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Conclusions: effective care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients ensures satisfactory results, both in the preservation of life as from an esthetic and functional point of view. It is indispensable to have a good command of advanced trauma life support guidelines, particularly the management of the airway with stabilization of the cervical spine, ventilation and circulation(AU)

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Introducción: las fracturas maxilofaciales requieren tratamiento de urgencia y de un personal altamente calificado. Pueden aparecer complicaciones que ocasionen la pérdida de la vida del paciente. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la atención al politraumatizado maxilofacial, enfatizando aspectos del soporte vital avanzado de trauma como el manejo del déficit neurológico, de la exposición del paciente y del control de la temperatura, anexos a la valoración primaria, valoración secundaria, tratamiento definitivo, lesiones asociadas, equipo multidisciplinario del trauma, traumatismos maxilofaciales con características distintivas, condiciones que influyen en el manejo del trauma y prevención. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica entre diciembre de 2014 y enero de 2015. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de Web of Sciencies (39), 1 cubana y 5 libros. Se consultaron las bases de datos de los sistemas MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO. Se utilizaron como descriptores: maxilofacial trauma, advanced trauma life support, secondary survey, associated injuries, multidisciplinary team of trauma, prevention y sus equivalentes en español. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés y español, publicados preferentemente en los últimos 5 años. Se obtuvieron 141 artículos. El estudio estuvo circunscrito solo a 51, que enfocaban estas temáticas de forma más integral. Análisis e integración de la información: al analizar el comportamiento de los artículos atendiendo a su representatividad en las revistas científicas, encontramos que 5,9 por ciento correspondían a la Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Conclusiones: es imprescindible que los cirujanos maxilofaciales que se desempeñan en la atención de emergencia puedan reconocer, diagnosticar y establecer el manejo básico de un traumatismo maxilofacial. La falta de diagnóstico y de correcto manejo puede conducir a la pérdida de funciones y al desarrollo de deformidades secundarias difíciles de corregir luego. Esta corrección también podría inducir resultados decepcionantes, que podrían comprometer la vida del paciente(AU)

Introduction: maxillofacial fractures require emergency treatment by highly qualified personnel. Complications may occur which may cause the death of the patient. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about the care of maxillofacial polytrauma patients, highlighting the following aspects of advanced trauma life support: management of neurological deficit, exposure and temperature control, annexes to primary assessment, secondary assessment, definitive treatment, associated injuries, multidisciplinary trauma team, maxillofacial traumas with distinctive characteristics, conditions influencing trauma management and prevention. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted from December 2014 to January 2015. The evaluation included high impact journals from the Web of Sciences (39 journals), as well as one Cuban journal and five books. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted, using the search terms maxillofacial trauma, advanced trauma life support, secondary survey, associated injuries, multidisciplinary trauma team, prevention, and their Spanish counterparts. The review included papers in English and Spanish, preferably published the last five years. Of the 141 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 51 which approached the study topics in a more comprehensive manner. Data analysis and integration: analysis of the representativeness of papers in scientific journals revealed that 5.9 percent corresponded to the Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery. Conclusions: it is indispensable for emergency maxillofacial surgeons to be able to recognize, diagnose and determine the basic management of maxillofacial trauma. Lack of a diagnosis or inappropriate management may lead to the loss of functions and the development of secondary deformities difficult to correct in the future. Such correction could also lead to disappointing results which may risk the patient's life(AU)

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