RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of nusinersen with and without universal newborn screening for infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). STUDY DESIGN: A Markov model using data from clinical trials with US epidemiologic and cost data was developed. The primary interventions studied were nusinersen treatment in a screening setting, nusinersen treatment in a nonscreening setting, and standard care. Analysis was conducted from a societal perspective. RESULTS: Compared with no screening and no treatment, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for nusinersen with screening was $330 558 per event-free life year (LY) saved, whereas the ICER for nusinersen treatment without screening was $508 481 per event-free LY saved. For nusinersen with screening to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $50 000 per event-free LY saved, the price would need to be $23 361 per dose, less than one-fifth its current price of $125 000. Preliminary data from the NURTURE trial indicated an 85.7% improvement in expected LYs saved compared with our base results. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, nusinersen and screening was a preferred strategy 93% of the time at a $500 000 WTP threshold. CONCLUSION: Universal newborn screening for SMA provides improved economic value for payers and patients when nusinersen is available.
Assuntos
Análise Custo-Benefício , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/diagnóstico , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Oligonucleotídeos/economia , Oligonucleotídeos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening children born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW) for hepatoblastoma using serial serum alpha-fetoprotein measurements. STUDY DESIGN: We created a decision tree to evaluate the cost effectiveness of screening children born at ELBW between 3 and 48 months of age compared with current standard of care (no screening). Our model used discounted lifetime costs and monetary benefits in 2018 US dollars, based on estimates in the published literature. The effects of uncertainty in model parameters were also assessed using univariate sensitivity analyses, in which we changed the values for one parameter at a time to assess the effect on the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: For the estimated 55 699 children born at ELBW in the US each year, this screening is associated with 77.7 additional quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) at a cost of $8.7 million. This results in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of about $112 000/QALY, which is considered cost effective from a US societal perspective. For children diagnosed with hepatoblastoma, our model finds that the screening regimen is associated with a 10.1% increase in survival, a 4.18% increase in expected QALYs, and a $245 184 decrease in expected cost. CONCLUSIONS: Screening ELBW children for hepatoblastoma between 3 and 48 months of age dominates the alternative and is cost effective from a societal perspective.
Assuntos
Hepatoblastoma/diagnóstico , Hepatoblastoma/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/epidemiologia , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , alfa-Fetoproteínas/análise , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Custo-Benefício , Árvores de Decisões , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Hepatoblastoma/sangue , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer , Recém-Nascido , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangue , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical impact of a congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) newborn screening program and incremental costs relative to benefits in screened vs unscreened infants. We hypothesized that screening would lead to clinical benefits and would be cost effective. STUDY DESIGN: This was an ambispective cohort study at British Columbia Children's Hospital, including infants diagnosed with CAH from 1988-2008 and 2010-2018. Data were collected retrospectively (unscreened cohort) and prospectively (screened cohort). Outcome measures included hospitalization, medical transport, and resuscitation requirements. The economic analysis was performed using a public payer perspective. RESULTS: Forty unscreened and 17 screened infants were diagnosed with CAH (47% vs 53% male). Median days to positive screen was 6 and age at diagnosis was 5 days (range, 0-30 days) and 6 days (range, 0-13 days) in unscreened and screened populations, respectively. In unscreened newborns, 55% required transport to a tertiary care hospital, 85% required hospitalization, and 35% required a fluid bolus compared with 29%, 29%, and 12% in screened infants, respectively. The cost of care was $33â770 per case in unscreened vs $17â726 in screened newborns. In the screened cohort, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $290 in the best case analysis and $4786 in the base case analysis, per hospital day avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with unscreened newborns, those screened for CAH were less likely to require medical transport and had shorter hospital stays. Screening led to a decrease in hospitalization costs. Although screening did not result in cost savings, it was assessed to be cost effective considering the clinical benefits and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.
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Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/diagnóstico , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/economia , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Colúmbia Britânica , Estudos de Coortes , Análise Custo-Benefício , Feminino , Hidratação/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/economia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Transporte de Pacientes/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that is best managed when diagnosed early by newborn screening. However, SCD is most prevalent in low-resource regions of the world where newborn screening is rare and diagnosis at the point-of-care is challenging. In many such regions, the majority of affected children die, undiagnosed, before the age of 5 years. A rapid and affordable point-of-care test for SCD is needed. The diagnostic accuracy of HemoTypeSC, a point-of-care immunoassay, for SCD was evaluated in individuals who had SCD, hemoglobin C disease, the related carrier (trait) states, or a normal hemoglobin phenotype. Children and adults participated in low-, medium- and high-resource environments (Ghana [n = 383], Martinique [n = 46], and USA [n = 158]). Paired blood specimens were obtained for HemoTypeSC and a reference diagnostic assay. HemoTypeSC testing was performed at the site of blood collection, and the reference test was performed in a laboratory at each site. In 587 participants, across all study sites, HemoTypeSC had an overall sensitivity of 99.5% and specificity of 99.9% across all hemoglobin phenotypes. The test had 100% sensitivity and specificity for sickle cell anemia. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of normal and trait states were >99%. HemoTypeSC is an inexpensive (<$2 per test), accurate, and rapid point-of-care test that can be used in resource-limited regions with a high prevalence of SCD to provide timely diagnosis and support newborn screening programs.
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Anemia Falciforme/diagnóstico , Imunoensaio , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Adulto , Anemia Falciforme/sangue , Anemia Falciforme/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Criança , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diagnóstico Precoce , Feminino , Gana/epidemiologia , Hemoglobina A/análise , Hemoglobina C/análise , Doença da Hemoglobina C/sangue , Doença da Hemoglobina C/diagnóstico , Doença da Hemoglobina C/epidemiologia , Hemoglobina Falciforme/análise , Humanos , Imunoensaio/economia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Martinica/epidemiologia , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Traço Falciforme/sangue , Traço Falciforme/diagnóstico , Traço Falciforme/epidemiologia , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess longitudinal estimates of inpatient costs through early childhood in patients with critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs), for whom reliable estimates are scarce, using a population-based cohort of clinically validated CCHD cases. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal retrospective cohort of infants with CCHDs live born from 1997 to 2012 in Utah. Cases identified from birth defect registry data were linked to inpatient discharge abstracts and vital records to track inpatient days and costs through age 10 years. Costs were adjusted for inflation and discounted by 3% per year to generate present value estimates. Multivariable models identified infant and maternal factors potentially associated with higher resource utilization and were used to calculate adjusted costs by defect type. RESULTS: The final statewide cohort included 1439 CCHD cases among 803 509 livebirths (1.8/1000). The average cost per affected child through age 10 years was $136 682 with a median of $74 924 because of a small number of extremely high cost children; costs were highest for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Inpatient costs increased by 1.6% per year during the study period. A single birth year cohort (~50 000 births/year) had estimated expenditures of $11 902 899 through age 10 years. Extrapolating to the US population, inpatient costs for a single birth year cohort through age 10 years were ~$1 billion. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient costs for CCHDs throughout childhood are high and rising. These revised estimates will contribute to comparative effectiveness research aimed at improving the value of care on a patient and population level.
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Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Cardiopatias Congênitas/economia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/epidemiologia , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Anormalidades Congênitas , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Comunicação Interventricular/economia , Comunicação Interventricular/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Síndrome do Coração Esquerdo Hipoplásico/economia , Síndrome do Coração Esquerdo Hipoplásico/epidemiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pacientes Internados , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Atresia Pulmonar/economia , Atresia Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Utah/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Cystic fibrosis newborn screening was implemented in Brazil by the Public Health System in 2012. Because of cost, only 1 mutation was tested - p.Phe508del. We developed a robust low-cost genetic test for screening 11 CFTR gene mutations with potential use in developing countries.
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Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Fibrose Cística/diagnóstico , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/economia , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Brasil , Fibrose Cística/economia , Fibrose Cística/genética , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Testes Genéticos/economia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Mutação , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Objective (1) Determine the incidence and risk factors for congenital hearing loss. (2) Perform cost analysis of screening programs. Study Design Proportionally distributed cross-sectional survey. Setting Jinotega, Nicaragua. Subjects and Methods Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) were used to screen 640 infants <6 months of age from neonatal intensive care unit, institutional, and home birth settings. Data on 15 risk factors were analyzed. Cost of 4 implementation strategies was studied: universal screening, screening at the regional health center (RHC), targeted screening, and screening at the RHC plus targeted screening. Cost-effectiveness analysis over 10 years was based on disability-adjusted life year estimates, with the World Health Organization standard of cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) / gross domestic product (GDP) <3, with GDP set at $4884.15. Results Thirty-eight infants failed the initial OAE (5.94%). In terms of births, 325 (50.8%) were in the RHC, 69 (10.8%) in the neonatal intensive care unit, and 29 (4.5%) at home. Family history and birth defect were significant in univariate analysis; birth defect was significant in multivariate analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that OAE screening is cost-effective without treatment (CER/GDP = 0.06-2.00) and with treatment (CER/GDP = 0.58-2.52). Conclusions Our rate of OAE failures was comparable to those of developed countries and lower than hearing loss rates noted among Nicaraguan schoolchildren, suggesting acquired or progressive etiology in the latter. Birth defects and familial hearing loss correlated with OAE failure. OAE screening of infants is feasible and cost-effective in rural Nicaragua, although highly influenced by estimated hearing loss severity in identified infants and the high travel costs incurred in a targeted screening strategy.
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Análise Custo-Benefício , Perda Auditiva/congênito , Perda Auditiva/epidemiologia , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incidência , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco , População Rural , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe an economic (Ec) model for estimating the impact of screening and treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). DESIGN: EcROP is a cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-benefit analysis. METHODS: We surveyed caregivers of 52 children at schools for the blind or pediatric eye clinics in Atlanta, Georgia and 43 in Mexico City. A decision analytic model with sensitivity analysis determined the incremental cost-effectiveness (primary outcome) and incremental monetary benefit (secondary outcome) of an ideal (100% screening) national ROP program as compared to estimates of current practice. Direct costs included screening and treatment expenditures. Indirect costs estimated lost productivity of caretaker(s) and blind individuals as determined by face-to-face surveys. Utility and effectiveness were measured in quality-adjusted life years and benefit in US dollars. EcROP includes a sensitivity analysis to assesses the incremental cost-effectiveness and societal impact of ROP screening and treatment within a country or economic region. Estimates are based on evidence-based clinical data and region-specific economic data acquired from direct field survey. RESULTS: In both Mexico and the United States, an ideal national ROP screening and treatment program was highly cost-saving. The incremental net benefit of an ideal ROP program over current practice is $5556 per child ($206 574 333 annually) and $3628 per child ($205 906 959 annually) in Mexico and the United States, respectively. CONCLUSION: EcROP demonstrates that ROP screening and treatment is highly beneficial for quality of life, cost saving, and cost-effectiveness in the United States and Mexico. EcROP can be applied to any country or region to provide data for informed allocation of limited health care resources.
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Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/economia , Criança , Análise Custo-Benefício , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Modelos Econômicos , Triagem Neonatal/economia , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/terapia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expected cost-effectiveness and net benefit of the recent implementation of newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in Washington State. STUDY DESIGN: We constructed a decision analysis model to estimate the costs and benefits of NBS in an annual birth cohort of 86â600 infants based on projections of avoided infant deaths. Point estimates and ranges for input variables, including the birth prevalence of SCID, proportion detected asymptomatically without screening through family history, screening test characteristics, survival rates, and costs of screening, diagnosis, and treatment were derived from published estimates, expert opinion, and the Washington NBS program. We estimated treatment costs stratified by age of identification and SCID type (with or without adenosine deaminase deficiency). Economic benefit was estimated using values of $4.2 and $9.0 million per death averted. We performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the influence of key variables on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of net direct cost per life-year saved. RESULTS: Our model predicts an additional 1.19 newborn infants with SCID detected preclinically through screening, in addition to those who would have been detected early through family history, and 0.40 deaths averted annually. Our base-case model suggests an ICER of $35â311 per life-year saved, and a benefit-cost ratio of either 5.31 or 2.71. Sensitivity analyses found ICER values <$100â000 and positive net benefit for plausible assumptions on all variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our model suggests that NBS for SCID in Washington is likely to be cost-effective and to show positive net economic benefit.
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Triagem Neonatal/economia , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/diagnóstico , Análise Custo-Benefício , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Teóricos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , WashingtonRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a pilot newborn screening (NBS) and treatment program for sickle cell anemia (SCA) in Luanda, Angola. STUDY DESIGN: In July 2011, a pilot NBS and treatment program was implemented in Luanda, Angola. Infants identified with SCA were enrolled in a specialized SCA clinic in which they received preventive care and sickle cell education. In this analysis, the World Health Organization (WHO) and generalized cost-effectiveness analysis methods were used to estimate gross intervention costs of the NBS and treatment program. To determine healthy life-years (HLYs) gained by screening and treatment, we assumed NBS reduced mortality to that of the Angolan population during the first 5 years based upon WHO and Global Burden of Diseases Study 2010 estimates, but provided no significant survival benefit for children who survive through age 5 years. A secondary sensitivity analysis with more conservative estimates of mortality benefits also was performed. The costs of downstream medical costs, including acute care, were not included. RESULTS: Based upon the costs of screening 36,453 infants and treating the 236 infants with SCA followed after NBS in the pilot project, NBS and treatment program is projected to result in the gain of 452-1105 HLYs, depending upon the discounting rate and survival assumptions used. The corresponding estimated cost per HLY gained is $1380-$3565, less than the gross domestic product per capita in Angola. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that NBS and treatment for SCA appear to be highly cost-effective across all scenarios for Angola by the WHO criteria.