RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine how age affects insulin resistance during the menstrual cycle and insulin resistance-associated indices: the Triglyceride-glucose and Triglyceride-glucose-BMI indexes. METHODS: This prospective observational study used fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), and days since the start of the menstrual period collected from the NHANES dataset (1999-2006). Insulin resistance was determined using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The participants were categorized as young (16-34 years) or older (>35 years). Rhythmicity during the menstrual cycle was analyzed using the Cosinor and Cosinor2 packages for R. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cosine fit curves for insulin resistance during the menstrual cycle and age-associated effects on rhythmicity. RESULTS: Using 1256 participants, rhythmicity was observed for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) but not for fasting plasma glucose, the Triglyceride-glucose index, or the Triglyceride-glucose-BMI index. Significant amplitudes for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were observed when age was considered. Acrophases for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were significant only for the younger group, and the differences between these groups were significant, suggesting that the changes in scores for insulin resistance for the younger and older groups occur at different times of their menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin resistance does fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, and it is at a maximum at different times for younger and older women. Since these results are unadjusted, this study is preliminary and further investigation is required.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Resistência à Insulina , Insulina , Ciclo Menstrual , Triglicerídeos , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Insulina/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Etários , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Jejum/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , HomeostaseRESUMO
This work evaluated structured lipids (SLs) through chemical and enzymatic interesterification (CSLs and ESLs). Blends of soybean oil and peanut oil 1:1 wt% were used, with gradual addition of fully hydrogenated crambe to obtain a final behenic acid concentration of 6, 12, 18, and 24 %. Chemical catalysis used sodium methoxide (0.4 wt%) at 100 °C for 30 min, while enzymatic catalysis used Lipozyme TL IM (5 wt%) at 60 °C for 6 h. Major fatty acids identified were C16:0, C18:0, and C22:0. It was observed that with gradual increase of hard fat, the CSLs showed high concentrations of reaction intermediates, indicating further a steric hindrance, unlike ESLs. Increased hard fat also altered crystallization profile and triacylglycerols composition and ESLs showed lower solid fat, unlike CSLs. Both methods effectively produced SLs as an alternative to trans and palm fats, view to potential future applications in food products.
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Óleo de Palmeira , Óleo de Soja , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Óleo de Soja/química , Esterificação , Óleo de Amendoim/química , Ácidos Graxos trans/química , Ácidos Graxos trans/análise , Ácidos Graxos/química , Lipídeos/química , Triglicerídeos/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Lipase/química , Lipase/metabolismo , HidrogenaçãoRESUMO
Projected to impact 310 million children by the next decade, childhood obesity is linked to serious health issues like metabolic disturbance and cardiovascular diseases. This study introduces a novel approach for the integrated assessment of inflammatory, glycemic and lipid disorders in obese children in resources-limited settings and also identifies key factors contributing to these changes. Conducting a cross-sectional analysis of 231 children aged 5-12 years from public schools in Brazil's semi-arid region, the research involved collecting medical history, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples to analyze glycemic and lipid profiles, along with C-reactive protein levels. We used an adapted the Molecular Degree of Perturbation model to analyze deviations in metabolic markers from a healthy control group. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests, backward logistic regression, and hierarchical cluster analysis. The study identified a direct and independent association between elevated Metabolic Disturbance Degree and both overweight and obesity in children, with significant differences in CRP, Triglycerides, and HDL levels noted between obese and healthy-weight groups. The findings highlight the critical need for early detection and comprehensive understanding of obesity-related changes to mitigate the severe health risks associated with childhood obesity.
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Obesidade Infantil , Humanos , Criança , Obesidade Infantil/sangue , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doenças Metabólicas/sangue , Doenças Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Introduction. Altered serum zinc levels, lower and higher than values in healthy controls, have been observed in individuals affected by non-communicable chronic diseases. However, to date, studies describing potential determinants of zinc levels in general populations free of chronic diseases appear to be limited. Objective. To evaluate whether nutrient intake, biochemical and clinical measures, lifestyle, and family history of cardio-metabolic diseases are independently associated with zinc levels in apparently healthy individuals. Materials and methods. We evaluated 239 healthy subjects. Serum zinc was measured via flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and the remaining biochemical markers were assessed using enzymatic colorimetric methods. Standard techniques were employed to quantify waist circumference, height, and weight. Body fat was measured via bioimpedance, and blood pressure was measured using digital sphygmomanometers. We applied a survey to record the personal and family history of non-communicable chronic diseases, and nutrient intake was estimated using the 24-hour recall method. Results. Women had lower serum zinc levels than men. In multivariate analyzes, total fat intake (ß = -0.15; standard error = 0.03; p < 0.001), plasma log-triglycerides (ß = -10.18; standard error = 3.9; p = 0.010), and female gender (ß = -6.81; standard error = 3.3; p = 0.043) were significant predictors for serum zinc levels. Zinc intake was not significantly related to serum zinc in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions. Variables related to cardiometabolic risk, such as plasma triglyceride levels and total fat intake, were associated with serum zinc levels in individuals without a diagnosis of chronic or infectious/inflammatory diseases. Further studies are required to confirm our findings and to evaluate possible biological mechanisms for these relationships.
Introducción: Se han observado niveles séricos alterados de zinc, más altos o más bajos, en personas afectadas por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, la información sobre determinantes de zinc sérico en poblaciones sin enfermedad crónica es muy limitada. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la ingestión de nutrientes, las medidas bioquímicas y clínicas, el estilo de vida y los antecedentes familiares de las enfermedades cardiometabólicas están asociados de forma independiente con los niveles de zinc en individuos aparentemente sanos. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 239 sujetos sanos. El zinc sérico se midió por espectrometría de absorción atómica de llama y el resto de los marcadores bioquímicos por métodos enzimáticos-colorimétricos. Se utilizaron técnicas estándar para medir la antropometría. Se aplicó una encuesta para registrar antecedentes personales y familiares, y se estimó el consumo de nutrientes por recordatorio de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres tenían niveles séricos de zinc más bajos que los hombres. En los análisis multivariados, la ingestión total de grasas (ß = -0,15; error estándar = 0,03; p <0,001), los triglicéridos plasmáticos (ß = -10,18; error estándar = 3,9; p = 0,010), y el sexo femenino (ß = -6,81; error estándar = 3.3; p = 0,043) fueron predictores significativos de los niveles séricos de zinc. La ingestión de zinc no estuvo significativamente relacionada con el zinc sérico en los análisis univariados y multivariados. CONCLUSIONES: Las variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiometabólico como los niveles de triglicéridos y la ingestión total de grasas se asociaron con los niveles de zinc en individuos sin diagnóstico de enfermedades crónicas o infecciosas-inflamatorias. Se requieren más estudios para confirmar estos hallazgos, así como la evaluación de los posibles mecanismos biológicos de estas relaciones.
Assuntos
Zinco , Humanos , Zinco/sangue , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Transversais , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate metabolism modulation and dyslipidemia in genetic dyslipidemic mice through physical exercise. Thirty-four male C57Bl/6 mice aged 15 months were divided into non-transgenic (NTG) and transgenic overexpressing apoCIII (CIII) groups. After treadmill adaptation, the trained groups (NTG Ex and CIII Ex) underwent an effort test to determine running performance and assess oxygen consumption (VÌO2), before and after the training protocol. The exercised groups went through an 8-week moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) program, consisting of 40 min of treadmill running at 60% of the peak velocity achieved in the test, three times per week. At the end of the training, animals were euthanized, and tissue samples were collected for ex vivo analysis. ApoCIII overexpression led to hypertriglyceridemia (P<0.0001) and higher concentrations of total plasma cholesterol (P<0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P<0.01), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (P<0.0001) in the animals. Furthermore, the transgenic mice exhibited increased adipose mass (P<0.05) and higher VÌO2peak compared to their NTG controls (P<0.0001). Following the exercise protocol, MICT decreased triglyceridemia and cholesterol levels in dyslipidemic animals (P<0.05), and reduced adipocyte size (P<0.05), increased muscular glycogen (P<0.001), and improved VÌO2 in all trained animals (P<0.0001). These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of moderate and continuous exercise training, a feasible non-pharmacological intervention, on the metabolic profile of genetically dyslipidemic subjects.
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Dislipidemias , Consumo de Oxigênio , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Triglicerídeos , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Dislipidemias/metabolismo , Dislipidemias/terapia , Dislipidemias/genética , Hipertrigliceridemia/terapia , Hipertrigliceridemia/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) comprise major causes of death worldwide, leading to extensive burden on populations and societies. Alterations in normal lipid profiles, i.e., dyslipidemia, comprise important risk factors for CVDs. However, there is lack of comprehensive evidence on the genetic contribution to dyslipidemia in highly admixed populations. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to blood lipid traits in the Brazilian population was based on genome-wide associations using data from the São Paulo Health Survey with Focus on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition). METHODS: A total of 667 unrelated individuals had genetic information on 330,656 SNPs available, and were genotyped with Axiom™ 2.0 Precision Medicine Research Array. Genetic associations were tested at the 10- 5 significance level for the following phenotypes: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), HDL-c/LDL-c ratio, triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol, and non-HDL-c. RESULTS: There were 19 significantly different SNPs associated with lipid traits, the majority of which corresponding to intron variants, especially in the genes FAM81A, ZFHX3, PTPRD, and POMC. Three variants (rs1562012, rs16972039, and rs73401081) and two variants (rs8025871 and rs2161683) were associated with two and three phenotypes, respectively. Among the subtypes, non-HDL-c had the highest proportion of associated variants. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present genome-wide association study offer new insights into the genetic structure underlying lipid traits in underrepresented populations with high ancestry admixture. The associations were robust across multiple lipid phenotypes, and some of the phenotypes were associated with two or three variants. In addition, some variants were present in genes that encode ncRNAs, raising important questions regarding their role in lipid metabolism.
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Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lipídeos/sangue , Lipídeos/genética , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/genética , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/genética , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/genética , Dislipidemias/genética , Dislipidemias/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , FenótipoRESUMO
AIM: To determine the association between atherogenic markers, such as total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C), triglycerides/HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C), and triglycerides-glucose index (TyG), and the risk of 1-year amputation in adults with diabetic foot in a tertiary level hospital. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted in 162 adult patients with diabetic foot. The outcome was amputation, defined as "primary amputation in patients' clinical history after their first hospitalization due to foot ulcer.". The cutoff point was determined using Youden's J statistic. The relative risk (RR) was presented as an association measure. RESULTS: A TyG index of >9.4 [RR: 1.64 (1.10-2.45)] was associated with a high risk of amputation after 1-year in adults with diabetic foot. However, while a TC/HDL ratio of >4.69 [RR: 1.38 (0.94-2.03)] and a TG/HDL-C ratio > 3.57 [RR: 1.35 (0.89-2.06)] did not show associations with risk of amputation after 1-year. CONCLUSIONS: Only a TyG index of >9.4 was associated with an increased risk of 1-year amputation in adults with diabetic foot. Future studies with larger samples and a longitudinal design may provide more robust evidence and a better understanding of clinical implications.
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Amputação Cirúrgica , Biomarcadores , Pé Diabético , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Humanos , Pé Diabético/cirurgia , Pé Diabético/sangue , Pé Diabético/epidemiologia , Amputação Cirúrgica/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Centros de Atenção Terciária/estatística & dados numéricos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Aterosclerose/sangue , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Aterosclerose/cirurgia , Aterosclerose/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Glicemia/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Insulin resistance (IR) is a risk factor for several cardiometabolic disorders; however, there is conflicting evidence about the reliability of certain IR markers. In this context, the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) has been proposed as a surrogate marker for IR. This study aimed to compare the TyG index and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from 11,314 adults (aged 35-74 years) from the ELSA-Brasil study. The correlation between TyG and HOMA-IR, their interrater reliability, and their predictive value in identifying metabolic syndrome (MetS) were assessed. The mean TyG and HOMA-IR in our sample were 8.81 ± 0.52 and 2.78 ± 1.58 for men, and 8.53 ± 0.48 and 2.49 ± 1.38 for women, respectively. TyG and HOMA-IR showed a weak to moderate correlation with each other (Pearson's r for men: 0.395 and 0.409 for women, p-value <0.05) and other markers of glycemic metabolism. Additionally, the area under the curve for the prediction of MetS was greater for TyG than HOMA-IR, regardless of sex (TyG: 0.836 for men and 0.826 for women; HOMA-IR: 0.775 for men and 0.787 for women). The concordance between these markers was low (Cohens kappa coefficient: 0.307 for men and 0.306 for women). Individuals with increased TyG exhibited mainly anthropometrical and glycemic metabolic alterations, whereas those with elevated HOMA-IR displayed mostly lipid-associated metabolic alterations. CONCLUSION: TyG and HOMA-IR might indicate different profiles of cardiometabolic disorders, showing poor agreement in classifying individuals (normal vs. altered) and a weak correlation. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the role of TyG as a surrogate marker of IR.
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Glicemia , Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome Metabólica , Triglicerídeos , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Brasil/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangueRESUMO
Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a Brazilian palm tree whose oil in the pulp is rich in oleic acid and carotenoids. However, its physiological function remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of macauba pulp oil (MPO) on the metabolic link between lipid metabolism and lifespan using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). C. elegans were treated with 5.0 mg/mL of MPO for analyzing triglyceride and glycerol accumulation, fatty acid profile, gene expression of lipid and oxidative metabolism proteins under cold (4°C) stress conditions, and lifespan analysis under stress conditions such as cold (4°C), heat (37°C), and oxidative (paraquat) stress. MPO significantly suppressed fat accumulation and increased glycerol (a lipolysis index) and the lifespan of C. elegans at low temperature (4°C). This was accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of the genes involved in lipogenesis (spb-1 and pod-2) and increased levels of the genes involved in fatty acid ß-oxidation (acs-2 and nhr-49) and fat mobilization genes (hosl-1 and aak-2). Additionally, MPO treatment modulated fatty acid pools in C. elegans at low temperatures in that MPO treatment decreased saturated fatty acid levels and shifted the fatty acid profile to long-chain fatty acids. Moreover, the effect of MPO on fat accumulation at low temperatures was abolished in fat-7 mutants, whereas both fat-1 and fat-7 contribute, at least in part, to MPO-elevated survival of C. elegans under cold conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results obtained in the present study may contribute to the understanding of the health benefits of consuming macauba pulp oil and consequently stimulate economic growth and the industrial application of this new type of oil, which may result in the creation of new jobs and increased value of small producers.
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Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Caenorhabditis elegans , Temperatura Baixa , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Longevidade , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/efeitos dos fármacos , Caenorhabditis elegans/fisiologia , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Arecaceae/química , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Glicerol/metabolismo , Glicerol/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleo de Palmeira/farmacologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate if a mixture of functional lipids (FLs), containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), tocopherols (TPs), and phytosterols (PSs), prevents some lipid alterations induced by high-fat (HF) diets, without adverse effects. METHODS: Male CF1 mice (n = 6/group) were fed (4 weeks) with control (C), HF, or HF + FL diets. RESULTS: FL prevented the overweight induced by the HF diet and reduced the adipose tissue (AT) weight, associated with lower energy efficiency. After the intervention period, the serum triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in both HF diets underwent a decrease associated with an enhanced LPL activity (mainly in muscle). The beneficial effect of the FL mixture on body weight gain and AT weight might be attributed to the decreased lipogenesis, denoted by the lower mRNA levels of SREBP1-c and ACC in AT, as well as by an exacerbated lipid catabolism, reflected by increased mRNA levels of PPARα, ATGL, HSL, and UCP2 in AT. Liver TAG levels were reduced in the HF + FL group due to an elevated lipid oxidation associated with a higher CPT-1 activity and mRNA levels of PPARα and CPT-1a. Moreover, genes linked to fatty acid biosynthesis (SREBP1-c and ACC) showed decreased mRNA levels in both HF diets, this finding being more pronounced in the HF + FL group. CONCLUSION: The administration of an FL mixture (CLA + TP + PS) prevented some lipid alterations induced by a HF diet, avoiding frequent deleterious effects of CLA in mice through the modulation of gene expression related to the regulation of lipid metabolism.