RESUMO
Galls are plant neoformations induced by specialized parasites. Since gall inducers rely on reactive plant sites for gall development, variations in abiotic factors that affect plant phenology are expected to impact the life cycle of gall inducers. To test the hypothesis that different light conditions affect both host plant and gall inducer life cycles, we studied the system Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) - Clinodiplosis profusa (Cecidomyiidae), comparing plants occurring in sunny and shaded environments. We mapped phenological differences among individuals of E. uniflora occurring in the two environments and related them to the influence of luminosity on the life cycle of the gall inducer. Shade plants showed lower intensity of leaf sprouting throughout the year compared to sun-exposed plants, especially during the rainy season. Young and mature galls are synchronized with the peak of leaf sprouting at the beginning of the rainy season, lasting longer in sun-exposed plants - approximately two months longer compared to shade plants. The greater light intensity positively impacts the formation and growth of leaves and galls, with an extended period available for their induction and growth. Thus, light is an important factor for the development of gallers, considering that variations in luminosity influenced not only the phenology of the host plant, but also determined the life cycle of gall inducers. Furthermore, changes in plant-environment interactions are expected to affect the life cycle and richness of other host plant-gall inducer systems.
Assuntos
Eugenia , Luz Solar , Eugenia/fisiologia , Animais , Tumores de Planta/parasitologia , Luz , Folhas de Planta/parasitologia , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/fisiologiaRESUMO
Conservation Units (CUs) tend to have a high richness of herbivorous insects, including gall-inducing insects. Despite this, gall surveys carried out in these environments are punctual and some units have never had their galls investigated, such as the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia (Chapada Diamantina Parna). Aiming to reduce this gap and contribute to future studies in CUs, this study aimed to survey the galls of the Chapada Diamantina Parna, Lençóis, as well as to investigate trends in research on galls in CUs in Brazil. For that, collections were carried out on monthly trips for one year. Published gall surveys were compiled. A total of 107 morphotypes induced in 88 host species were recorded. Most galls are formed in leaves, globoid in shape, green in color, and induced by Cecidomyiidae. This park has a relatively high richness of galls compared to other CUs, demonstrating its importance in the conservation of gall-inducing insects. The results also revealed that the number of surveys has been increasing over the years and that the Southeast concentrates the largest number of studies, a region that also gathers the largest number of specialists, demonstrating a geographic bias in the data.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Insetos , Parques Recreativos , Tumores de Planta , Animais , Brasil , Tumores de Planta/parasitologia , Insetos/classificação , Conservação dos Recursos NaturaisRESUMO
Alterations in cell wall composition imply in new structural and functional traits in gall developmental sites, even when the inducer is a sucking exophytophagous insect with strict feeding sites as the aphid associated to Malus domestica Borkh. This host plant is an economically important, fruit-bearing species, susceptible to gall induction by the sucking aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, 1802. Herein, the immunocytochemical detection of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), pectins, and hemicelluloses using monoclonal antibodies was performed in samples of non-galled roots and stems, and of root and stem galls on M. domestica. The dynamics of these cell wall components was discussed under the structural and functional traits of the galls proximal, median, and distal regions, according to the proximity of E. lanigerum colony feeding site. In the proximal region, the epitopes of AGPs and homogalacturonans (HGs) are related to cell growth and divisions, which result in the overproduction of parenchyma cells both in root and stem galls. In the proximal and median regions, the co-occurrence of HGs and arabinans in the cell walls of parenchyma and secondary tissues favors the nutrient flow and water-holding capacity, while the xylogalacturonans and hemicelluloses may function as additional carbohydrate resources to E. lanigerum. The immunocytochemical profile of the cell walls support the feeding activity of E. lanigerum mainly in the gall proximal region. The similarity of the cell wall components of the gall distal region and the non-galled portions, both in roots and stems, relates to the decrease of the cecidogenetic field the more distant the E. lanigerum colony is.
Assuntos
Parede Celular , Imuno-Histoquímica , Malus , Raízes de Plantas , Caules de Planta , Tumores de Planta , Parede Celular/química , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Animais , Raízes de Plantas/parasitologia , Caules de Planta/química , Tumores de Planta/parasitologia , Mucoproteínas/metabolismo , Afídeos/fisiologia , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Pectinas/metabolismoRESUMO
The Botanical Garden of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) was investigated monthly from October, 2017 to December, 2019 in a total of 27 collections, each lasting four hours, following the methodology of random walking. Vegetative and reproductive organs of herbs, bushes and trees (up to 2 m high) were examined by two people. Voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional (MNRJ)/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. We found 13 insect gall morphotypes in nine host plant species of four families. All host plants are native of Brazil, except Ficus microcarpa L.f. (Moraceae), which is naturalized. Myrtaceae and Moraceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of gall morphotypes. Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) and Ficus L. (Moraceae) were the plant genera with the highest number of gall morphotypes. In several inventories in the Atlantic forest, Myrtaceae and Eugenia stand out for harboring a great variety of galls, while Moraceae and Ficus were never stood out for this reason. Most plant species mentioned in the present study were already known as hosts of gall-inducing insects in Brazil. However, for the first time, insect galls are reported on Ficus crocata (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae). We found two new morphotypes on Eugenia florida DC. (Myrtaceae). Leaves, stems and buds were the galled organs. Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent inducers. Galls of Thysanoptera were also found. Inquilines were observed in leaf galls on Eugenia florida. They promoted differences in gall morphology and killed the gall-inducing larva.
Assuntos
Myrtaceae , Tumores de Planta , Humanos , Animais , Brasil , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Insetos , Árvores , PlantasRESUMO
Peumus boldus, a tree native to Chile, is extensively used for medicinal purposes due to its richness in alkaloids and antioxidant polyphenols. A species of galling insect, Dasineura sp. induces structural and chemical changes on P. boldus stems while its galls are established and developed. Taking into account the antioxidant properties of P. boldus polyphenols, it would be expected that Dasineura sp. induces changes in the accumulation sites, chemical profile, and antioxidant activity of the P. boldus stem polyphenols, related to different reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels during gall development. Dasineura sp. induces changes in the accumulation sites of total polyphenols, flavonols, and lignin, redirecting their accumulation toward the sites of greatest production of H2O2 and O2.-. Although changes in total polyphenol content would be expected, this did not vary significantly between non-galled and galled stems. However, the galling insect induced changes in the profile and concentration of soluble polyphenols, leading to the gall extracts' antioxidant capacity decreasing significantly during the maturation and senescence stages. Additionally, during the maturation stage, lignin deposition increases in the more peripheral gall tissues, which also contributes to ROS dissipation. The differences in the different gall developmental stages' antioxidant activity could be related to the identity and concentration of phenolic compounds in each gall extract, rather than to the total phenol content. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, the dissipation of the ROS generated by Dasineura sp. activity occurs, restoring the redox balance in galls and guaranteeing the success of the inducer.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Peumus , Polifenóis , Peumus/química , Lignina , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Fenóis , Tumores de PlantaRESUMO
Gall formation impacts the development of plant species by altering the structure and mobilization of reserves, and the functional and physiological patterns of the host organ. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact generated by the Neolithus fasciatus galling insect (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Sapium glandulosum leaves (Euphorbiaceae) at the cytological, histological, histochemical, and biochemical levels. Non-galled leaves and galls in the young, mature, and senescent stages were evaluated. The non-galled leaf has a uniseriate epidermis, stomata only on the abaxial side, a dorsiventral mesophyll, and parenchyma cells with thin primary walls containing chloroplasts with plastoglobules. The gall has a parenchymatous compartmentalized cortex. The young and mature galls already have a dense cytoplasm, especially in the inner cells of the cortex, with chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi complex, and large and evident nuclei. In senescent galls, there are signs of organelle degradation and cell digestion. Carbohydrates occur in greater amounts in the mature gall, mainly in the starch grain form, while proteins and lipids predominate in non-galled leaves. Secondary metabolites occur mainly in the young gall and may be related to its protection and to the signaling of its development. Sapium glandulosum galls have histological and cytological compartmentalization of the cortex with a large amount of carbohydrates, which supply energy to maintain the development of the structure.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Sapium , Animais , Cloroplastos , Carboidratos , Tumores de Planta , Folhas de Planta/metabolismoRESUMO
The galls can offer shelter, protection, and an adequate diet for the gall-inducing organisms. Herein, we evaluated the structure of Manihot esculenta leaves and galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis in order to identify metabolic and cell wall composition changes. We expected to find a complex gall with high primary metabolism in a typical nutritive tissue. Non-galled leaves and galls were subjected to anatomical, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses to evaluate the structural features, primary and secondary metabolites, and glycoproteins, pectins, and hemicelluloses in the cell wall. The gall is cylindric, with a uniseriate epidermis, a larval chamber, and a parenchymatic cortex divided into outer and inner compartments. The outer compartment has large cells with intercellular spaces and stocks starch and is designated as storage tissue. Reducing sugars, proteins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids were detected in the protoplast of inner tissue cells of galls, named nutritive tissue, which presents five layers of compact small cells. Cell walls with esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) occurred in some cells of the galls indicating the continuous biosynthesis of HGs. For both non-galled leaves and galls, galactans and xyloglucans were broadly labeled on the cell walls, indicating a cell growth capacity and cell wall stiffness, respectively. The cell wall of the nutritive tissue had wide labeling for glycoproteins, HGs, heteroxylans, and xyloglucans, which can be used as source for the diet of the galling insect. Manihot esculenta galls have compartments specialized in the protection and feeding of the galling insect, structured by nutritive tissue rich in resource compounds, in the cell walls and protoplast.
Assuntos
Dípteros , Euphorbiaceae , Manihot , Transtornos Fóbicos , Animais , Protoplastos , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Parede Celular , Tumores de Planta , Folhas de Planta/metabolismoRESUMO
An inventory of insect galls of Serra da Bodoquena (MS, Midwestern Brazil) was carried out in an area of semideciduous seasonal forest situated in the Califórnia Farm. Three field works were done in August/2011, December/2011 and April/2012, when the local vegetation was examined during 40 hours per expedition. Fifty-eight gall morphotypes were found on 40 host plants, 38 of them native. The host plants are distributed in 18 families. The native plants include eight endemic species in Brazil, which together totaled 14 gall morphotypes. Zanthoxylum L. sp. (Rutaceae), an endemic genus in Brazil, hosts one gall morphotype. The non endemic native plants totaled 26 gall morphotypes. Ten new host plants are recorded for the first time in Brazil. The medium number of gall morphotypes per plant species was 1.45. Salicaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Asteraceae presented the highest number of galled species and the greatest gall richness. Leaves were the most frequent galled plant organ and there was a predominance of globoid galls. Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) were the most frequent gallers, but Hemipteran and Thysanopteran galls were also found. The associated fauna was composed of inquilines (Diptera: Muscomorpha and Cecidomyiidae - Trotteria sp., and Thysanoptera), successors (Psocoptera), and parasitoids (Hymenoptera).
Assuntos
Dípteros , Tisanópteros , Humanos , Animais , Brasil , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Tumores de Planta , Insetos , Florestas , PlantasRESUMO
This study aimed at survey insect galls of an Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia, Brazil. We found 152 gall morphotypes in 103 plant species. Fabaceae were the host with the greatest gall richness. Leaves were the most galled organ. Globose and glabrous galls were the most frequent. Cecidomyiidae were responsible for most of the galls. This is the first record of 110 galls morphotypes and 23 host plants species in this biome. Ten gallers are endemic in Brazil. Five genera of Cecidomyiidae were first recorded in Rondônia as well as Schismatodiplosis lantanae Rübsaamen, 1908.
Assuntos
Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Floresta Úmida , Animais , Brasil , Tumores de Planta , Insetos , Plantas , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Myrtaceae have a wide geographical distribution in Brazil and host a great richness of Cecidomyiidae galls. However, the number of cecidomyiid species on them has not yet been established and the knowledge of their geographic distribution is deficient. We provide the first list of cecidomyiid species on Myrtaceae and analyze their distribution in Brazilian biomes. A literature review was performed and new data were obtained from herbarium specimens of the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. In Brazil, 13 species of Myrtaceae of five genera shelter described species of gall midges. Eugenia hosts the greatest richness of gall-inducers. All plant species have human uses and are native to Brazil, being seven endemic. Myrtaceae shelter 25 cecidomyiid species of 13 genera in 25 gall morphotypes. Sixteen species occur on endemic hosts, highlighting the peculiarity of the Brazilian fauna. These Cecidomyiidae occur collectively in five biomes, but most species (92%) are known from the Atlantic Forest, where 72% appear exclusively. Sixty per cent are restricted to a single Brazilian state, indicating their still poorly known distribution.