RESUMO
In March 2015, a patient in Colombia with HIV/AIDS was hospitalized for disseminated ulcers after milking cows that had vesicular lesions on their udders. Vaccinia virus was detected, and the case met criteria for progressive vaccinia acquired by zoonotic transmission. Adherence to an optimized antiretroviral regimen resulted in recovery.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Vaccinia virus/isolamento & purificação , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adulto , Animais , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Colômbia , Humanos , Masculino , Vacínia/tratamento farmacológico , Vacínia/transmissão , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Emerging and understudied pathogens often lack information that most commonly used analytical tools require, such as negative controls or baseline data; thus, new analytical strategies are needed to analyze transmission patterns and drivers of disease emergence. Zoonotic infections with Vaccinia virus (VACV) were first reported in Brazil in 1999, VACV is an emerging zoonotic Orthopoxvirus, which primarily infects dairy cattle and farmers in close contact with infected cows. Prospective studies of emerging pathogens could provide critical data that would inform public health planning and response to outbreaks. By using the location of 87-recorded outbreaks and publicly available bioclimatic data, we demonstrate one such approach. Using an ecological niche model (ENM) algorithm, we identify the environmental conditions under which VACV outbreaks have occurred, and determine additional locations in two affected countries that may be susceptible to transmission. Further, we show how suitability for the virus responds to different levels of various environmental factors and highlight the most important factors in determining its transmission. METHODS: A literature review was performed and the geospatial coordinates of 87 molecularly confirmed VACV outbreaks in Brazil were identified. An ENM was generated using MaxENT software by combining principal component analysis results of 19 bioclim spatial layers, and 25 randomly selected subsets of the original list of 87 outbreaks. RESULTS: The final ENM predicted all areas where Brazilian outbreaks occurred, one out of five of the Colombian outbreak regions and identified new regions within Brazil that are suitable for transmission based on bioclimatic factors. Further, the most important factors in determining transmission suitability are precipitation of the wettest quarter, annual precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest quarter and mean diurnal range. CONCLUSION: The analyses here provide a means by which to study patterns of an emerging infectious disease and identify regions that are potentially suitable for its transmission, in spite of the paucity of high-quality critical data. Policy and methods for the control of infectious diseases often use a reactionary model, addressing diseases only after significant impact on human health has ensued. The methodology used in the present work allows the identification of areas where disease is likely to appear, which could be used for directed intervention.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Mapeamento Geográfico , Vaccinia virus/isolamento & purificação , Vacínia/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Fenômenos Ecológicos e Ambientais , Humanos , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/diagnósticoRESUMO
Orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging viruses with great importance in human and veterinary medicine, such as Vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. The clinical aspects of BV are similar to other vesicular infections, complicating the clinical diagnosis. This cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge of Healthcare Professionals about BV and revealed their unpreparedness about BV in a VACV hyper-endemic area in Brazil, highlighting the public health issues associated with VACV infections. This study presents an opportunity to discuss the importance of vaccination for healthcare professionals who work in areas of VACV circulation and brings an educational measure on VACV infections for health professionals around the world.
Assuntos
Doenças Endêmicas , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Vacínia , Adulto , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Testes Sorológicos , Vacinação , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Vacínia/epidemiologia , Vacínia/veterinária , Vaccinia virus/classificação , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Vaccinia virus/isolamento & purificação , ZoonosesRESUMO
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: In August 2014, an outbreak of oral exanthematous disease in equids was reported in Brazil, affecting 11 donkeys and 3 mules. OBJECTIVES: To investigate if Vaccinia virus (VACV) was the aetiological agent in this outbreak. STUDY DESIGN: Investigation of clinical cases using serological, molecular and phylogenetic approaches. METHODS: To analyse the presence of neutralising antibodies against VACV, samples were submitted in triplicate to a plaque-reduction neutralisation test (PRNT50% ). On the basis of previous studies which detected VACV DNA in sera, we submitted extracted DNA samples to different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) platforms targeting Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genes (C11R, A56R and A26L). The PCR products were directly sequenced in both orientations using specific primers and capillary electrophoresis. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the A26L and A56R nucleotide sequences (maximum likelihood) were prepared with the obtained nucleotide fragments. RESULTS: Serological and molecular data suggested VACV as the aetiological agent. The neutralising antibodies against OPV were detected in 5 (55.5%) of the equids, with titres ≥40 neutralising u/ml. Based on the results obtained from all PCR platforms, all samples were positive for OPV: 9 (100%) for A56R, 4 (44.4%) for C11R and 3 (33.3%) for A26L. The alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the A26L and A56R fragments revealed that the samples were highly similar to the homologous genes from other Brazilian VACV Group 1 isolates (98.8% identity on average). Furthermore, both the A26L and A56R sequences showed signature deletions also present in the sequences of Group 1 VACV isolates from Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Our data raises questions about the role of equids in the chain of VACV epidemiology. The surveillance of equids in VACV-affected areas worldwide is relevant.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Equidae , Exantema/veterinária , Doenças da Boca/veterinária , Vaccinia virus/isolamento & purificação , Vacínia/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Exantema/patologia , Exantema/virologia , Doenças da Boca/epidemiologia , Doenças da Boca/patologia , Doenças da Boca/virologia , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Vacínia/epidemiologia , Vacínia/patologiaRESUMO
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that has been associated with economic losses and social effects. Despite increasing reports of BV outbreaks in Brazil, little is known about the biological interactions of Brazilian VACV (VACV-BR) isolates during coinfections; furthermore, there are no tools for the diagnosis of these coinfections. In this study, a tool to co-detect two variants of VACV was developed to provide new information regarding the pathogenesis, virulence profile, and viral spread during coinfection with VACV-BR isolates. To test the quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) tool, groups of BALB/c mice were intranasally monoinfected with Pelotas virus 1-Group II (PV1-GII) and Pelotas virus 2-Group I (PV2-GI), or were coinfected with PV1-GII and PV2-GI. Clinical signs of the mice were evaluated and the viral load in lung and spleen were detected using simultaneous polymerase chain reactions (PCR) targeting the A56R (hemagglutinin) gene of VACV. The results showed that qPCR for the quantification of viral load in coinfection was efficient and highly sensitive. Coinfected mice presented more severe disease and a higher frequency of VACV detection in lung and spleen, when compared to monoinfected groups. This study is the first description of PV1 and PV2 pathogenicity during coinfection in mice, and provides a new method to detect VACV-BR coinfections.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Coinfecção/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Vaccinia virus/fisiologia , Vacínia/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Coinfecção/diagnóstico , Coinfecção/virologia , Hemaglutininas Virais/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Vacínia/virologia , Vaccinia virus/classificação , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/patogenicidade , Carga Viral , VirulênciaRESUMO
Natural infections of Vaccinia virus (VACV)-the prototype species of the Orthopoxvirus genus, from the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae-cause an occupational emergent zoonotic disease that is primarily associated with the handling of infected dairy cattle. In humans, VACV infection is characterized by skin lesions, primarily on the hands, and accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, myalgia, headache, and lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of VACV is usually performed according to the methods described for other orthopoxviruses. This unit describes the methods utilized to obtain clinical samples, the serological and molecular techniques used for diagnosis, and the isolation methods and techniques used for molecular and biological characterization of the viruses. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Vaccinia virus/isolamento & purificação , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Vacínia/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Humanos , Vacínia/virologia , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/fisiologiaRESUMO
During a vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreak in São Paulo State, Brazil, blood samples were collected from cows, humans, other domestic animals, and wild mammals. Samples from 3 dogs and 3 opossums were positive for VACV by PCR. Results of gene sequencing yielded major questions regarding other mammalian species acting as reservoirs of VACV.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Surtos de Doenças , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vacínia/epidemiologia , Vacínia/virologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Cães , Genes Virais , Humanos , Gambás , Filogenia , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Vaccinia virus/classificaçãoRESUMO
To understand the emergence of vaccinia virus Cantagalo strain in the Amazon biome of Brazil, during 2008-2010 we conducted a molecular and epidemiologic survey of poxvirus outbreaks. Data indicate that animal movement was the major cause of virus dissemination within Rondonia State, leading to the establishment and spread of this pathogen.
Assuntos
Migração Animal , Surtos de Doenças , Vaccinia virus/fisiologia , Vacínia/epidemiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Prevalência , Análise de Sequência , Vacínia/diagnóstico , Vacínia/transmissão , Vaccinia virus/genética , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Vaccinia virus is responsible for a zoonosis that usually affects cattle and human beings in Brazil. The initial clinical signs of the infection are focal red skin areas, fever, and general symptoms similar to those of a cold. Then, pustules and ulcerated lesions surrounded by edema and erythema follow, as well as local lymphadenopathy that can last for weeks. Cure and healing of the lesions occur over several weeks, leaving a typical scar in the skin of people and animals affected. The infection definitive diagnosis is made through morphological characterization of the virus by use of electron microscopy, followed by PCR for specific viral genes. Since 1963, circulating orthopoxviruses in infectious outbreaks in several regions of Brazil have been reported. Later, the etiological agent of those infections was characterized as samples of Vaccinia virus. In addition, the widespread use of those viruses in research laboratories and mass vaccination of militaries have contributed to increase the cases of those infections worldwide. Thus, several epidemiological and clinical studies are required, as well as studies of viral immunology, public health, and economic impact, because little is known about those Vaccinia virus outbreaks in Brazil.