RESUMO
La inmunización, es un mecanismo de defensa que asegura la inmunidad humoral para prevenir enfermedades infantiles graves, y es responsabilidad de los padres. Objetivo: Se plantea indagar el conocimiento vaccinal, en madres con hijos menores de 5 años. Métodos: el estudio se orienta bajo el paradigma cualitativo, enfoque fenomenológico; Los participantes del estudio fueron madres que vacunaron a sus hijos en el centro de salud 20 de febrero, distrito 12D03 Quevedo-Mocache, Ecuador. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el soîware Atlas ti, vinculando 18 preguntas de reflexión. Resultados: Las categorías emergentes fueron: 1) Las vacunas son muy importantes y necesarias. 2. Vacunaron porque sus hijos crecen sanos y fuertes. 3. para algunas el vacunatorio es agradable y para otras no. 4. Algunas reciben buen trato y atención, otras no. 5. Es insuficiente la información sobre las vacunas. 6. Piden cambios de enfermeras y horarios. Conclusión: el conocimiento vaccinal de las madres, esdeterminante para la protección y la no propagación de enfermedades en sus hijos(AU)
Immunization is a defense mechanism that ensures humoral immunity to prevent serious childhood diseases, and is the responsibility of the parents. Objective: to investigate the vaccine knowledge in mothers with children under 5 years. Methods: the study is oriented under the qualitative paradigm, hermeneutic approach; îe study participants were mothers who vaccinated their children in the health center February 20, district 12D03 Quevedo-Mocache, Ecuador. The Atlas ti soîware was used to analyze the data, linking 18 reflection questions. Results: The emerging categories were: 1) Vaccines are very important and necessary. 2. They vaccinated because their children grow up healthy and strong. 3. For some the vaccine is nice and for others it is not. 4. Some receive good treatment and attention, others do not. 5. Insufficient information about vaccines. 6. Ask for changes of nurses and schedules. Conclusion: the vaccinal knowledge of the mothers, is decisive for the protection and non-propagation of diseases in their children(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Rotavirus/classificação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Vacinação/classificação , Vacinação/métodos , Programas de Imunização , Rotavirus/classificação , Seguridade Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Pré-Escolar , Fatores SociológicosRESUMO
A gripe é causada pelo vírus Influenza e é um problema de saúde pública mundial, que pode levar a problemas sérios em idosos e crianças. O Brasil implantou a vacinação anual contra influenza a partir de 1999, como ação preventiva contra a doença. A vacina é produzida pelo Instituto Butantan e contém três cepas diferentes do vírus Influenza fragmentado para induzir resposta imune adaptativa, com produção de anticorpos específicos e neutralizantes. A literatura tem mostrado que a exposição à xenobióticos com potencial imunossupressor pode comprometer a eficácia de imunizações ativas, como a imunização contra a gripe. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem mostrado que a exposição à hidroquinona (HQ), um composto tóxico presente em altas concentrações na fumaça do cigarro, prejudica a resposta imune inata e adquirida. Assim, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da exposição à HQ sobre a resposta imune à vacinação contra influenza. Camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram diariamente expostos à HQ (2500 ppm) ou PBS, por 1 hora, por nebulização, por um período de 8 semanas. Durante este período, foram imunizados nas semanas 6 e 8 do início das exposições, pela injeção i.m. de 100µL da vacina. Os parâmetros tóxicos e imunológicos foram avaliados 7, 35 e 70 dias após a segunda dose da vacina. A exposição à HQ não alterou o peso corpóreo dos animais e nem causou alterações morfológicas no pulmão, fígado e rins (histologia por H&E); reduziu a frequência de hemácias (11%), hematócrito (14%), hemoglobina (14%) e volume celular (4%); causou estresse oxidativo no baço (citometria de fluxo); aumentou a área dos folículos de células B no baço e linfonodomegalia (histologia por H&E). Em conjunto, os dados aqui obtidos mostram que a exposição à HQ afetou mecanismos envolvidos na gênese da imunidade ativa contra influenza. Assim, os dados deste trabalho mostram mecanismos tóxicos ainda não descritos para a HQ, e ressalta a HQ como um poluente ambiental que deve ser considerado nas avaliações de risco
The flu is a health problem worldwide which is caused by the Influenza virus and may result in severe illness in infants and the elderly. The annually vaccination against influenza was implemented in Brazil in 1999 as a preventive measure. The vaccine is produced by Butantan Institute and contains three different strains of the inactivated Influenza virus which induce the adaptive immune response along with production of specific and neutralizing antibodies. The literature has shown that exposure to immunosuppressive xenobiotics may compromise the efficacy of active immunizations, such as influenza. Our research group has shown that exposure to hydroquinone (HQ), a toxic constituent of cigarette smoke, impairs both innate and adaptive immune response. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of HQ on the immune response induced by the influenza vaccine. Male C57BL/6 mice were daily exposed to HQ (2500 ppm) or PBS by nebulization, for 1 hour, for 8 weeks. During the exposure period, the animals were vaccinated on weeks 6 and 8 with 100µL of the vaccine. Toxicologic and immunological parameters were assessed 7, 35 and 70 days after boost administration. HQ exposure did not alter body weight and did not cause morphological alterations in the lungs, liver and kidneys (H&E staining); reduced the frequency of erythrocytes (11%), hematocrit (14%), hemoglobin (14%) and cellular volume (4%) and caused oxidative stress on the spleen (Flow Cytometry); increased the area of B cell follicles in the spleen and increased the size of draining lymph nodes (H&E staining). Altogether, these data show that HQ exposure affected mechanisms involved in the genesis of the adaptive immune response. Thus, the data presented in this work show toxic mechanisms of HQ that have not yet been described, and it also points out HQ as an environmental pollutant which should be considered on risk assessments
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Influenza Humana/patologia , Hidroquinonas/efeitos adversos , Vacinação/classificação , Imunidade AtivaRESUMO
Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.
Assuntos
Animais , Lyssavirus , Raiva/patologia , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Vacinação/classificação , Zoonoses , Cães/classificaçãoRESUMO
Rabies, a zoonosis found throughout the globe, is caused by a virus of the Lyssavirus genus. The disease is transmitted to humans through the inoculation of the virus present in the saliva of infected mammals. Since its prognosis is usually fatal for humans, nationwide public campaigns to vaccinate dogs and cats against rabies aim to break the epidemiological link between the virus and its reservoirs in Brazil. During 12 months we evaluated the active immunity of dogs first vaccinated (booster shot at 30 days after first vaccination) against rabies using the Fuenzalida-Palácios modified vaccine in the urban area of Botucatu city, São Pauto state, Brazil. Of the analyzed dogs, 54.7% maintained protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL) for 360 days after the first vaccination whereas 51.5% during all the study period. The present results suggest a new vaccination schedule for dogs that have never been vaccinated. In addition to the first dose of vaccine, two others are recommended: the second at 30 days after the first and the third dose at 180 days after the first for the maintenance of protective titers during 12 months.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Raiva/patologia , Vacinação/classificação , Zoonoses , Lyssavirus , Cães/classificaçãoRESUMO
The study aimed to evaluate vaccination coverage and factors associated with incomplete basic vaccination schedule at 12 months of age in 427 children aged 12-59 months in São Luis, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2006. This cross-sectional, population-based household survey used complex cluster sampling. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance was applied. Complete basic vaccination coverage was 71.9% for applied doses, 61.8% for valid doses, and 23.6% for correct doses. Hepatitis B and tetravalent vaccines showed higher percentages of doses on dates or at intervals lower than recommended. Percentages of delayed vaccination were high, except for BCG. Incomplete basic vaccination was more frequent in girls and children from low-income and black families. Racial, gender, and socioeconomic factors posed barriers to complete vaccination, thus emphasizing the need for policies to address such inequalities.
Assuntos
Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Justiça Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Vacinação/classificação , Vacinas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
O estudo objetivou avaliar a cobertura vacinal e os fatores associados ao esquema vacinal básico incompleto aos 12 meses de idade, em 427 crianças de 12 a 59 meses, em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, 2006. Trata-se de inquérito domiciliar transversal, de base populacional, com amostragem complexa por conglomerados. Empregou-se regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. A cobertura para o esquema básico completo foi de 71,9% segundo doses aplicadas, 61,8% para doses válidas e 23,6% para doses corretas. As vacinas contra hepatite B e tetravalente apresentaram maiores percentuais de doses aplicadas em datas ou intervalos inferiores aos recomendados. Os percentuais de atraso vacinal foram elevados, exceto para a BCG. Percentuais mais elevados de esquema vacinal básico incompleto foram encontrados em crianças das classes econômicas D e E, do sexo feminino e de chefes de família de cor da pele preta. As desigualdades raciais, de gênero e socioeconômicas representaram barreiras à vacinação completa, indicando necessidade de reforçar as políticas equitativas que eliminem essas desigualdades.
The study aimed to evaluate vaccination coverage and factors associated with incomplete basic vaccination schedule at 12 months of age in 427 children aged 12-59 months in São Luis, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2006. This cross-sectional, population-based household survey used complex cluster sampling. Poisson regression with robust adjustment of variance was applied. Complete basic vaccination coverage was 71.9% for applied doses, 61.8% for valid doses, and 23.6% for correct doses. Hepatitis B and tetravalent vaccines showed higher percentages of doses on dates or at intervals lower than recommended. Percentages of delayed vaccination were high, except for BCG. Incomplete basic vaccination was more frequent in girls and children from low-income and black families. Racial, gender, and socioeconomic factors posed barriers to complete vaccination, thus emphasizing the need for policies to address such inequalities.
El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la cobertura de vacunación y los factores asociados al esquema incompleto de vacunación básico a los 12 meses de edad, realizado en 427 niños de 12 a 59 meses, en São Luis, Maranhão, Brasil, 2006. Se trata de una encuesta domiciliaria transversal, de base poblacional, con muestreo complejo por conglomerados. Se empleó la regresión de Poisson con un ajuste robusto de variancia. La cobertura para el esquema básico completo fue de un 71,9% según las dosis aplicadas, un 61,8% para dosis válidas y un 23,6% para dosis correctas. Las vacunas contra la hepatitis B y tetravalente presentaron mayores porcentajes de dosis aplicadas en fechas o intervalos inferiores a los recomendados. Los porcentajes de atraso en la vacunación fueron elevados, excepto para la vacuna BCG. Los porcentajes más elevados de esquema incompleto de vacunación básico se encontraron en niños de clases económicas D y E, de sexo femenino y con jefes de familia afrobrasileños. Las desigualdades raciales, de género y socioeconómicas representaron barreras a la vacunación completa, indicando la necesidad de reforzar las políticas equitativas que eliminen esas desigualdades.