RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Several studies have investigated the correlation between the effects of different surgical treatments and laboratory exams for schistosomal portal hypertension, especially concerning portal system thrombosis. The etiopathogenic factors of this thrombosis are not fully understood. In this study, the correlation between surgical treatment for schistosomal portal hypertension and the occurrence of postoperative portal system thrombosis was investigated. METHODS: A total of 61 patients who underwent surgical treatment for schistosomal portal hypertension were distributed into four groups: Patients in Group 1 (n=12) underwent portal variceal disconnection associated with splenic artery ligation and spleen preservation. Patients in Group 2 (n=20) underwent portal variceal disconnection and total splenectomy. Patients in Group 3 (n=20) underwent portal variceal disconnection with subtotal splenectomy, preserving the upper splenic pole supplied by the splenogastric vessels. Patients in Group 4 (n=9) underwent portal variceal disconnection with total splenectomy and autogenous splenic implants on the greater omentum. Late postoperative portal vein thrombosis was diagnosed using Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS: Over the 10-year follow-up, portal vein thrombosis occurred in 26 operated patients (42.6%), with no significant difference observed among the four surgical groups (p=0.217). Most of the thrombi only partially occluded the portal system veins. All the patients presented with a thrombus inside the portal vein. There was no difference in hematological and biochemical tests between groups with or without portal vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Portal vein thrombosis is often observed in the late postoperative period, irrespective of the surgical treatment employed, and is not associated with patient characteristics or any hematological and biochemical tests.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Portal , Veia Porta , Esplenectomia , Trombose Venosa , Humanos , Hipertensão Portal/cirurgia , Hipertensão Portal/etiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Esplenectomia/efeitos adversos , Esplenectomia/métodos , Veia Porta/cirurgia , Veia Porta/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Trombose Venosa/etiologia , Trombose Venosa/cirurgia , Trombose Venosa/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto Jovem , Esquistossomose/cirurgia , Esquistossomose/complicações , Seguimentos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Ligadura/métodos , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Adolescente , Ultrassonografia DopplerRESUMO
Acute gastric variceal bleeding is a life-threatening condition that could be effectively treated with endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection diluted with lipiodol. The mixture acts as a tissue adhesive that polymerizes when in contact with blood in a gastric varix. This work reports a patient that presented to the emergency department with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to acute variceal bleeding, who developed systemic embolization following cyanoacrylate injection therapy. This complication culminated in cerebral, splenic and renal infarctions with a fatal outcome. Systemic embolization is a very rare, but the most severe complication associated with endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection and should be considered in patients undergoing this treatment.
Assuntos
Cianoacrilatos , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal , Adesivos Teciduais , Humanos , Cianoacrilatos/uso terapêutico , Cianoacrilatos/administração & dosagem , Cianoacrilatos/efeitos adversos , Embolia/etiologia , Embolia/terapia , Embolização Terapêutica/métodos , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/terapia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Evolução Fatal , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Adesivos Teciduais/uso terapêutico , Adesivos Teciduais/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding is part of the standard of care according to most clinical guidelines. However, with recent evidence arguing against antibiotic prophylaxis, the role of this intervention has become less clear.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal , Cirrose Hepática , Humanos , Antibioticoprofilaxia/métodos , Antibioticoprofilaxia/normas , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/prevenção & controle , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Doença Aguda , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a rare condition characterized by biliary tract changes and a geographic pattern of liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy is essential to confirm its diagnosis. The absence of specific clinical indicators in adults often leads to delays in diagnosis and management, while the natural history has not been well described. We sought to define the presentation and outcomes of adults with biopsy-proven CHF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients diagnosed with CHF by liver biopsy. Continuous variables were summarized with the sample median and range. Categorical variables were summarized with number and percentage of patients. RESULTS: We identified 24 patients evaluated over a 20-year period, with a median age of 51 years (range 22-72 years) at initial presentation; 14 were male. The most common imaging findings were renal cysts (91.3%), splenomegaly (69.6%), and a cirrhotic-appearing liver (60.9%). The most commonly treated liver-related complications were cholangitis (45.8%), varices (45.8%), and hepatic encephalopathy (25%). Two patients died with a median length of follow-up of 2.9 years (range: 0.0-20.0 years). Two patients underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement to manage bleeding esophageal varices. Eight patients underwent liver transplantation (LT), the most common indication being decompensated disease (50%). CONCLUSIONS: CHF should be considered when patients present with cholangitis and/or complications of portal hypertension and have a cirrhotic appearing liver and renal cysts on imaging. Depending upon the disease severity, interventions such as TIPS or LT may be required.
Assuntos
Cirrose Hepática , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Colangite , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/diagnóstico , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/terapia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Doenças Renais Císticas/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Cirrose Hepática/terapia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The Baveno VII consensus workshop has provided several novel recommendations regarding the management of patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). The expert panel summarized the existing data into simple clinical rules to aid clinicians in their clinical practice. The use of non-invasive tests (NITs), especially liver stiffness measurement (LSM), have gain an important role in daily practice. The use of LSM alone or in combination with platelet count can be used to rule-in and rule-out compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) and CSPH. Further decompensation events were defined as a prognostic stage associated with an even higher mortality than that associated with first decompensation. Moreover, the term hepatic recompensation was introduced in Baveno VII consensus implying a partial or complete regression of the functional and structural changes of cirrhosis after the removal of the underlying etiology. This review will summarize the reader main aspects of Baveno VII consensus regarding the use of NITs in cACLD, analyze further decompensation events, and evaluate recent recommendations for prophylaxis and management of liver decompensation events.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Hipertensão Portal , Humanos , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/diagnóstico , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/terapia , Hipertensão Portal/complicações , Hipertensão Portal/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/terapia , PrognósticoRESUMO
⢠In compensated cirrhosis, using non-invasive methods would exempt the patient from the need of an endoscopy. ⢠The Baveno VII presented the "rule of 5" for Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography; liver stiffness measurement ≤15 kPa and platelets >150.000/mm3 exclude clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), while when ≥25 kPa is highly suggestive of CSPH. ⢠Spleen stiffness measurement has been proposed as a more specific technique to predict the presence of CSPH. ⢠Elastography has gained prestige in the non-invasive evaluation of patients with advanced chronic liver disease by allowing prophylactic measures to be taken when suggesting the presence of CSPH. This is a narrative review that aims to discuss the importance of elastographic methods in the evaluation of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) in cirrhotic patients, where the authors propose an algorithm for evaluating these patients. In compensated advanced chronic liver disease, the goal is to prevent the development of CSPH and, in those already with CSPH, prevent the appearance of gastroesophageal varices (GEV) and other complications of portal hypertension. In compensated cirrhosis, the prevalence of GEV is 30-40%, of which 10-20% are at risk of bleeding. Therefore, using non-invasive methods would exempt the patient from the need of an endoscopy. Hepatic Elastography is a non-invasive, safe, reproducible method, available through many techniques: Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography (VCTE), Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) and Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE). The Baveno VII presented the "rule of 5" for VCTE: liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≤15 kPa and platelets >150.000/mm3 exclude CSPH, while an LSM ≥25 kPa is highly suggestive of CSPH. Also, the "rule of 4" for SWE has been proposed: patients with ≥17 kPa could be considered as having CSPH. At last, spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) has been proposed as a more specific technique to predict the presence of CSPH. In conclusion, elastography has gained prestige in the non-invasive evaluation of patients with advanced chronic liver disease by allowing prophylactic measures to be taken when suggesting the presence of CSPH.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Hipertensão Portal , Humanos , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade/métodos , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Hipertensão Portal/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertensão Portal/complicações , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico por imagem , Cirrose Hepática/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of cirrhotic patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal observational study was carried out evaluating 38 cirrhotic patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The outcomes were evaluated in an outpatient follow-up period of 3 months. The assumed significance level was 5%. RESULTS: The indications for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt were refractory ascites in 21 (55.3%), variceal hemorrhage in 13 (34.2%), and hydrothorax in 4 (10.5%) patients. There was development of hepatic encephalopathy in 10 (35.7%) patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. From the 21 patients with refractory ascites, resolution was observed in 1 (3.1%) patient, and in 16 (50.0%) patients, there was ascites control. Regarding transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt after variceal bleeding, 10 (76.9%) patients remained without new bleeding or hospitalizations in the follow-up period. The global survival in the follow-up period in patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy was 60 vs. 82%, respectively (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can be considered in decompensated cirrhotic patients; however, the development of hepatic encephalopathy which can shorten survival should be focused.
Assuntos
Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Encefalopatia Hepática , Derivação Portossistêmica Transjugular Intra-Hepática , Varizes , Humanos , Derivação Portossistêmica Transjugular Intra-Hepática/efeitos adversos , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Encefalopatia Hepática/etiologia , Ascite/etiologia , Ascite/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Brasil/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/cirurgia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cirrhotic patients with acute variceal hemorrhage (AVH) have high short-term mortality. Established prognostic scores are seldom applicable clinically, partially because they need external validation or contain subjective variables. We aimed to develop and validate a practical prognostic nomogram based on objective predictors to predict prognosis for cirrhotic patients with AVH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 308 AVH patients with cirrhosis from our center as the derivation cohort to develop a new nomogram using logistic regression and validated it in cohorts of patients from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) III (n = 247) and IV (n = 302). RESULTS: International normalized ratio (INR), albumin (ALB) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were identified as predictors for inpatient mortality and a nomogram was constructed based on them. The nomogram discriminated well in both derivation and MIMIC-III/-IV validation cohorts with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) of 0.846 and 0.859/0.833, respectively and showed a better agreement between expected and observed outcomes (Hosmer-Lemeshow tests, all comparisons, P > 0.05) than other scores in all cohorts. Our nomogram had the lowest Brier scores (0.082/0.114/0.119 in training/MIMIC-III/MIMIC-IV) and highest R2 (0.367/0.393/0.346 in training/MIMIC-III/MIMIC-IV) compared to the recalibrated model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), MELD-hepatic encephalopathy (MELD-HE) and cirrhosis acute gastrointestinal bleeding (CAGIB) scores in all cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a practical prognostic nomogram using easily verified indicators available in initial patient evaluation, which may serve as a reliable tool to accurately predict inpatient mortality for cirrhotic patients with AVH.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Terminal , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Humanos , Prognóstico , Nomogramas , Pacientes Internados , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Doença Hepática Terminal/complicações , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety between dual angiotherapy (endocoil plus N-butyl-cyanoacrylate) guided by endoscopic ultrasound) versus N-butyl-cyanoacrylate in the secondary prophylaxis of gastroesophageal varices (GOV). METHOD: Prospective non-inferiority study comparing two gastric variceal eradication techniques. We evaluated technical and clinical success, GOV occlusion and eradication, rebleeding, reoperation, GOV-free period, complications, and mortality. Chi square for categorical variables and Student's t for numerical variables with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: There were 68 patients (average age 55.5 ± 10 years, women 44 (64.7%) and average body mass index 25.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2). The most frequent cause was alcoholic steatohepatitis (58%). Dual therapy had greater technical (100% vs. 94.3%) and clinical (100% vs. 85%) success. Obliteration was faster (100 vs. 79.2%). This group only required one session. The GOV size was 24 ± 14 mm and 1-2 endocoils were placed. The median follow-up was 221 days. The reoperation-free rate was high (100% vs. 94%; p = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Dual angiotherapy guided by endoscopic ultrasound and cyanoacrylate injection are effective for the eradication of GOV without differences in adverse event rates.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de la angioterapia dual (endo-coil más N-butil-cianoacrilato) guiada por ultrasonido endoscópico) frente a N-butil-cianoacrilato solo en la profilaxis secundaria de várices gásctricas. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo de no inferioridad comparando dos técnicas de erradicación de várices gástricas. Se evalúan el éxito técnico y clínico, la oclusión y la erradicación de GOV, el resangrado, la reintervención, el período libre de GOV, las complicaciones y la mortalidad. Análisis estadístico mediante prueba de χ2 para variables categóricas y t de Student para las numéricas, con nivel de significancia de 0.05. RESULTADOS: Fueron 68 pacientes (edad promedio 55.5 ± 10 años, mujeres 44 (64.7%) e índice de masa corporal promedio 25.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2). La causa más frecuente fue esteatohepatitis alcohólica (58%). La terapia dual tuvo mayor éxito técnico (100% vs. 94.3%) y clínico (100% vs. 85%), y la obliteración fue más rápida (100 vs. 79.2%); este grupo solo requirió una sesión. El tamaño de las GOV fue de 24 ± 14 mm y se colocaron uno o dos endo-coils. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 221 días. La tasa de libres de reintervención fue alta (100% vs. 94%; p = 0.9). CONCLUSIONES: La angioterapia dual guiada por ultrasonido y la inyección de cianoacrilato son efectivas para la erradicación de las GOV, sin diferencias en las tasas de eventos adversos.