RESUMO
Blood was collected from wild captured green and Kemp's ridley turtles off the west coast of Florida, USA. Blood gases and biochemical values were analyzed using a point of care (POC) device in the field. Analytes include pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (BE), oxygen saturation (sO2), lactate, sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), anion gap, ionized calcium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Crea), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb). These are novel data for wild healthy Kemp's ridley turtles, and results for green turtles were generally consistent with past studies of green turtles with exceptions primarily in blood gas values. Ninety percent of the green turtles had fibropapillomatosis (FP), but none of the blood analytes were correlated with disease severity. Only BUN was correlated with weight of green turtles, and there was no correlation between blood parameters and weight of Kemp's ridley turtles. This study provides data that are useful in understanding the physiologic status of sea turtles specific to this region, allowing for comparisons to other populations, life stages, and disease states.
Assuntos
Gasometria/veterinária , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Tartarugas/metabolismo , Veias/metabolismo , Animais , Bicarbonatos/análise , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Potássio/análise , Sódio/análise , Tartarugas/classificaçãoRESUMO
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of ungulate's laminitis. Although extensively studied in equines, the endothelial function is not fully examined in bovine digital veins (BDVs). BDVs were studied under isometric conditions to describe the acetylcholine (ACh) endothelium-dependent relaxation. Concentration-response curves were constructed to phenylephrine, ACh, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Relaxation responses were evaluated using either phenylephrine or depolarizing high-potassium Krebs solution (DKS) as precontraction agents. Endothelium denudation and incubation with L-NAME (300 µM), indomethacin (10 µM) or both were used to explore endothelial-mediated mechanisms. Endothelium denudation did not modify phenylephrine and SNP responses, however, significantly (p < 0.05) converted a relaxation (63.2 ± 5%) response to ACh into a contraction (30.3±9%). The ACh-evoked relaxation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the presence of indomethacin (37.5 ± 6%) and L-NAME (6.40 ± 2%). The presence of both inhibitors abolished the ACh-evoked relaxation. Although DKS caused a higher precontraction than phenylephrine, ACh-evoked relaxation (22.4 ± 3.4%) was still observed and was reduced by the combination of inhibitors (7.0 ± 1.0%). The ACh endothelium-dependent relaxation in BDVs is essentially mediated by nitric oxide and endothelium-derived prostanoids. The BDV endothelium function is a dynamic component in the control of the bovine digital blood flow, particularly under endothelial dysfunction conditions when venoconstriction might lead to postcapillary resistance increase.
Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Prostaglandinas/fisiologia , Vasodilatação , Veias/metabolismo , Acetilcolina/farmacologia , Animais , Bovinos , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Feminino , Casco e Garras/irrigação sanguínea , Indometacina/farmacologia , Masculino , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Nitroprussiato/farmacologia , Fenilefrina/farmacologia , Prostaglandina-Endoperóxido Sintases/metabolismo , Prostaglandinas/metabolismo , Veias/efeitos dos fármacos , Veias/fisiologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this investigation was to identify targets for the early diagnosis and predictors of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and the role of these targets in the formation of venous thrombosis. A model of DVT was constructed in rats. Thromboses and venous walls were sampled for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction study, and blood was sampled for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies. Vein endothelial cells were cultured to observe the effects of interleukin (IL)-17 on the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)/plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). IL-17 monoclonal antibody was used to study its effect on preventing the formation of DVT. One-hundred and twenty hours after the animal model was constructed, significant DVT started to form. Polymerase chain reaction tests showed that immediately after the model was created, the expression of IL-17 increased greatly, whereas the balance between t-PA and PAI-1 was disrupted just before DVT formed. The increase of serum IL-17 was positively related with the formation of DVT. Thus, the application of IL-17 monoclonal antibody could reduce the formation of DVT in rats. IL-17 might be a target for the early diagnosis of DVT and should be further studied to assess its clinical value.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Trombose Venosa/diagnóstico , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Diagnóstico Precoce , Feminino , Interleucina-17/análise , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/análise , Ratos , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/análise , Veias/química , Veias/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is commonly used in clinical practice to assess cardiovascular risk. However, a correlation has not yet been established between the absolute levels of peripheral and central hs-CRP. OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between serum hs-CRP levels (mg/L) in a peripheral vein in the left forearm (LFPV) with those in the coronary sinus (CS) of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and a diagnosis of stable angina (SA) or unstable angina (UA). METHODS: This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, and at the Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, where CAD patients referred to the hospital for coronary angiography were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty patients with CAD (20 with SA and 20 with UA) were included in the study. Blood samples from LFPV and CS were collected before coronary angiography. Furthermore, analysis of the correlation between serum levels of hs-CRP in LFPV versus CS showed a strong linear correlation for both SA (r = 0.993, p < 0.001) and UA (r = 0.976, p < 0.001) and for the entire sample (r = 0.985, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a strong linear correlation between hs-CRP levels in LFPV versus CS in patients with SA and UA.
Assuntos
Angina Estável/sangue , Angina Instável/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Seio Coronário/metabolismo , Veias/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Biomarcadores/sangue , Angiografia Coronária , Seio Coronário/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Antebraço/irrigação sanguínea , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Valores de Referência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Venous plasma drug concentrations are routinely monitored in order to determine pharmacokinetic parameters or to establish relationships with drug pharmacodynamic and clinical effects. Arterial drug concentration is higher than the respective venous concentration during the period where drug input of the substance predominates, whereas venous drug concentration is higher during the long period where drug elimination becomes the main process. This arterial-venous difference responds to current bioavailability and clearance of the drug-individual systems. Following the vein/artery plasma drug concentration ratio at a non-eliminating organ it is possible to monitor both parameters time by time. This way of following up the pharmacokinetic systems allows us to detect any changes in drug absorption or disposition more efficiently, without the need of a long period of time and regardless the duration of such system modification.
Assuntos
Artérias/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/sangue , Veias/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , FarmacocinéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine high pressure and pulsatile flow perfusion effects on human saphenous vein (HSV) segments obtained from diabetic and non-diabetic patients. METHODS: The veins were perfused with oxygenated Krebs solution for 3 h, with a pulsatile flow rate of 100 mL/min and pressures of 250 × 200 or 300 × 250 mmHg. After perfusion, veins were studied by light microscopy; nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, CD34 and nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry and tissue nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) and malondialdehyde (MDA) quantification. RESULTS: Light microscopy revealed endothelial denuding areas in all HSV segments subjected to 300 × 250 mmHg perfusion pressure, but the luminal area was similar. The percentage of luminal perimeter covered by endothelium decreased as perfusion pressures increased, and significant differences were observed between groups. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) isoform immunostaining decreased significantly in diabetic patients' veins independent of the perfusion pressure levels. The inducible NOS (iNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and nitrotyrosine immunostaining were similar. Significant CD34 differences were observed between the diabetic 300 × 250 mmHg perfusion pressure group and the non-diabetic control group. Tissue nitrite/nitrate and MDA were not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsatile flow and elevated pressures for 3 h caused morphological changes and decreased the eNOS expression in the diabetic patients' veins.
Assuntos
Angiopatias Diabéticas/fisiopatologia , Regulação para Baixo , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/complicações , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Veias/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Angiopatias Diabéticas/complicações , Angiopatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Angiopatias Diabéticas/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Perfusão , Pressão/efeitos adversos , Fluxo Pulsátil , Veia Safena/metabolismo , Veia Safena/patologia , Veia Safena/fisiopatologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Veias/metabolismo , Veias/patologiaRESUMO
Endotoxaemia is a syndrome linked to the development of equine laminitis; however, the relationship between them is uncertain. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of an experimental acute sublethal endotoxaemia model on in vitro equine palmar digital vascular reactivity. Rings of arteries and veins of each forelimb were obtained from 11 clinically healthy horses submitted to two surgical procedures, 3 weeks apart. Before the second surgery, 0.25 microg/kg of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O55:B5 in saline, was administered i.v. in 30 min. After 3 h, the vessels were harvested and submitted to in vitro vascular reactivity experiments and histopathology. The response to depolarizing Krebs solution (DKS, 40 mm), phenylephrine (PHE), acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were evaluated. All horses showed colic pain and watery diarrhoea, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia and leucopenia. Concentration-response curve (CRC) to PHE was shifted to the left in arteries rings from endotoxemic horses without any effect on vein rings. The CRC to ACh was shifted to the right with a reduction in the maximal response. The response to SNP and DKS was similar between groups. There was no evidence of histopathological effects. The increased response to PHE in digital arteries together with a reduction of the endothelium-dependent response to ACh in arteries and veins, confirm the existing reports where endotoxaemia was found to modify the digital vascular reactivity during the acute phase. As the digital endothelial function is impaired, there may be an increased potential to develop a digital prothrombotic state with a reduced vasodilatory capacity.
Assuntos
Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotoxemia/veterinária , Endotoxinas/administração & dosagem , Casco e Garras/irrigação sanguínea , Doenças dos Cavalos/patologia , Doença Aguda , Animais , Artérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Artérias/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotoxemia/patologia , Feminino , Membro Anterior , Cavalos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatação/fisiologia , Veias/efeitos dos fármacos , Veias/metabolismoRESUMO
This study investigates the interaction between the effect of epinephrine intracerebroventricular (icv) injection and LH on the progesterone concentration in ovarian vein blood (Po) in vivo, and also, on the release of ovarian progesterone and androstenedione in vitro, in rats on dioestrus day 2. When 2 mg ovine LH were injected in vein (i.v.), Po increased reaching 120+/-12.2 and 151+/-17.5 ng ml(-1) at 22 and 25 min, respectively. Another group of rats was injected intracerebroventricular with 5 microgram epinephrine at time zero, and with 2 mg ovine LH i.v. 3 min later. This time Po decreased during the first 3 min, then increased, reaching 64+/-7.1 ng ml(-1) at 25 min, lower than the Po obtained 22 min after LH i.v. injection only (P<0.01). Moreover, rats were injected i.v. with 2 mg ovine LH at time zero, and 7 min later with epinephrine intracerebroventricular. Po increased during the first 7 min, decreased until the 13th minute and reached 70+/-8.9 ng ml(-1) at 25 min, lower than the Po obtained 25 min after LH i.v. injection only (P<0.01). In other experience, rats with one (either right or left) superior ovarian nerve transected (SON-t), were injected intracerebroventricular with epinephrine. Five minutes later, the ovaries were removed and incubated in vitro with LH. Both ovaries (right or left) in which the SON was intact at time of epinephrine i. c.v. injection, showed a reduction of progesterone and androstenedione released in vitro (P<0.05). These results suggest that, on dioestrus day 2, the central adrenergic stimulus competes with LH in the release of ovarian progesterone. Also, the neural input that arrives at the ovary through the SON would antagonize the ovarian progesterone and androstenedione response to LH.
Assuntos
Androstenodiona/metabolismo , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Epinefrina/farmacologia , Hormônio Luteinizante/farmacologia , Ovário/irrigação sanguínea , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Injeções Intraventriculares , Ovário/inervação , Ovário/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ovinos , Fatores de Tempo , Veias/efeitos dos fármacos , Veias/metabolismoRESUMO
In this study we evaluated the histologic condition, prostacyclin production, and compliance of morphologically intact cryopreserved venous homografts (CVH) and autografts 3, 6, and 9 months after arterial implantation. Eighteen external jugular veins were cryopreserved and implanted into the carotid arteries of mongrel dogs. All grafts were patent at the time of excision. Electron microscopy documented a disrupted endothelium in the homografts at 3 months that was intact at 9 months. The cellular infiltrate, suggestive of rejection, in the 3-month homografts resolved by 9 months. Prostacyclin production at 3 months was 8.7 +/- 3.2 pg/ml/cm2 compared with 24.1 +/- 9.6 pg/ml/cm2 (p less than 0.025) in the adjacent carotid artery. The prostacyclin production in the 6-month homografts was 21.7 +/- 12.4 pg/ml/cm2, not significantly different from the adjacent carotid artery. The return of prostacyclin paralleled the return of an intact endothelium. Compliance of fresh vein was diminished by cryopreservation, from 1.57 +/- 0.39% radial change/mm Hg (10(-2] to 0.79 +/- 0.21% radial change/mg Hg (10(-2] (p less than 0.02). The compliance of CVH at 3 months (1.7 +/- 1.0) and at 6 months (1.1 +/- 0.42) was not significantly different from cryopreserved veins. These data showed that CVH remained patent in dogs for 9 months, without loss of compliance for 6 months, and developed a morphologically intact and functional endothelium that paralleled the resolution of the inflammatory infiltrate.