RESUMO
El Sistema Ventricular Cerebral se desarrolla de forma paralela al resto del Sistema Nervioso Central, facilitando la circulación del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo, desde su separación del líquido amniótico a nivel embrionario. Este desarrollo es necesario para entender correctamente la anatomía ventricular y facilitar el abordaje para patologías intraventriculares. El objetivo de esta revisión es reconocer los puntos más importantes en la embriología ventricular para facilitar el aprendizaje de la anatomía quirúrgica ventricular.
The cerebral ventricular system is developed in parallel with the rest of the central nervous system, facilitating the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, from the amniotic fluid separation in the embryonic phases. This development is necessary to correctly understand the ventricular anatomy and facilitate approach to intraventricular pathologies. The objective of this review is to recognize the most important points in the ventricular embryology and in the intraventricular endoscopic vision to facilitate learning of the ventricular surgical anatomy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Endoscopia/métodos , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Ventriculostomia/métodos , Sistema Nervoso Central , Tubo NeuralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish a reference range for the fetal intracranial translucency (IT) measurement between 11 and 14 + 2 weeks in a Brazilian population. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed with 199 low-risk singleton pregnancies during the first trimester ultrasound exam. The IT (fourth ventricle width) measurement was performed in a mid-sagittal view of fetal profile defined by two echogenic borders - the dorsal part of the brain stem anteriorly and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle posteriorly. Polynomial regression was used to obtain the best fit using fetal IT measurements and crown-rump length (CRL). Percentiles 5th, 50th and 95th were determined for each gestational age. RESULTS: The mean of fetal IT ranged from 1.6 mm at CRL 45 to 2.0 mm at CRL 84 mm. A best fit curve was a first-degree polynomial regression: IT measurement = 1.001 + 0.0124 × CRL (R(2)=0.09). CONCLUSION: Reference range for the fetal IT measurement between 11 and 14 + 2 weeks of gestation in a Brazilian population was established.
Assuntos
Ventrículos Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Idade Gestacional , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Estatura Cabeça-Cóccix , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Valores de Referência , Análise de Regressão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
GABAergic interneurons are local circuit cells that control the excitatory balance in most regions of the nervous system, particularly the cerebral cortex. Because they are integrated in every cortical module, we posed the question whether interneuronal precursors would display some topographic specificity between their origin at the ventral telencephalon and their cortical location after migration. If this was true, GABAergic cells would have to be provided with intrinsic features that would make them able to perform specific functional roles in each specific module. On the other hand, if no topography was found, one would conclude that inhibitory precursors would be functionally naive, being able to integrate anywhere in the cortex, with equal capacity of performing their functions. This issue was approached by use of organotypic cultures of wild mice embryonic slices, into which fragments of the ganglionic eminence taken from enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mice were implanted, observing the topographic location of both the implant and its destination. Despite the existence of different genetic domains in the ventricular zone of the medial ganglionic eminences (MGE), we found that cells originating in different regions spread in vitro all over the mediolateral axis of the developing cortical wall, independently of their sites of origin. Results favor the hypothesis that GABAergic precursors are functionally naive, integrating into modules irrespective of which cortical area they belong to.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/embriologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Interneurônios/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/transplante , Ventrículos Cerebrais/citologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Técnicas de Cocultura , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , Gravidez , Fatores de Tempo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMO
Most cells of the developing mammalian brain derive from the ventricular (VZ) and the subventricular (SVZ) zones. The VZ is formed by the multipotent radial glia/neural stem cells (NSCs) while the SVZ harbors the rapidly proliferative neural precursor cells (NPCs). Evidence from human and animal models indicates that the common history of hydrocephalus and brain maldevelopment starts early in embryonic life with disruption of the VZ and SVZ. We propose that a "cell junction pathology" involving adherent and gap junctions is a final common outcome of a wide range of gene mutations resulting in proteins abnormally expressed by the VZ cells undergoing disruption. Disruption of the VZ during fetal development implies the loss of NSCs whereas VZ disruption during the perinatal period implies the loss of ependyma. The process of disruption occurs in specific regions of the ventricular system and at specific stages of brain development. This explains why only certain brain structures have an abnormal development, which in turn results in a specific neurological impairment of the newborn. Disruption of the VZ of the Sylvian aqueduct (SA) leads to aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus, while disruption of the VZ of telencephalon impairs neurogenesis. We are currently investigating whether grafting of NSCs/neurospheres from normal rats into the CSF of hydrocephalic mutants helps to diminish/repair the outcomes of VZ disruption.
Assuntos
Hidrocefalia/terapia , Junções Intercelulares/patologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/patologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco/métodos , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Aqueduto do Mesencéfalo/patologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/patologia , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/transplante , Neurogênese , RatosRESUMO
Most cells of the developing mammalian brain derive from the ventricular (VZ) and the subventricular (SVZ) zones. The VZ is formed by the multipotent radial glia/neural stem cells (NSCs) while the SVZ harbors the rapidly proliferative neural precursor cells (NPCs). Evidence from human and animal models indicates that the common history of hydrocephalus and brain maldevelopment starts early in embryonic life with disruption of the VZ and SVZ. We propose that a "cell junction pathology" involving adherent and gap junctions is a final common outcome of a wide range of gene mutations resulting in proteins abnormally expressed by the VZ cells undergoing disruption. Disruption of the VZ during fetal development implies the loss of NSCs whereas VZ disruption during the perinatal period implies the loss of ependyma. The process of disruption occurs in specific regions of the ventricular system and at specific stages of brain development. This explains why only certain brain structures have an abnormal development, which in turn results in a specific neurological impairment of the newborn. Disruption of the VZ of the Sylvian aqueduct (SA) leads to aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus, while disruption of the VZ of telencephalon impairs neurogenesis. We are currently investigating whether grafting of NSCs/neurospheres from normal rats into the CSF of hydrocephalic mutants helps to diminish/repair the outcomes of VZ disruption.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Ratos , Hidrocefalia/terapia , Junções Intercelulares/patologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/patologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco/métodos , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Aqueduto do Mesencéfalo/patologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/patologia , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Neurogênese , Células-Tronco Neurais/transplanteRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility of fetal lateral ventricle (LV) volumetry in fetuses with ventriculomegaly and to compare measurements performed by 3D sonographic method virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) with those obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 30 fetuses with atrial width (AW) between 10 and 30 mm, from 20 to 36 gestational weeks. Fifty-nine ventricles were measured by two observers. Sonographic volumetric measurements using VOCAL 30° were performed with an ACCUVIX XQ machine (Medison, Korea) and MRI assessments with a Sonata system using ARGUS software (Siemens, Germany). Agreement between both techniques was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) calculation, and proportionate Bland-Altman plots were constructed. RESULTS: A high degree of reliability was observed between VOCAL and MRI measurements (ICC 0.928, 95%CI [0.876;0.958]). Bland-Altman plots confirmed the high correlation (mean of differences: 1.62 cm(3) and standard deviation: ± 8.41 cm(3)). CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional volumetry of fetal LVs by VOCAL method has good agreement with fetal MRI in fetuses with ventriculomegaly and may be used as an additional tool in patient counseling and prognosis prediction.
Assuntos
Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Hidrocefalia/embriologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Adolescente , Adulto , Ventrículos Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Prognóstico , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodosRESUMO
The Gorlin (naevoid basal cell carcinoma) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder consisting principally of naevoid basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, skeletal abnormalities, and intracranial calcification. We report the prenatal detection of the Gorlin syndrome by ultrasonography in a fetus with macrocephaly and mild ventriculomegaly.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Adulto , Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/embriologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/diagnóstico por imagem , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologia , Feminino , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Cabeça/embriologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , GravidezRESUMO
Un texto completo, excelentemente ilustrado sobre el tema: Organización general, estructura y origen del sistema nervioso. El sistema nervioso central y sus envolturas:cráneo y raquis. Médula espinal. Tronco encefálico. Cerebelo. Desarrollo del cerebro. Diencéfalo. Hemisferios cerebrales. Corteza cerebral. Circulación encefálica. Topografía craneoencefálica. El sistema nervioso periferico. Organización anatomo-funcional del sistema nervioso
Assuntos
Neuroanatomia/educação , Sistema Nervoso/anatomia & histologia , Tecido Nervoso/anatomia & histologia , Cerebelo/anatomia & histologia , Cerebelo/embriologia , Cerebelo/irrigação sanguínea , Coluna Vertebral/anatomia & histologia , Coluna Vertebral/embriologia , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Crânio/embriologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/embriologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Diencéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Diencéfalo/embriologia , Espaço Subaracnóideo/anatomia & histologia , Meninges/anatomia & histologia , Meninges/embriologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/embriologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/irrigação sanguínea , Sistema Nervoso Central/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/embriologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/irrigação sanguínea , Sistema Nervoso/embriologia , Tecido Nervoso/ultraestrutura , Ventrículos Cerebrais/anatomia & histologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/embriologiaRESUMO
Un texto completo, excelentemente ilustrado sobre el tema: Organización general, estructura y origen del sistema nervioso. El sistema nervioso central y sus envolturas:cráneo y raquis. Médula espinal. Tronco encefálico. Cerebelo. Desarrollo del cerebro. Diencéfalo. Hemisferios cerebrales. Corteza cerebral. Circulación encefálica. Topografía craneoencefálica. El sistema nervioso periferico. Organización anatomo-funcional del sistema nervioso