RESUMO
Herein we report for the first time the levels of phenylpropanoids and iridoids in extracts and infusions of V. minutiflora consumed in Brazil to treat urinary and infectious disorders. An in house validation study demonstrated good accuracy and precision to determine the bioactive compounds in V. minutiflora by HPLC-DAD. Phenylpropanoids varied in the extracts (leaves 139.70 to 221.20 mg g-1, flowers 106.43 to 227.22 mg g-1, stems 42.18 to 56.48 mg g-1). Verbascoside occurred in higher concentration in extracts of leaves (87.66 - 136.16) mg g-1 and flowers (58.12 - 148.96) mg g-1 than in stems (19.24 - 24.62) mg g-1. Iridoids in extracts were as follows: leaves (46.60 - 54.79) mg g-1, flowers (55.88 - 93.87) mg g-1 and stems (40.05 to 61.74) mg g-1. High levels of iridoids (314.70 - 415.10) µg mL-1, phenylpropanoids (1996.39 - 2674.13) µg mL-1 and verbascoside (1029.38 - 1456.42 µg mL-1) in infusions support the popular consume of V. minutiflora.
Assuntos
Verbena , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Iridoides/análise , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Verbena carolina L. (Verbenaceae) is used as a decoction in Mexican folk medicine with applications against digestive problems and for dermatological infections. The present work firstly reported HPLC analysis, as well as the free radical scavenging capacity of the extracts and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial analyses of these substances against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi and the fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were also tested, as well as the acute oral toxicity in mice of aqueous extracts. Major secondary metabolites in V. carolina extracts were isolated by conventional phytochemical methods which consisted of three terpenoids ((1), (3) and (4)) and four phenolic compounds ((2), (4)-(6)). Their contents were determined by HPLC in six different samples from different locations. The results indicated that ursolic acid (1), hispidulin (2), verbenaline (3), hastatoside (4), verbascoside (5), hispidulin 7-O-ß-d-glucuronopyranoside (6) and pectolinaringenin-7-O-α-d-glucuronopyranoside (7) were the main constituents and ranged from 0.17 to 3.37 mg/g of dried plant, with verbascoside being the most abundant and with a significant antioxidant activity in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hispidulin was the only active compound against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The aqueous extract showed no significant toxicity (LD50: > 5000 mg/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of the chemical characterization of V. carolina and also of the activity of its constituents towards reactive oxygen species and dermatophytes, and its safety for consumption.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Verbena/química , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Medicina Tradicional , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Metabolismo Secundário , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Terpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Verbena montevidensis and Verbena litoralis are plants that present morphological similarities. They are both known as "gervão" and "fel-da-terra", among other popular names, and are used in folk medicine to treat diseases related to the liver and stomach. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of the current investigation was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the hepatoprotective properties and cytotoxicity of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of V. montevidensis, V. litoralis and their main iridoid in HepG2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous and methanolic extracts from the dried aerial parts of V. montevidensis and V. litoralis were obtained. The methanolic extract of V. montevidensis afforded an iridoid as the main compound. The extracts and isolated compound were examined for the hepatoprotective effect and cytotoxicity in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells by MTT reduction and neutral red uptake methods. RESULTS: The methanolic and aqueous extracts of both species showed the presence of iridoid and phenylethanoids as the main compounds. The iridoid brasoside was isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. The phenylethanoid was characterized by HPLC, comparing the UV profile and retention time with an authentic sample. The results of the biological assays indicate that both aqueous and methanolic extracts of V. montevidensis and V. litoralis as well as brasoside were hepatoprotective against ethanol-induced damage in HepG2 cells. The effect can be attributed to the main compounds present since both classes are recognized for this activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of V. montevidensis and V. litoralis in the treatment of liver disorders.
Assuntos
Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Verbena , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Hepatopatias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Desde la medicina oficial se desconoce y subestima el uso de otras formas de atención, por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivos caracterizar el conocimiento sobre uso de hierbas medicinales en la zona sudeste de la ciudad de Salta; identificar cuáles se utilizan para tratar problemas de salud; y valorar su frecuencia de uso. Se realizó una investigación cuali-cuantitativa, entrevistando a informantes claves y grupos focales. Se confeccionaron listas de hierbas medicinales, y sus usos se categorizaron por problemas de salud. Se realizó una encuesta sobre frecuencia de usos medicinales. Se mencionaron 59 hierbas medicinales con una media de 2,3 usos por planta. Con un "Nivel de importancia Significativo" se encuentran quimpe, tusca, paico, coca, molle, ruda y hediondilla. El "coqueo" se encontró en 54% de las familias. El 52% utiliza alguna hierba para afecciones gastrointestinales, el 45% para problemas de la piel, el 40 % para afecciones respiratorias, el 33% para "empacho" y 17% para problemas renales, sin diferencias significativas en los usos por grupo etáreo. La población tiene amplio conocimiento sobre hierbas medicinales. La medicina formal debe legitimar estos conocimientos e incluirlos en su práctica.
Traditional health professionals underestimate and fail to recognize the use of other forms of health care, therefore this research has the objective of characterizing knowledge about the use of medicinal herbs in the southeastern area of Salta city; to identify which herbs are used to treat health problems; and to assess its frequency of use. Qualitative and quantitative research was conducted by interviewing key informants and focus groups. Lists of medicinal herbs and uses were created and categorized by health problems. Finally, a closed survey on frequency of use was carried out. Fifty-nine herbs were mentioned with an average of 2.3 uses per plant. quimpe, tusca , paico, coca, molle, ruda and hediondillawere herbs marked as with a Significant Level of Impotanse. The use of coca was found in 54% of the families interviewed. Fifty-two percent used some herb for gastrointestinal disorders, 45% for skin problems, 40% for respiratory conditions, 33% for indigestion and 17% for kidney problems, with no significant differences in uses according toage groups. Population has a good knowledge of medicinal herbs. Formal medicine should legitimize this knowledge and include it in its practice.
Assuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Criança , Preparações de Plantas , Plantas Medicinais , Aloe , Anthemis , Borago , Cedron , Cestrum , Camomila , Chenopodium ambrosioides , Coca , Eriobotrya , Plantago , Prunus , Ruta , Schinus molle , Nicotiana , VerbenaRESUMO
Phosphorylated-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (Phospho-CREB) has an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. We isolated the iridoid glycoside cornin from the fruit of Verbena officinalis L, investigated its effects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo, and elucidated its potential mechanism in vitro. Effects of cornin on cell viability, as well as expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in hypoxic H9c2 cells in vitro, and myocardial I/R injury in vivo, were investigated. Cornin attenuated hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity significantly in H9c2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of H9c2 cells with cornin (10 µM) blocked the reduction of expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in a hypoxic condition. Treatment of rats with cornin (30 mg/kg, iv) protected them from myocardial I/R injury as indicated by a decrease in infarct volume, improvement in hemodynamics, and reduction of severity of myocardial damage. Cornin treatment also attenuated the reduction of expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in ischemic myocardial tissue. These data suggest that cornin exerts protective effects due to an increase in expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt.
Assuntos
Proteína de Ligação a CREB/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Glicosídeos Iridoides/farmacologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Verbena/química , Animais , Western Blotting , Proteína de Ligação a CREB/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipóxia/tratamento farmacológico , Glicosídeos Iridoides/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Troponina/sangueRESUMO
Phosphorylated-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (Phospho-CREB) has an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. We isolated the iridoid glycoside cornin from the fruit of Verbena officinalis L, investigated its effects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo, and elucidated its potential mechanism in vitro. Effects of cornin on cell viability, as well as expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in hypoxic H9c2 cells in vitro, and myocardial I/R injury in vivo, were investigated. Cornin attenuated hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity significantly in H9c2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of H9c2 cells with cornin (10 µM) blocked the reduction of expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in a hypoxic condition. Treatment of rats with cornin (30 mg/kg, iv) protected them from myocardial I/R injury as indicated by a decrease in infarct volume, improvement in hemodynamics, and reduction of severity of myocardial damage. Cornin treatment also attenuated the reduction of expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt in ischemic myocardial tissue. These data suggest that cornin exerts protective effects due to an increase in expression of phospho-CREB and phospho-Akt.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Isquemia Miocárdica/tratamento farmacológico , Verbena/química , Proteína de Ligação a CREB/metabolismo , Glicosídeos Iridoides/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Fitoterapia , Troponina/sangue , Linhagem Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Western Blotting , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína de Ligação a CREB/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicosídeos Iridoides/isolamento & purificação , Hipóxia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
RESUMO Verbena minutiflora Briq. ex Moldenke (gervai) tem seu uso medicinal relatado popularmente para tratamento de doenças hepáticas, diarreia e outros problemas de saúde. Entretanto, pouco se conhece a respeito de seus componentes químicos e estudos que comprovem suas propriedades medicinais são escassos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a composição química dos extratos aquosos e etanólicos de flores de V. minutiflora e otimizar processos de obtenção de extratos com maiores capacidades antioxidantes e maiores concentrações de flavonoides. O método de extração foi desenhado por planejamento fatorial, onde as variáveis para a determinação da capacidade antioxidante foram: pH, extração líquida, método e tempo de extração. Para a determinação de flavonoides totais as variáveis avaliadas por planejamento fatorial foram: concentração de hexametilenotetramina, tipo de ácido, volume de ácido e tempo de aquecimento. Os resultados das análises químicas dos extratos mostraram: aminogrupos, taninos e ácidos fixos (extrato aquoso) aminogrupos, flavonoides, triterpenos, esteroides, alcaloides e cumarinas (extrado hidroetanólico). Os resultados dos planejamentos fatoriais mostraram que o melhor método de extração para a capacidade antioxidante foi o que usou vórtex, por 35 min, com água:etanol 50:50, com pH1, obtendo 0,1899± 5,8.10-3 mmol expressos em ácido ascórbico g-1 nos extratos de V. minutiflora. Enquanto, para as dosagens de flavonoides totais as variáveis significantes foram: tipo de ácido e volume de ácido. A melhor extração obtida foi: 6,748. 10-2± 2,085 10-3% expressos em quercetina. Os resultados mostraram que o planejamento fatorial é uma importante ferramenta para a otimização de extração de componentes químicos em produtos naturais.
ABSTRACT Verbena minutiflora Briq. ex Moldenke (gervai) has its popular use reported for liver disorders treatments, diarrhea, and other health problems. However, little is known about its chemical components and studies that proves its medicinal properties are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from flowers of V. minutiflora and to optimize processes to obtain extracts with higher antioxidant capacity and greater concentration of flavonoids. The methods of extraction were designed by factorial planning, where the variables to determine the antioxidant capacity were: pH; extraction liquid; method and extraction time. To determinate the total flavonoids the variables evaluated by factorial design were: concentration of hexamethylenetetramine; type of acid; volume of acid and warming time. The results of chemical analysis of the extracts showed: amino groups, tannins and fixed acids (aqueous extract) amino groups, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, alkaloids and coumarins (hydroalcoholic extract). The factorial designs results showed that the best extraction method for the antioxidant capacity was the one that uses vortex, for 35 min, with water: ethanol 50:50, at pH 1, getting 0,1899 ± 5,8.10-3 mmol expressed in ascorbic acid g-1 in extracts of V. minutiflora . While, for dosages of total flavonoids the significant variables were the type of acid and volume of acid. The best extraction obtained was: 6,748. 10-2± 2,085 10-3% expressed in quercetin. These data showed that the factorial design is an important tool in optimizing the extraction of chemical components in natural products.
Assuntos
/análise , Química , Verbena/química , Otimização de Processos/classificação , Farmacognosia/métodos , Análise FatorialRESUMO
Verbena gracilescens (Cham.) Herter, V. bonariensis L., V. intermedia Gillies y Hook., V. litoralis Kunth, V. montevidensis Spreng. y V. rigida Spreng son las especies nativas del género en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Excepto V. montevidensis, el resto presenta propiedades hepatoprotectoras, digestivas, antiinflamatorias, antidiarreicas y antimicrobianas, entre otras. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar la composición de los aceites esenciales producidos por estas especies bajo cultivo durante dos temporadas en parcelas experimentales del campo de la Universidad Nacional de Luján. Las semillas utilizadas para el cultivo fueron colectadas de poblaciones naturales. Los aceites esenciales fueron obtenidos a partir de las flores de cada una de las especies por hidrodestilación y analizadas por Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas (GC-EM). La composición química de los aceites esenciales de Verbena en cultivo fue similar a la observada en estudios previos en poblaciones naturales. Los compuestos mayoritarios fueron fitol, 6,10,14- trimetil-2-pentadecanona (pentadecanona) y oct-1-en-3-ol (octenol). Sin embargo, las esencias obtenidas en el primer año de cultivo mostraron un alto contenido de fitol y muy bajo de pentadecanona, contrariamente a lo observado en los aceites esenciales del segundo año de cultivo. La cantidad de componentes de la segunda temporada aumentó con respecto a la primera. Estos cambios en la composición de los aceites esenciales durante el cultivo bianual de las especies podría deberse a las condiciones fisiológicas de las plantas según su edad o a las condiciones climáticas.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis , Verbena , Argentina , Plantas Medicinais , Cromatografia , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis and Arctium lappa on the M. javanica control in the greenhouse. The experiment was performed in plastic pots containing a soil mixture and sand 2:1 (volume: volume), it was infested with 4.000 eggs of Meloidogyne javanica and 200 mL of the respective aqueous extract was added. After seven days a tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot. The evaluations of the number of galls and eggs of the nematode by root system were performed after 50 days of transplanting the seedlings. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Duncan test at 5% probability. None of the tested treatments reduced the number of galls and eggs of M. javanica per root system.
O objetivo desse ensaio foi avaliar o efeito de extratos aquosos de Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis e Arctium lappa no controle de Meloidogyne javanica, em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi montado em vasos plásticos contendo uma mistura solo e areia 2:1 (volume : volume), infestada com 4.000 ovos de M. javanica e adicionado 200 mL dos respectivos extratos. Após sete dias foi transplantada uma muda de tomate em cada vaso. As avaliações do número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide por sistema radicular foram realizadas após 50 dias do transplantio das mudas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, a 5 % de probabilidade. Nenhum dos tratamentos testados reduziu o número de galhas e de ovos de M. javanica por sistema radicular.
Assuntos
Baccharis , Tratamento do Solo/análise , Tylenchoidea/parasitologia , VerbenaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis and Arctium lappa on the M. javanica control in the greenhouse. The experiment was performed in plastic pots containing a soil mixture and sand 2:1 (volume: volume), it was infested with 4.000 eggs of Meloidogyne javanica and 200 mL of the respective aqueous extract was added. After seven days a tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot. The evaluations of the number of galls and eggs of the nematode by root system were performed after 50 days of transplanting the seedlings. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Duncan test at 5% probability. None of the tested treatments reduced the number of galls and eggs of M. javanica per root system.(AU)
O objetivo desse ensaio foi avaliar o efeito de extratos aquosos de Baccharis trimera, Plantago sp., Verbena officinalis e Arctium lappa no controle de Meloidogyne javanica, em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi montado em vasos plásticos contendo uma mistura solo e areia 2:1 (volume : volume), infestada com 4.000 ovos de M. javanica e adicionado 200 mL dos respectivos extratos. Após sete dias foi transplantada uma muda de tomate em cada vaso. As avaliações do número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide por sistema radicular foram realizadas após 50 dias do transplantio das mudas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, a 5 % de probabilidade. Nenhum dos tratamentos testados reduziu o número de galhas e de ovos de M. javanica por sistema radicular.(AU)