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Resumen La violencia en el lugar de empleo se refiere a la amenaza o la acción violenta en contra del empleado. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Violencia Organizacional y Agresión en el Clima Laboral (EVOACL), desarrollada por Kessler et al. (2008), en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Un total de 204 trabajadores participaron en este estudio de carácter exploratorio, tipo instrumental y psicométrico. Los resultados manifestaron una solución de tres factores como la más apropiada para explicar la variancia en las puntuaciones. Estos factores fueron identificados como Políticas y Procedimientos, Procedimientos y Respuesta e Imposición de Prácticas Inseguras. Un total de 18 reactivos cumplieron con los criterios de discriminación y cargas factoriales apropiadas (seis reactivos por factor). El índice de confiabilidad de la escala fue de .96 Alfa de Cronbach para las dimensiones de la Políticas y Procedimientos y Procedimientos y Respuestas y .92 Alfa de Cronbach para la dimensión de la Imposición de Prácticas Inseguras. Estos resultados sugieren que la EVOACL tiene el potencial para medir este constructo en el ambiente laboral puertorriqueño. Además, la EVOACL permitirá el avance de nuevas investigaciones sobre el fenómeno de la de Violencia Organizacional y Agresión en el Clima Laboral en la población laboral de Puerto Rico.

Abstract Violence in the workplace refers to threatening or violent action against an employee. The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Organizational Violence and Aggression in the Workplace Climate Scale (EVOACL) Kessler et al. (2008) in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. A total of 204 workers participated in this exploratory, instrumental and psychometric study. The results showed a Three-factor solution as the most appropriate to explain the variance in the scores. These factors identified as Policies and Procedures, Procedures and Response, and Imposition of Unsafe Practices. A total of 18 items met the criteria of discrimination and appropriate factor loads (six items per factor.) The reliability index of the scale was .96 (Cronbach's alpha) for the dimensions of the Policies and Procedures and Procedures and Responses and .92 (Cronbach's alpha) for the dimension of the Imposition of Unsafe Practices. These results suggest that the EVOACL has the potential to measure this construct in the Puerto Rican work environment. Also, EVOACL will allow the advance of new research on the phenomenon of Organizational Violence and Aggression in the Workplace Climate in the working population of Puerto Rico.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gender differences in workplace violence (WPV) against physicians and nurses in Latin America. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted between January 11 and February 28, 2022. A prespecified gender analysis was performed. RESULTS: Among the 3056 responses to the electronic survey, 57% were women, 81.6% were physicians, and 18.4% were nurses. At least one act of violence was experienced by 59.2% of respondents, with verbal violence being the most common (97.5%). Women experienced more WPV than men (65.8% vs 50.4%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR]: 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63-2.19). Women were more likely to report at least one episode of WPV per week (19.2% vs 11.9%, P < 0.001), to request for psychological help (14.5% vs 9%, P = 0.001) and to experience more psychosomatic symptoms. In addition, women were more likely to report having considered changing their job after an aggression (57.6% vs 51.3%, P = 0.011) and even leaving their job (33% vs 25.7%, P = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, being a woman (OR: 1.76), working in emergency departments (OR: 1.99), and with COVID-19 patients (OR: 3.3) were independently associated with more aggressive interactions, while older age (OR: 0.95) and working in a private setting (OR: 0.62) implied lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Women are more likely to experience WPV and to report more psychosomatic symptoms after the event. Preventive measures are urgently needed, with a special focus on high-risk groups such as women.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La violencia laboral es uno de los riesgos psicosociales a los que están más expuestos los trabajadores de los sistemas de salud en la cual se necesitan intervenciones para reducir y prevenirla. OBJETIVO: Identificar la evidencia científica disponible en relación a intervenciones para la prevención de la violencia laboral a nivel de los diferentes espacios de desempeño de la enfermera. METODOLOGÍA: Es una revisión de tipo narrativa, se realizó una revisión de literatura de publicaciones originales, para la selección de los artículos se determinó un intervalo temporal desde 2018 hasta 2022, se realizó durante los meses de abril hasta agosto del 2022. Se utilizaron tres bases de datos. RESULTADOS: Se rescataron siete artículos. Las intervenciones educativas son las más aludidas sobre todo hacia los niveles gerencial y con componente multidisciplinar, capacitación innovadora con metodología simulada, promoción de campañas preventivo-educativas desde pregrado. Asistencial: activar salud ocupacional como eje preventivo laboral, salud mental: prevenir Síndrome de Burnout; Ambientales: implementación de botones de pánico, cerraduras de seguridad; Administrativas: orientadas a políticas preventivas y procedimientos de seguridad. Investigativas: ampliar conocimiento. CONCLUSIONES: Las intervenciones preventivas en Violencia Laboral son principalmente enfocadas al ámbito educativo respecto a la prevención de la violencia laboral sobre todo a nivel formativo disciplinar, incluyendo simulaciones y capacitaciones, de las ambientales destacan las enfocadas en el lugar de trabajo, luego las asociadas a salud mental y comunicativas ambas relacionadas con la prevención en Burnout, las relacionadas con salud ocupacional, las vinculadas con inclusión interdisciplinaria y finalmente las de tipo administrativa.

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is one of the psychosocial risks to which health system workers are most exposed, in which interventions are needed to reduce and prevent it. OBJECTIVE: To identify the scientific evidence available in relation to interventions for the prevention of workplace violence at the level of the different areas of nursing performance. METHODOLOGY: It is a narrative type review, a review of the literature of original publications was carried out, for the selection of the articles a time interval was determined from 2018 to 2022, it was carried out during the months of April to August 2022. Three were used databases. RESULTS: Seven articles were rescued. Educational interventions are the most referred to, especially towards managerial levels and with a multidisciplinary component, innovative training with simulated methodology, promotion of preventive-educational campaigns from undergraduate. Assistance: activate occupational health as a preventive labor axis, mental health: prevent Burnout Syndrome; Environmental: implementation of panic buttons, security locks; Administrative: oriented to preventive policies and security procedures. Investigative: expand knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive interventions in Workplace Violence are mainly focused on the educational field regarding the prevention of workplace violence, especially at the disciplinary training level, including simulations and training, of the environmental ones, those focused on the workplace stand out, then those associated with mental and communicative health, both related to Burnout prevention, those related to occupational health, those related to interdisciplinary inclusion and finally those of anadministrative nature.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Among healthcare professionals, nursing workers are the most prone to becoming victims of workplace violence and present the highest burnout levels. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between burnout syndrome and workplace violence among nursing workers. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: This study involved 242 nursing workers. We collected data over a six-month period using a sociodemographic and occupational survey, the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. For occupational violence, we selected the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. Burnout syndrome was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies and numerical variables in terms of central trend and dispersion measurements. For data analysis, we applied descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The multiple models indicated that the workers who had experienced verbal abuse, physical violence and concern about workplace violence over the past 12 months had significantly higher chances of presenting high emotional exhaustion (P < 0.05) and depersonalization (P < 0.05) and low professional accomplishment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of violence significantly increased the chances of great emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low professional achievement, within burnout syndrome. Therefore, workplace violence prevention strategies need to be put in place to provide workers with a safe workplace in which to conduct their activities.

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BACKGROUND: Among healthcare professionals, nursing workers are the most prone to becoming victims of workplace violence and present the highest burnout levels. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between burnout syndrome and workplace violence among nursing workers. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: This study involved 242 nursing workers. We collected data over a six-month period using a sociodemographic and occupational survey, the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. For occupational violence, we selected the Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. Burnout syndrome was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey. The data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies and numerical variables in terms of central trend and dispersion measurements. For data analysis, we applied descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The multiple models indicated that the workers who had experienced verbal abuse, physical violence and concern about workplace violence over the past 12 months had significantly higher chances of presenting high emotional exhaustion (P < 0.05) and depersonalization (P < 0.05) and low professional accomplishment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of violence significantly increased the chances of great emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low professional achievement, within burnout syndrome. Therefore, workplace violence prevention strategies need to be put in place to provide workers with a safe workplace in which to conduct their activities.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to adapt a Peruvian version of the brief scale to assess psychological violence in health professionals (EVP-salud), exploring its validity and reliability properties. METHODS: We made a cross-sectional study of psychometric evaluation conducted between January 2019 and February 2020. It involved the voluntary and anonymous participation of 316 health professionals and administrative workers from 17 health centers in Peru, who were administered the 22-item psychological violence scale. In addition, three other instruments were used to assess convergent and discriminative validity. RESULTS: In contrast to other findings using similar instruments, the item composition of the abbreviated psychological violence scale converges on three components that assess isolation, intimidation, and belittling violence. This validation provides evidence of good fit in criterion and construct, explaining 66.7% of the accumulated variance and up to 54.3% when the final version is reduced to 13 items and three factors. The data reflect a high inverse association between psychological violence and intrinsic job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The empirical results indicate psychometric properties of the instrument, with strong support in the validity and appropriate reliability according to the internal consistency indexes.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar una versión peruana de la escala breve para evaluar la violencia psicológica en profesionales sanitarios (EVP-salud), explorando sus propiedades de validez y de fiabilidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de evaluación psicométrica. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre enero de 2019 y febrero de 2020. En él participaron en forma voluntaria y anónima 316 profesionales de la salud y trabajadores administrativos de 17 centros sanitarios del país, a quienes se aplicó la escala de violencia psicológica de 22 reactivos. Además, se administraron otros tres instrumentos para evaluar la validez convergente y discriminativa. RESULTADOS: En contraste con los hallazgos reportados para instrumentos similares, la composición de ítems de la escala abreviada de violencia psicológica converge en tres componentes que evalúan la violencia de aislamiento, de intimidación y de desprestigio. La validación abordada proporciona evidencias con buen ajuste, tanto de criterio como de constructo, que explican el 66,7% de la varianza acumulada y hasta 54,3%, aproximadamente, al reducirse la versión final a 13 reactivos y tres factores. Los datos reflejan una alta asociación inversa entre la violencia psicológica y la satisfacción laboral intrínseca. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados empíricos indican propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, con fuerte apoyo en la validez y apropiada fiabilidad, según los índices de consistencia interna.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the data gathering technological tools used in nursing theses on violence from the view of "technological toolboxes". METHOD: It is a descriptive and documental study, with a qualitative approach, based on Thesis available in the last ten volumes of the Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations of the Center of Nursing Studies and Research (CEPEn). Documents presenting technological tools during the data gathering of its studies were selected, and then classified using "technological toolboxes" according to Merhy. RESULTS: 30 theses were selected, data gathering tools were classified in "technological toolboxes" as lightweight, light-hard, and hard technologies, with uniformity in most researches (23; 76.6%). CONCLUSION: Given it is a multifaced phenomenon, violence demands a deeper view, using the most diverse tools for its proper understanding and classification.

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BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome (BOS) is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. It affects doctors, patients and their inter-relationship. There is a lack of data on BOS in Mexico. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of BOS in physician members of the Mexican gastroenterological association (MGA) and Mexican association for gastrointestinal endoscopy (MAGE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross sectional, prospective study through anonymous electronic survey via e-mail, sent to members of the MGA (n = 1192) and MAGE (n = 600). The survey included questions about basic sociodemographic information, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and factors potentially associated with BOS. Continuous variables were summarized as means and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare groups. Nominal variables were summarized as proportions and Fisher's exact test or Χ2 test were used, as appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 1792 e-mail invitations were delivered and 411 answers were received with a response rate of 22.9%. The prevalence of BOS according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory was 26.3% (108/411). The prevalence of BOS according to the single-item self-defined burnout question (SISDBOQ) was 32.6% (134/411). The Kappa coefficient for emotional exhaustion between the SISDBOQ and Maslach inventory was 0.48 (p = 0.0001). Factors associated with BOS included performing endoscopic procedures (OR 2.9 (1.2-6.6); p = 0.008), lack of support from colleagues upon complications (OR 0.2 (0.1-0.4); p = 0.0001), receiving frequent reprimands from superiors (OR 2.4 (1.5-3.8); p = 0.0001), work unrelated to medicine (OR 2.4 (1.4-3.9); p = 0.0001), work violence/harassment (OR 3.0 (1.9-4.9); p = 0.0001) and living in a big city (OR 1.9 (1.2-3); p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: BOS is a frequent entity in Mexican gastroenterologists and endoscopists. There are potentially modifiable factors associated with BOS.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the data gathering technological tools used in nursing theses on violence from the view of "technological toolboxes". Method: It is a descriptive and documental study, with a qualitative approach, based on Thesis available in the last ten volumes of the Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations of the Center of Nursing Studies and Research (CEPEn). Documents presenting technological tools during the data gathering of its studies were selected, and then classified using "technological toolboxes" according to Merhy. Results: 30 theses were selected, data gathering tools were classified in "technological toolboxes" as lightweight, light-hard, and hard technologies, with uniformity in most researches (23; 76.6%). Conclusion: Given it is a multifaced phenomenon, violence demands a deeper view, using the most diverse tools for its proper understanding and classification.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar los instrumentos tecnológicos de recolección de datos utilizados en tesis de enfermería sobre violencia desde la perspectiva de "cajas de herramientas tecnológicas". Método: Estudio descriptivo, documental, con abordaje cuantitativo, a partir de tesis disponibles en los últimos diez volúmenes del Catálogo de Tesis y Disertaciones del Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Enfermería (CEPEn). Se seleccionaron documentos que habían presentado instrumentos tecnológicos durante la recolección de datos de sus respectivos estudios, que fueron clasificados utilizando las "cajas de herramientas tecnológicas" según lo plantea Merhy. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 30 tesis, la clasificación de los instrumentos de recolección de datos en las "cajas de herramientas tecnológicas" fueron leve, leve-duras y dura, y hubo uniformidad en la mayoría de las encuestas (23; 76,6%). Conclusión: Por ser un fenómeno de múltiples facetas, se deberá profundizar en el tema de la violencia desde la utilización de los más diversos instrumentos para su adecuada comprensión y clasificación.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os instrumentos tecnológicos de coleta de dados utilizados em teses de enfermagem sobre violência na perspectiva de "caixas de ferramentas tecnológicas". Método: Estudo descritivo, documental, com abordagem quantitativa baseado em Teses disponíveis nos últimos dez volumes do Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Enfermagem (CEPEn). Foram selecionados documentos que apresentaram instrumentos tecnológicos durante a coleta de dados de seus respectivos estudos, estes foram classificados utilizando as "caixas de ferramentas tecnológicas" segundo Merhy. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 30 teses, a classificação dos instrumentos de coleta de dados nas "caixas de ferramentas tecnológicas" em leve, leve-duras e dura, havendo uniformidade na maioria das pesquisas (23; 76,6%). Conclusão: Por tratar-se de um fenômeno multifacetado a violência exige um olhar mais aprofundado, a partir da utilização dos mais diversos instrumentos para sua adequada compreensão e classificação.

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Shortage of quantitative studies regarding health risks for emergency services workers is a concern for Chilean's occupational health organizations. OBJECTIVE: To explore the incidence of violence and burnout in emergency services of the Metropolitan Region of Chile, and associations with workers' characteristics and workplace conditions. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from January to August 2016. A self-reported questionnaire explored about frequency and seriousness of violence episodes and about symptoms of burnout with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. RESULTS: Of the 565 workers participating, 71% (95% CI 66.7-74.5) said violence episodes occurred at least once a week; 71.3% (95% CI 67.3-75.0) were victims of some aggression in the previous 12 months. Patients companions, relatives or friends arose as the main aggressors and the severity of the episodes was considered slight or moderate by more than 50% of participants. Fifty-seven respondents (10.5%, CI 95% 8.1-13.5) classified as having a burnout syndrome. Having been a victim of violence was associated to high emotional exhaustion (ORadj = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.8) and depersonalization (ORadj = 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.3). CONCLUSIONS: Violence is a problem in the emergency departments of Chile's Metropolitan Region. Burnout is also present and independently associated to violence.

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