RESUMO
The literature on leadership and personal competencies exhibits limitations in terms of construct definition, behavior specifications and valid theory-based measuring strategies. An explanatory design with latent variables and the statistical software SAS 9.4 were used for the validation and adaptation to Spanish of the Leadership Virtues Questionnaire applied to work and organizational psychologists and people who exercise leadership functions in Chile. The levels of agreement between judges for the adaptation to the Spanish language and the confirmatory factor analysis of first order with four dimensions shows insufficient statistical indices for the absolute, comparative and parsimonious adjustments. However, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis with two dimensions presents a satisfactory fit for the item, model, and parameter matrices. The measurement of Virtuous Leadership would provide relevant inputs for further evaluation and training based on ethical competencies aimed at improving management, which would, in turn, allow for its treatment as an independent variable to generate an ethical organizational culture.
Assuntos
Liderança , Virtudes , Humanos , Chile , Cultura Organizacional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Este estudo teve como objetivo proporcionar evidências de validade e fidedignidade da Escala de Gratidão (G-20) para a população de adultos brasileiros. Especificamente, verificar a estrutura do questionário através da análise fatorial confirmatória, explorar a consistência interna da escala e as validades de critério concorrente e convergente. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, correlacional com delineamento transversal. A amostra por conveniência está composta por 348 adultos entre 18 e 59 anos das cinco regiões brasileiras. Os instrumentos utilizados foram questionário de dados sociodemográficos, G-20, GQ-6, DASS-21, PANAS e P-DURELL. A escala total demonstrou confiabilidade satisfatória (α = 0,92 e Ω = 0,71) e em todas as dimensões do instrumento. Além disso, a análise do ajustamento dos dados para a estrutura de quatro fatores apontou valor aceitável para uma boa adequação do modelo (RMSEA = 0,068, CFI= 0,956 e TLI= 0,949) e a predominância das correlações entre os instrumentos utilizados no estudo mostrou-se significativas. (AU)
This study aimed to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the Gratitude Scale (G-20) for the Brazilian adult population. Specifically, the study sought to verify the questionnaire's structure using confirmatory factor analysis, explore the scale's internal consistency, and establish concurrent and convergent criteria validities. This was a quantitative, correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The convenience sample comprised 348 adults between 18 and 59 years old from all five Brazilian regions. The instruments used were a sociodemographic data questionnaire, G-20, GQ-6, DASS-21, PANAS, and P-DURELL. The total scale demonstrated satisfactory reliability (α = 0.92 and Ω = 0.71) across all dimensions of the instrument. Furthermore, analysis of the data adjustment for the four-factor structure showed an acceptable fit for the model (RMSEA = 0.068, CFI = 0.956, and TLI = 0.949) and significant correlations between the instruments were predominantly observed. (AU)
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Gratitud (G-20) para la población adulta brasileña. Específicamente, verificar la estructura del cuestionario mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio, explorar la consistencia interna del instrumento y la validez de criterios concurrente y convergente. Es un estudio cuantitativo, correlacional con diseño transversal. La muestra por conveniencia está compuesta por 348 adultos entre 18 y 59 años de las cinco regiones brasileñas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, G-20, GQ-6, DASS-21, PANAS y P-DURELL. La escala total demostró una fiabilidad satisfactoria (α = 0,92 y Ω = 0,71) y en todas dimensiones del instrumento. El análisis del ajuste de datos para la estructura de cuatro factores demostró un valor aceptable para adecuación del modelo (RMSEA = 0.068, CFI = 0.956 y TLI = 0.949) y el predominio de correlaciones entre los instrumentos se demostró significativo. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Virtudes , Psicologia Positiva , Psicometria , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
The current scenario of health sciences, and of Medicine in particular, is characterized by the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), thus projecting towards the consolidation of a new model of Medicine. Along with the undeniable advantages offered by the application of AI for the diagnosis and treatment of complex clinical problems, some ethical questions arise, which demand careful reflection. However, most of the literature that addresses the ethical issues associated with the use of AI in medicine does so from the poiesis' perspective. Indeed, a large part of that evidence is related to the design, programming, training and operation of algorithms, problems that exceed the competences of the health professionals that use them. Our proposal is framed in the ethics of virtue outlined by Edmund Pellegrino, which is a valuable epistemological perspective to trace a path of reflection on the ethical problems arising from the use of AI in Medicine. This perspective -based on a sound philosophy of Medicine- adopts the praxis' point of view, that is, of the acting subject. Since the health professional is a moral agent who uses AI as a tool to achieve an end -the good of the patient-,from Pellegrino's perspective it is possible to ask how the use of AI might influence the achievement of the goal of medical work and thus, be considered a criterion of ethical orientation.
Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Ética Médica , Humanos , Filosofia Médica , Virtudes , Princípios MoraisRESUMO
Este artigo propõe o estudo sobre o conceito de outro como semelhante e como objeto. Partindo de textos que interpelam a alteridade na psicanálise e remetendo aos temas do complexo semelhante, da satisfação, da perda, do luto, da negativa, da repetição; avalia o conceito de outro articulando textos de diversos autores. A partir da psicanálise freudiana, estuda o das Ding e a negação, discriminando com estes termos um objeto estruturante na origem do psiquismo. Aborda textos técnicos da psicanálise para delimitar o tema da repetição. Também a recordação e a repetição são vinculadas ao objeto e estudadas na perspectiva da filosofia moderna. São retomados temas do diálogo platônicos para definir o lugar do erótico e da amizade. No fim do presente artigo, propomos o termo clássico grego Oikos com valor equivalente ao da Coisa freudiana e como esta aparece em escritos psicanalíticos.(AU)
This article studies the concept of other as similar and object. It is based on texts that question the alterity in psychoanalysis and refers to the themes of otherness complex, loss, grief, negative, repetition, and evaluates the concept of other, using articles of diverse authors. Based on Freudian psychoanalysis, it studies the Thing and the denial and discriminates a structuring object in the origin of psychism. It approaches technical texts of psychoanalysis to delimitate the theme of repetition. The recordation and repetition are also linked to the object and studied from the perspective of modern philosophy. Themes of the platonic dialogues are resumed to define the place of the erotic and the friendship. In the end of the article, we propose the greek classic term Oikos, with equal value to the Freudian Thing, as this one appears in psychoanalytic writings.(AU)
Este artículo estudia el concepto Otro como semejante y como objeto. A partir de textos que interpelan la alteridad en psicoanálisis y que se refieren a temas del complejo semejante, de la satisfacción, de la pérdida, del duelo, de la negación, de la repetición, se evalúa el concepto de Otro articulando textos de diferentes autores. Basado en el psicoanálisis freudiano, se aborda Ding y la negación, discriminando con estos términos un objeto estructurante en el origen de lo psíquico. Se abordan textos técnicos del psicoanálisis para delimitar el tema de la repetición; el recuerdo y la repetición son vinculadas al objeto y estudiadas desde la perspectiva de la filosofía moderna; y se retoman temas de los diálogos platónicos para definir el lugar de lo erótico y la amistad. Al culminar este artículo se propone leer el término griego clásico Oikos con un valor equivalente al de la Cosa freudiana como aparece en los escritos psicoanalíticos.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Filosofia , Psicanálise , Psicologia , Humanos , Apego ao Objeto , Percepção , Princípio do Prazer-Desprazer , Projeção , Psicopatologia , Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Racionalização , Rejeição em Psicologia , Repressão Psicológica , Repressão-Sensibilização , Segurança , Comportamento Social , Responsabilidade Social , Sublimação Psicológica , Superego , Pensamento , Revelação da Verdade , Inconsciente Psicológico , Beleza , Volição , Comportamento e Mecanismos Comportamentais , Cooperação Técnica , Simbolismo , Atitude , Singularidades , Cura Homeopática , Mortalidade , Adolescente , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal , Comunicação , Conflito Psicológico , Consciência , Estado de Consciência , Privacidade , Conhecimento , Metáfora , Vida , Empirismo , Discurso , Afeto , Programação Neurolinguística , Livro-Texto , Virtudes , Autonomia Pessoal , Desenvolvimento Moral , Sujeitos da Pesquisa , Transtorno Depressivo , História Antiga , Sonhos , Impulso (Psicologia) , Educação , Ego , Literatura Erótica , Academias e Institutos , Domínios Científicos , Acolhimento , Ética , Extroversão Psicológica , Fantasia , Teoria da Mente , Esperança , Autocontrole , Status Moral , Interacionismo Simbólico , Teoria Freudiana , Angústia Psicológica , Espaço Social Alimentar , Grécia , Ódio , Id , Identificação Psicológica , Imaginação , Individualidade , Inibição Psicológica , Relações Interpessoais , Julgamento , Teoria Junguiana , Idioma , Libido , Amor , Memória , MitologiaRESUMO
Resumo Ao longo da história, a ética médica assumiu diferentes perspectivas. Na atualidade, parece haver indiscutível supremacia do entendimento de que a ética normativa é aquela que melhor atende às necessidades da relação de profissionais da medicina com seus pacientes. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa buscou investigar como a ética das virtudes pode contribuir para que a deontologia médica possa ser eficaz e virtuosa com vistas ao bem do paciente. Para buscar essa compreensão, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica de caráter teórico-conceitual narrativa e crítica. A hipótese levantada é de que, embora a deontologia seja o guia mais aceito e praticado na relação do profissional com o paciente, se não for acompanhada de uma ética das virtudes para orientar a ação médica, não há garantias de que o mero cumprimento da regra seja virtuoso no que tange ao bem do paciente.
Abstract Throughout history, medical ethics has taken on different perspectives. Nowadays, the indisputable understanding seems to be that of the supremacy of normative ethics as the one that best meets the needs of the relationship between medical professionals and their patients. Given this context, this investigation sought to understand how the ethics of virtues can contribute so that medical deontology can be effective and virtuous targeting the well-being of patients. To seek this understanding, a bibliographic search of narrative and critical theoretical-conceptual character was carried out. The hypothesis is that although deontology is the most accepted and practiced guide in the professional-patient relationship, if it is not accompanied by an ethics of virtue to guide medical action, there is no guarantee that the mere fulfillment of the rule is virtuous with regard to the patient's well-being.
Resumen La ética médica adoptó diferentes perspectivas a lo largo de la historia. Parece existir actualmente una indiscutible supremacía de que la ética normativa es la que mejor responde a las necesidades de los profesionales médicos y sus pacientes. Por tanto, esta investigación buscó evaluar las posibles contribuciones de la ética de las virtudes para que la deontología médica pueda ser eficaz y virtuosa con vistas al bien del paciente. Para comprenderla, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica teórica-conceptual narrativa y crítica. Se partió de la hipótesis de que cuando la deontología, a pesar de ser la guía más aceptada y practicada en la relación del profesional con el paciente, no va acompañada de una ética de las virtudes destinada a guiar la conducta médica, no está garantizado que el mero cumplimiento de las reglas la haga virtuosa con respecto al bien del paciente.
Assuntos
Virtudes , Teoria Ética , Ética MédicaRESUMO
A partir de investigações recentes entre variáveis consideradas socialmente desejáveis, como as forças de caráter e virtudes, deu-se início a propostas que visam a analisar como essas características se comportam quando utilizadas de maneira extrema. Um conjunto de traços conhecido por suas características extremas e antagonistas são as variáveis da tríade sombria (maquiavelismo, narcisismo e psicopatia). Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, a partir de um modelo multivariado, a contribuição das virtudes na explicação da tríade sombria. Participaram 284 adultos, com idades entre 18 a 65 anos (M = 29,06; DP = 9,73); respondendo a Escala de Forças de Caráter e o Short Dark Triad. A partir do modelo restrito de path analysis, os resultados indicaram que as virtudes interpessoais, de coragem, de humanidade e de autorregulação explicaram as dimensões sombrias. Quando sub ou superutilizadas, as virtudes podem atuar como possíveis preditoras de comportamentos socialmente indesejáveis, vide a tríade sombria.(AU)
Based on recent investigations of variables considered socially desirable, such as character strengths and virtues, proposals have been initiated that aim to analyze how these characteristics behave when underused or overused. A set of traits known for their extreme and antagonistic characteristics are the variables of the Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy). This study aimed to analyze, from a multivariate model, the contribution of virtues in explaining the Dark Triad. Participants were 284 adults, aged 18 to 65 years (M = 29.06; SD = 9.73); who responded to the Escala de Forças de Caráter and the Short Dark Triad. Based on the restricted path analysis model, the results indicated that the interpersonal virtues, courage, humanity and self-regulation explained the dark dimensions. When underused or overused, virtues can act as possible predictors of socially undesirable behaviors, such as the Dark Triad.(AU)
Con base en recientes investigaciones entre variables consideradas socialmente deseables, como las fortalezas de carácter y virtudes, se han iniciado propuestas para analizar cómo se comportan estas características cuando se utilizan de forma extrema. Un conjunto de rasgos conocidos por sus características extremas y antagónicas son las variables de la tríada oscura (Maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la contribución de las virtudes en la explicación de la tríada oscura, a partir de un modelo multivariante. Participaron 284 adultos, de entre 18 y 65 años (M = 29.06; DS = 9.73); respondiendo a la Escala de Forças de Caráter y la Short Dark Triad. A partir del modelo de path analysis los resultados indican que las virtudes interpersonales, de valor, de humanidad y de autorregulación explican las dimensiones oscuras. Cuando se infrautilizan o se sobreutilizan, las virtudes pueden actuar como posibles predictores de comportamientos socialmente indeseables, véase la tríada oscura.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Caráter , Virtudes , Psicologia Positiva , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Autorrelato , Maquiavelismo , NarcisismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Few studies have investigated the influence of positive behaviors, attitudes and virtues on mental health outcomes of older adults, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the influence of positive behaviors, attitudes and values on the mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) of Brazilian older adults treated in primary care. METHODS: A longitudinal study, with a 1-year follow-up, of older adults seen by Family Medicine teams was conducted. Instruments were applied assessing traditional factors (cognition, physical activity, sleep, quality of life, social support), behavioral factors (religiousness, spirituality, satisfaction with life, resilience, altruism, volunteerism, loneliness, meaning in life) and mental health (depression, anxiety and stress). Analyses using linear and logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS: A total of 490 older adults (91.8% of individuals assessed at baseline) were included. Traditional factors such as gender, sleep problems, ethnicity and alcohol use, as well as positive behavioral factors including loneliness, resilience and well-being at baseline, were found to be associated with mental health at 1-year follow-up. Similarly, changes in scores for quality of life, loneliness, religiousness, feeling at peace, sleep problems and altruism were associated with changes in mental health scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that positive behavioral factors influenced the mental health of older adults as much as traditional factors and should therefore be addressed by health professionals and medical managers.
Assuntos
Saúde Mental , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Idoso , Atitude , Depressão , Seguimentos , Humanos , Vida Independente , Solidão/psicologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Qualidade de Vida , VirtudesRESUMO
This theoretical paper proposes a new perspective to understand the moral distress of nurses more fully, using virtue ethics. Moral distress is a widely studied subject, especially with respect to the determination of its causes and manifestations. Increasing the theoretical depth of previous work using ethical theory, however, can create new possibilities for moral distress to be explored and analyzed. Drawing on more recent work in this field, we explicate the conceptual framework of the process of moral distress in nurses, proposed by Ramos et al., using MacIntyrean virtue ethics. Our analysis considers the experience of moral distress in the context of a practice, enabling the adaptation of this framework using virtue ethics. The adoption of virtue ethics as an ethical perspective broadens the understanding of the complexity of nurses' experiences of moral distress, since it is impossible to create a ready model that can cover all possibilities. Specifically, we describe how identity, social context, beliefs, and tradition shape moral discomfort, uncertainty, and sensitivity and how virtues inform moral judgments. Individuals, such as nurses, who are involved in a practice have a narrative history and a purpose (telos) that guide them in every step of the process, especially in moral judgment. It is worth emphasizing that the process described is supported by the formation of moral competence that, if blocked, can lead to moral distress and deprofessionalization. It is expected that nurses seek to achieve the internal good of their practice, which legitimizes their professional practice and supports them in moral decision-making, preventing moral distress.
Assuntos
Ética em Enfermagem , Virtudes , Teoria Ética , Humanos , Julgamento , Princípios MoraisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite major advancements in understanding of the factors associated with mental health in older adults, studies assessing positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues are still scarce in the literature. AIMS: This study aims to investigate whether factors related to positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues are associated with mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress) and satisfaction with life in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study of Brazilian older adults who were users of the public health system and seen by Family Health teams was conducted in 2017. Instruments were applied to assess cognition, physical activity, sleep, quality of life, social support, religiousness, spirituality, satisfaction with life, resilience, altruism, volunteerism, loneliness, meaning in life and mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress). Analyses were carried out using linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 534 (93.5%) older adults were included. Positive behavioural factors and values including volunteerism, meaning in life, resilience, peace, loneliness, faith and religiousness were associated with mental health outcomes (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress), as were traditional factors, such as sleep, gender, social support and cognitive state. CONCLUSIONS: Aspects related to positive behaviour, attitudes and virtues can impact the mental health of the older population. These results can serve to alert health professionals on the importance of addressing these factors and help guide the implementation of preventive measures and interventions for this age group.
Assuntos
Vida Independente , Saúde Mental , Idoso , Atitude , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , VirtudesRESUMO
Recent research has shown the relevance of measuring the virtue of temperance. The present study tested a multidimensional and second-order structure scale to assess temperance using a sub-scale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth). Scale properties were tested using data from a sample of 860 adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.28 years, SD = 1.65). The sample was randomly split into two subsamples for model cross-validation. Using the first sample, we assessed scale dimensionality, measurement invariance, and discriminant and concurrent validity. A second sample was used for model cross-validation. Confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed the fit of one second-order factor temperance virtue model, with the dimensions of forgiveness, modesty, prudence, and self-control. The results indicate scale measurement equivalence across gender and stage of adolescence (early vs. middle). Latent means difference tests showed significant differences in forgiveness, modesty, and self-regulation by gender, and modesty according to adolescence stage. Moreover, the scale showed discriminant and concurrent validity. These findings indicate that this scale is helpful for assessing temperance in adolescents and suggest the value of temperance as a multidimensional and second-order construct.