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Candida africana taxonomical status is controversial. It was proposed as a separate species within the Candida albicans species complex; however, phylogenetic analyses suggested that it is an unusual variety of C. albicans. The prevalence of C. albicans-related species (Candida dubliniensis and C. africana) as vulvovaginal pathogens is not known in Argentina. Moreover, data on antifungal susceptibility of isolates causing vulvovaginal candidiasis is scarce. The aims of this study were to establish the prevalence of C. dubliniensis and C. africana in vaginal samples and to evaluate the antifungal susceptibilities of vaginal C. albicans species complex strains. We used a molecular-based method coupled with a new pooled DNA extraction methodology to differentiate C. dubliniensis and C. africana in a collection of 287 strains originally identified as C. albicans isolated from an Argentinian hospital during 2013. Antifungal susceptibilities to fluconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, nystatin, amphotericin B and terbinafine were evaluated by using the CLSI M27-A3 and M27-S4 documents. Of the 287 isolates, 4 C. dubliniensis and one C. africana strains (1.39% and 0.35% prevalence, respectively) were identified. This is the first description of C. africana in Argentina and its identification was confirmed by sequencing the ITS2 region and the hwp1 gene. C. dubliniensis and C. africana strains showed very low MIC values for all the tested antifungals. Fluconazole-reduced-susceptibility and azole cross-resistance were observed in 3.55% and 1.41% of the C. albicans isolates, respectively. These results demonstrate that antifungal resistance is still a rare phenomenon in this kind of isolates.

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This is the first report of Ureaplasma sp. from the reproductive tract of Costa Rican cows. Among 204 animals sampled from 11 dairy farms in the country's Central Plateau, the infection rate was 0-71 per cent. Isolation was more frequent in vulvo-vestibular (38.7 per cent) than in cervical swabs (23 per cent). Ureaplasma was correlated with clinical granular vulvitis symptoms

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RESUMO

This is the first report of Ureaplasma sp. from the reproductive tract of Costa Rican cows. Among 204 animals sampled from 11 dairy farms in the country's Central Plateau, the infection rate was 0-71%. Isolation was more frequent in vulvo-vestibular (38.7%) than in cervical swabs (23%). Ureaplasma was correlated with clinical granular vulvitis symptoms.

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Staphylococcus sp was investigated in the female lower genital tract of 102 healthy women aged between 18 and 48 years in San Luis, Argentina. Three hundred and six samples were obtained from labia, introitus and vagina (posterior fornix). Samples were plated on sheep blood, mannitol salt and Baird-Parker media. Strains were identified by tube coagulase test; thermonuclease, fibrinolysin, pigment and hemolysin production; glucose and mannitol utilization and novobiocin sensitivity. Antibiotic susceptibility was assayed. Strains were examined for their ability to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Fourteen women (13.7%) had S. aureus in one or more samples: 10.7% labia, 3.9% introitus and 3.9% vaginal. All strains were sensitive to cephalotin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol; 21.0% were intermediate to methicillin; 15.7% were resistant to methicillin, 94.7% to penicillin and 21.0% to tetracycline. Three strains (15.7%) produced SEB, three (15.7%) SED, one (5.7%) SEC and three (15.7%) TSST-1. Only one strain (5.7%) produced both SEB and TSST-1. All strains produced hemolysins. Coagulase negative staphylococci were found in 40.1% of vaginal samples: S. epidermidis (32.2%) and S. saprophyticus (9.8%) were identified.

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Se investigó la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus en el tracto genital inferior de 102 mujeres sanas entre 18 y 48 años de edad en la ciudad de San Luis (Argentina). Se obtuvieron 306 muestras de labios, introito y fondo de saco vaginal. Los materiales, previa coloración de Gram, fueron sembrados en agar sangre, agar salino monitol y en el medio de Baird-Parker. Las cepas se identificaron por producción de coagulasa en tubo, terminucleasa, pigmentación, oxidación-fermentación de glucosa y manitol, hemolisina, fibrinolisina y susceptibilidad a novobiocina. Se ensayó la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos, detección de enterotoxinas y de toxina del sindrome del shock tóxico (TSST-1). En 13,7% de las mujeres se aisló S. aureus: 10,7% en labios, 3,9% en introito y 3,9% en vagina. Algunas cepas fueron halladas en dos o más regiones. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a cefalotina, clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina y cloramfenicol; 21,0% tuvieron sensibilidad intermedia a meticilina, 94,7% fueron resistentes a penicilina, 15,7% a meticilina y 21,0% a tetraciclina. El 15,7% de las cepas produjeron enterotoxinas B y D, respectivamente, 5,2% enterotoxina C, 15,7% TSST-1. Una de las cepas (5,2%) produjo enterotoxina B y TSST-1. El 100% de las cepas produjo hemolisinas. Se identificaron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos en el 40,1% de las muestras de fondo de saco vaginal correspondiendo 30,3% a S. epidermidis y 9,8% a S, saprophyticus

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RESUMO

Se investigó la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus en el tracto genital inferior de 102 mujeres sanas entre 18 y 48 años de edad en la ciudad de San Luis (Argentina). Se obtuvieron 306 muestras de labios, introito y fondo de saco vaginal. Los materiales, previa coloración de Gram, fueron sembrados en agar sangre, agar salino monitol y en el medio de Baird-Parker. Las cepas se identificaron por producción de coagulasa en tubo, terminucleasa, pigmentación, oxidación-fermentación de glucosa y manitol, hemolisina, fibrinolisina y susceptibilidad a novobiocina. Se ensayó la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos, detección de enterotoxinas y de toxina del sindrome del shock tóxico (TSST-1). En 13,7% de las mujeres se aisló S. aureus: 10,7% en labios, 3,9% en introito y 3,9% en vagina. Algunas cepas fueron halladas en dos o más regiones. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a cefalotina, clindamicina, eritromicina, gentamicina y cloramfenicol; 21,0% tuvieron sensibilidad intermedia a meticilina, 94,7% fueron resistentes a penicilina, 15,7% a meticilina y 21,0% a tetraciclina. El 15,7% de las cepas produjeron enterotoxinas B y D, respectivamente, 5,2% enterotoxina C, 15,7% TSST-1. Una de las cepas (5,2%) produjo enterotoxina B y TSST-1. El 100% de las cepas produjo hemolisinas. Se identificaron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos en el 40,1% de las muestras de fondo de saco vaginal correspondiendo 30,3% a S. epidermidis y 9,8% a S, saprophyticus (AU)

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Repeated bacteriologic observations were made in 462 newborn infants and correlated with similar data from their mothers to evaluate the relative contributions of the birth canal and the hospital environment to acquisition of group B streptococci in the first few days of life. Fifty-eight percent of infants whose mothers were intrapartum carriers acquired streptococci in comparison with 12% of those whose mothers were noncarriers. Acquisitions from the birth canal were not influenced by the route of delivery or the time between membrane rupture and birth, but could be related to the quantity of streptococci in maternal cultures. Observations in ten cohorts of infants, including serotyping and bacteriophage susceptibility of group B isolates, demonstrated clear-cut streptococcal spread among infants in two cohorts. Infants appeared to harbor larger numbers of streptococci at more body sites following acquisition from the birth canal than after acquisition from the hospital environment.

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