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In last years, the main studied microbial sources of natural blue pigments have been the eukaryotic algae, Rhodophytes and Cryptophytes, and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, responsible for the production of phycocyanin, one of the most important blue compounds approved for food and cosmetic use. Recent research also includes the indigoidine pigment from the bacteria Erwinia, Streptomyces and Photorhabdus. Despite these advances, there are still few options of microbial blue pigments reported so far, but the interest in these products is high due to the lack of stable natural blue pigments in nature. Filamentous fungi are particularly attractive for their ability to produce pigments with a wide range of colors. Bikaverin is a red metabolite present mainly in species of the genus Fusarium. Although originally red, the biomass containing bikaverin changes its color to blue after heat treatment, through a mechanism still unknown. In addition to the special behavior of color change by thermal treatment, bikaverin has beneficial biological properties, such as antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities, which can expand its use for the pharmaceutical and medical sectors. The present review addresses the production natural blue pigments and focuses on the properties of bikaverin, which can be an important source of blue pigment with potential applications in the food industry and in other industrial sectors.

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There are relatively few studies concerning the use of coffee leaves for medicinal purposes and the composition of secondary plant substances. Therefore, we identified and quantitated polyphenolic compounds along with caffeine present in methanol extracts of Coffea arabica leaves from three different regions of Brazil (Ceará, Minas Gerais and São Paulo) by HPLC-ESI-MS. In addition, correlations between polyphenolic content of the coffee leaves and antioxidant assays DPPH, FRAP and ORAC were evaluated. Fifteen compounds belonging to three classes of polyphenols (xanthones, chlorogenic acids and flavonoids) along with the alkaloid caffeine were detected. The mean concentration of total polyphenolic compounds in the leaves of C. arabica, harvested from three different regions of Brazil was quite variable. The highest values were detected in the coffee leaves harvested in Minas Gerais (n = 4) at 40.80(13.00) g/kg (SD), followed by coffee leaves harvested in São Paulo (n = 20) at 24.79(20.19) g/kg, and the lowest in coffee leaves harvested in Ceará (n = 11) in the Northeast of Brazil at 10.30(5.61) g/kg. The three classes of polyphenols, all showed excellent correlations in the antioxidant assays. Coffee leaf tea, appears to be an excellent functional beverage, with its high content of polyphenolic compounds, which may render positive biologic effects, when inbibed as part of the normal human diet.

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BACKGROUND: Mango bark is an important agro-industrial residue from mango pruning. In traditional medicine, the aqueous extract from mango bark (MBE) has been used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of many diseases. However, there is scarce information using cellular models to evaluate the potential use of this plant material for human consumption. In this study, the phenolic content from the MBE from four varieties (Kent, Keitt, Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins) was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-TOF). Additionally, the cellular antioxidant activity of the MBE from the four mango varieties were compared. Finally, the intestinal permeability of the main polyphenols found in the MBE (mangiferin and gallic acid) was evaluated. RESULTS: Mangiferin and gallic acid were the main constituents in the MBE from the four mango varieties. Furthermore, the Ataulfo variety showed the highest cellular antioxidant activity (67%) at the concentration of 100 µg mL−1 . The intestinal permeability of mangiferin present in the bark extracts was 3- to 4.8-fold higher than those of mangiferin as standard, whereas the intestinal permeability of gallic acid varied among the tested extracts. CONCLUSION: MBE has the potential to exert antioxidant activity at the cellular level and can have an impact on human health. It may also be a good source for the extraction of polyphenols mainly mangiferin.

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No Brasil, a espécie de abelha Melipona subnitida, popularmente conhecida por “jandaíra” éendêmica da Caatinga nordestina. Esta espécie possui a peculiaridade de adicionar terra ou barro a sua respectivaprópolis, formando geoprópolis. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar um extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis(EHG) de jandaíra, através de prospec o fitoquímica e da determina o do teor de compostos fenólicos totais.Além disso, determinou-se seu potencial enquanto agente anti-radicalar e antibacteriano, pela capacidadesequestrante do radical DPPH e pelo método de difusão em ágar, respectivamente. A toxicidade in vitro contra omicrocrustáceo Artemia salina também foi investigada. O EHG mostrou alto teor de compostos fenólicos totais(11,29% p/p) e potencial atividade anti-radicalar (IC50 = 0,084 mg/mL). A fitoquímica revelou presença detaninos hidrolisáveis, flavonóides das classes das flavonas e flavonóis, xantonas e triterpenos pentacíclicoslivres. Esses compostos bioativos podem ter sido os responsáveis pela atividade antibacteriana, demonstradatanto em bactérias gram-positivas, quanto em gram-negativas, principalmente na concentração de 100 mg/mL.Aliado a isso, o EHG mostrou-se pouco tóxico (CL50 = 1282,61 µg/mL). Esses comportamentos abremperspectivas para futuros estudos da geoprópolis produzida pela abelha jandaíra, um produto nordestino compotencial benefício para a saúde, dada a presença de compostos bioativos em sua composição

In Brazil, the bee’s specie Melipona subnitida, popularly known as "jandaira" is endemic tonortheastern Caatinga. This species has the peculiarity of add soil or clay in their respective propolis, forminggeopropolis. This study aimed to characterize a geopropolis hydroalcoholic extract (GHE) of jandaira throughphytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it was determined itspotential as antibacterial and anti-free radical agent, respectively through of: sequestering capacity of the radicalDPPH and agar diffusion method. The in vitro toxicity against Artemia salina was also investigated. The GHEexhibited high content of total phenolic compounds (11.29% w/w) and potential anti-radical activity (IC50 =0.084 mg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids like flavonolsand flavones, xanthones and free pentacyclic triterpenes. These bioactive compounds may have been responsiblefor the antibacterial activity, as demonstrated in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias, mainly in theconcentration of 100 mg/mL. Allied to this, the GHE showed little toxicity (LC50 = 1282.61 g/mL). Thesecharacteristics create perspectives for future studies of geopropolis produced by jandaira’s bee, a northeasternproduct with potential health benefit, given the presence of bioactive compounds in its composition

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No Brasil, a espécie de abelha Melipona subnitida, popularmente conhecida por “jandaíra” éendêmica da Caatinga nordestina. Esta espécie possui a peculiaridade de adicionar terra ou barro a sua respectivaprópolis, formando geoprópolis. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar um extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis(EHG) de jandaíra, através de prospec o fitoquímica e da determina o do teor de compostos fenólicos totais.Além disso, determinou-se seu potencial enquanto agente anti-radicalar e antibacteriano, pela capacidadesequestrante do radical DPPH e pelo método de difusão em ágar, respectivamente. A toxicidade in vitro contra omicrocrustáceo Artemia salina também foi investigada. O EHG mostrou alto teor de compostos fenólicos totais(11,29% p/p) e potencial atividade anti-radicalar (IC50 = 0,084 mg/mL). A fitoquímica revelou presença detaninos hidrolisáveis, flavonóides das classes das flavonas e flavonóis, xantonas e triterpenos pentacíclicoslivres. Esses compostos bioativos podem ter sido os responsáveis pela atividade antibacteriana, demonstradatanto em bactérias gram-positivas, quanto em gram-negativas, principalmente na concentração de 100 mg/mL.Aliado a isso, o EHG mostrou-se pouco tóxico (CL50 = 1282,61 µg/mL). Esses comportamentos abremperspectivas para futuros estudos da geoprópolis produzida pela abelha jandaíra, um produto nordestino compotencial benefício para a saúde, dada a presença de compostos bioativos em sua composição(AU)

In Brazil, the bees specie Melipona subnitida, popularly known as "jandaira" is endemic tonortheastern Caatinga. This species has the peculiarity of add soil or clay in their respective propolis, forminggeopropolis. This study aimed to characterize a geopropolis hydroalcoholic extract (GHE) of jandaira throughphytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it was determined itspotential as antibacterial and anti-free radical agent, respectively through of: sequestering capacity of the radicalDPPH and agar diffusion method. The in vitro toxicity against Artemia salina was also investigated. The GHEexhibited high content of total phenolic compounds (11.29% w/w) and potential anti-radical activity (IC50 =0.084 mg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids like flavonolsand flavones, xanthones and free pentacyclic triterpenes. These bioactive compounds may have been responsiblefor the antibacterial activity, as demonstrated in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterias, mainly in theconcentration of 100 mg/mL. Allied to this, the GHE showed little toxicity (LC50 = 1282.61 g/mL). Thesecharacteristics create perspectives for future studies of geopropolis produced by jandairas bee, a northeasternproduct with potential health benefit, given the presence of bioactive compounds in its composition(AU)

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Bioactive compounds have become very important in the food and pharmaceutical markets leading research interests seeking efficient methods for extracting these bioactive substances. The objective of this research is to implement preparative scale obtention of mangiferin and lupeol from mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) of autochthonous and Ataulfo varieties grown in Nayarit, using emerging extraction techniques. Five extraction techniques were evaluated: maceration, Soxhlet, sonication (UAE), microwave (MAE) and high hydrostatic pressures (HHP). Two maturity stages (physiological and consumption) as well as peel and fruit pulp were evaluated for preparative scale implementation. Peels from Ataulfo mango at consumption maturity stage can be considered as a source of mangiferin and lupeol using the UEA method as it improves extraction efficiency by increasing yield and shortening time.

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The aim of this study was to investigate metabolites of the lichen Laurera benguelensis. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the characterization of xanthones and anthraquinones in extracts of this lichen. Lichexanthone, secalonic acid D, norlichexanthon, parietin, emodin, teloschistin and citreorosein were detected in the lichen samples, which were collected from two places in Thailand. Components of the lichen were identified by relative retention time and spectral data. This is the first time that a detailed phytochemical analysis of the lichen L. benguelensis was reported and this paper has chemotaxonomic significance because very little has been published on the secondary metabolites present in Laurera species. Some of the metabolites were detected for the first time in the family Trypetheliaceae. The results of preliminary testing of benzene extract and its chloroform and methanol fractions showed that all samples showed a weak radical scavenging activity. The chloroform extract showed the highest antioxidant activity.

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The aim of this study was to investigate metabolites of the lichen Laurera benguelensis. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the characterization of xanthones and anthraquinones in extracts of this lichen. Lichexanthone, secalonic acid D, norlichexanthon, parietin, emodin, teloschistin and citreorosein were detected in the lichen samples, which were collected from two places in Thailand. Components of the lichen were identifed by relative retention time and spectral data. This is the frst time that a detailed phytochemical analysis of the lichen L. benguelensis was reported and this paper has chemotaxonomic signifcance because very little has been published on the secondary metabolites present in Laurera species. Some of the metabolites were detected for the frst time in the family Trypetheliaceae. The results of preliminary testing of benzene extract and its chloroform and methanol fractions showed that all samples showed a weak radical scavenging activity. The chloroform extract showed the highest antioxidant activity.

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The contents of secondary plant substances in solvent extracts of various byproducts (barks, kernels, peels, and old and young leaves) in a range of Brazilian mango cultivars were identified and quantitated. The results show that the profiles of secondary plant substances such as xanthone C-glycosides, gallotannins, and benzophenones in different byproducts vary greatly but are fairly consistent across cultivars. The free radical scavenging activity of the solvent extracts was evaluated using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay and revealed dose-dependent antioxidant capacity in all extracts. Four (mangiferin, penta- O-galloyl-glucoside gallic acid, and methyl gallate) of the major phenolic compounds detected were also evaluated in additional in vitro bioassay systems such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and ferric reducing ability of plasma. Mangiferin in particular, detected at high concentrations in young leaves (Coite = 172 g/kg), in bark (Momika = 107 g/kg), and in old leaves (Itamaraka = 94 g/kg), shows an exceptionally strong antioxidant capacity.

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Eriocaulaceae is a pantropical family that comprises about 1100 species distributed in 11 genera. The infrafamilial relationships are still unsatisfactorily resolved, because of the tiny flowers and generalized morphology, which makes the taxonomy very difficult. Flavonoid and naphthopyranone profiles have proved to be important in order to contribute to the alignment of genera into the family. We here present a survey of the chemical data of Eriocaulaceae with a discussion about their contribution to the taxonomy of Eriocaulaceae.

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