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The use of cocaine and its main derivative, crack, can cause some systemic effects that may lead to the development of some oral disorders. To assess the oral health of people with a crack cocaine use disorder and identify salivary protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders. A total of 40 volunteers hospitalized for rehabilitation for crack cocaine addiction were enrolled; nine were randomly selected for proteomic analysis. Intraoral examination, report of DMFT, gingival and plaque index, xerostomia, and non-stimulated saliva collection were performed. A list of proteins identified was generated from the UniProt database and manually revised. The mean age (n=40) was 32 (±8.88; 18-51) years; the mean DMFT index was 16±7.70; the mean plaque and gingival index were 2.07±0.65 and 2.12±0.64, respectively; and 20 (50%) volunteers reported xerostomia. We identified 305 salivary proteins (n=9), of which 23 were classified as candidate for biomarkers associated with 14 oral disorders. The highest number of candidates for biomarkers was associated with carcinoma of head and neck (n=7) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n=7), followed by periodontitis (n=6). People with a crack cocaine use disorder had an increased risk of dental caries and gingival inflammation; less than half had oral mucosal alterations, and half experienced xerostomia. As possible biomarkers for 14 oral disorders, 23 salivary proteins were identified. Oral cancer and periodontal disease were the most often associated disorders with biomarkers.

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BACKGROUND: New prevention strategies have been advocated to control the progression of HIV/AIDS, such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential changes in the oral and salivary conditions of HIV-uninfected subjects using PrEP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were evaluated before beginning the medication (T0), at the first follow-up (T1), and at the second follow-up (T2). Xerostomia, presence of untreated cavitated caries, oral hygiene habits, taste, gingival and plaque index, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), and salivary concentrations of calcium, glucose, urea, and total proteins were evaluated. Data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Forty-seven participants (41 men; 6 women) were evaluated at T0. Thirty (28 men; 2 women) and 17 men were reassessed at T1 and T2, respectively. There was no difference between the SSFR and oral and salivary conditions between T0, T1, and T2 (p>0.05), except for the salivary calcium concentration, that increased at T2 compared to T1 (p=0.02). There was significant difference between taste and xerostomia at T1 (p=0.017), and the need to drink to swallow at T2 (p=0.015). There was significant correlation between the reported amount of saliva and taste (p=0.039, r=-0.378) at T1. CONCLUSIONS: The prolonged use of PrEP seems to be associated with reports of dry mouth and worsening of taste, possibly associated with increased salivary calcium concentration.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: The symptoms of xerostomia and taste alteration are adverse effects which frequently occur in patients under chemotherapy and once associated they can potentially impair their nutritional status. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of xerostomia and taste alterations in patients being treated by neoplastic chemotherapy. METHODS: Fifty patients scheduled to receive neoplastic chemotherapy were followed for their first two chemotherapy cycles for solid tumors and the Chemotherapy-Induced Taste Alteration Scale (CiTAS) was adopted. Xerostomia was defined by the presence of dry mouth complaints reported by the patients and signs of hyposalivation identified during the intraoral examination. RESULTS: Of the 50 patients, 33 were women, mean age; 61,48 ± 9,07 years, and 17 were men, mean age; 57,35 ± 11,50 years. The most common tumor was located in the breast affecting 15 patients (30%). The Mann-Whitney test showed that the mean scores of CiTAS were significantly higher for those patients who reported having xerostomia when compared with those without xerostomia after the first two chemotherapy cycles. The cofounding variables such as age, smoking habits and use of antidepressants were not statistically associated with taste alterations (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Taste alterations were worse for patients who complained of xerostomia during the first two cycles of antineoplastic chemotherapy and the association of both symptoms can potentially impair their nutritional status and quality of life.

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Oral dysfunctions are common in the elderly but the literature lacks a multidisciplinary approach on the relationship between polypharmacy, saliva flow, xerostomia, taste, and swallowing complaints. This cross-sectional study included 204 non-institutionalized elderly (>60 years; 123 women/81 men), free of severe disabilities and non-alcohol/tobacco consumers, from whom specific pharmacological therapies were evaluated, as well xerostomia (Xerostomia Inventory-XI) and swallowing complaints (EAT-10 questionnaire), salivary flow rate and gustatory sensitivity. Statistical analysis included Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Two-way ANCOVA, and linear multiple regression. Polypharmacy (≥5 drugs daily), hyposalivation, and severe taste dysfunction were found in 18, 46, and 10% of the participants, respectively. Polypharmacy was related with xerostomia (p = .041) and swallowing complaints (p < .001; power = 94%), but not with taste dysfunction. Dry mouth complaint and higher risk of swallowing disorders were found in 50 and 12% of the elderly, respectively, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors users (n = 36) showed higher EAT-10 scores (p = .038). Regression models showed that stimulated salivary flow rate was dependent on gender and diuretic use, while xerostomia scores were dependent on the number of medications and unstimulated saliva flow (p < .001). In conclusion, the results draw attention to the high frequency of oral and maxillofacial dysfunctions found in non-institutionalized elderly, especially polypharmacy, xerostomia and swallowing complaints, and the side effects of drugs that can disturb the oral functions, the acceptance of food, and the adherence to oral therapies.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of xerostomia in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. METHOD: Prospective cohort with 27 women who underwent up to 16 sessions of intravenous chemotherapy. Data collection was performed at the outpatient clinic of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo, where two forms were applied before the start of treatment and the Xerostomia Inventory before and after each chemotherapy session. RESULTS: Complaints of dry mouth were present in 48.1% of women before chemotherapy, and they were approximately 28 times more likely to develop dry mouth during treatment. It was observed that the use of antiemetics contributed to the occurrence of xerostomia, and the anti-ulcerous were presented as a protective factor. CONCLUSION: The study identified both a high prevalence of xerostomia regardless of the chemotherapy used and the need to create protocols to improve the quality of life of these patients.

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INTRODUCTION: Hypertension (systemic arterial hypertension [SAH]) is a systemic condition that affects about 30% of the world population, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO). Drugs used to control this disease have the potential to induce xerostomia, an oral condition in which the decrease of the salivary flow is observed and whose presence leads to the increase of the index of caries, periodontal disease, loss of the teeth, dysgeusia, difficulty of mastication, dysphagia, bad breath and oral burning and impairment of prothesis installed in the buccal cavity, including retention of removable and total dentures. METHODS: This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, blind clinical protocol that aims to analyze the impact of phobiomodulation (PBM) on salivary glands of patients with antihypertensive drug induced xerostomia. Patients will be divided into 2 groups: G1: older adults with xerostomia induced by antihypertensive drugs and treatment with PBM (n = 30); G2: placebo PBM (n = 30). The irradiation will be made using a diode laser emitting at 808 nm with 100 mW and 40 seconds of exposure per site at the salivary glands. Twenty sites will be irradiated weekly for 4 weeks. Non-stimulated and stimulated salivary flow will be analyzed before and after the treatment. RESULTS: This protocol will determine the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy regarding the reduction of xerostomia in older adults using antihypertensive drugs. CONCLUSION: This protocol will determine the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy regarding the reduction of xerostomia in older adults using antihypertensive drugs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov - NCT03632096.

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Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiotherapy. The efficacy of the therapeutic measures to prevent OM is limited and disease prevention is not fully observable. Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent with a described anti-inflammatory potential. It is clinically used to reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy-associated xerostomia. This study investigated the protective effect of amifostine on an experimental model of OM. Hamsters were divided into six groups: saline control group (5 mL/kg), mechanical trauma (scratches) of the right cheek pouch; 5-FU (60 and 40 mg/kg, ip, respectively, administered on days 1 and 2); amifostine (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) + 5-FU + scratches. Salivation rate was assessed and the animals were euthanized on day 10 for the analysis of macroscopic and microscopic injury by scores. Tissue samples were harvested for the measurement of neutrophil infiltration and detection of inflammatory markers by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. 5-FU induced pronounced hyposalivation, which was prevented by amifostine (P<0.05). In addition, 5-FU injection caused pronounced tissue injury accompanied by increased neutrophil accumulation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) tissue levels, and positive immunostaining for TNF-α, IL-1ß, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Interestingly, amifostine prevented the inflammatory reaction and consequently improved macroscopic and microscopic damage (P<0.05 vs 5-FU group). Amifostine reduced inflammation and protected against 5-FU-associated oral mucositis and hyposalivation.

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Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and dose-limiting side effect of cancer treatment, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiotherapy. The efficacy of the therapeutic measures to prevent OM is limited and disease prevention is not fully observable. Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent with a described anti-inflammatory potential. It is clinically used to reduce radiotherapy and chemotherapy-associated xerostomia. This study investigated the protective effect of amifostine on an experimental model of OM. Hamsters were divided into six groups: saline control group (5 mL/kg), mechanical trauma (scratches) of the right cheek pouch; 5-FU (60 and 40 mg/kg, ip, respectively, administered on days 1 and 2); amifostine (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) + 5-FU + scratches. Salivation rate was assessed and the animals were euthanized on day 10 for the analysis of macroscopic and microscopic injury by scores. Tissue samples were harvested for the measurement of neutrophil infiltration and detection of inflammatory markers by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. 5-FU induced pronounced hyposalivation, which was prevented by amifostine (P<0.05). In addition, 5-FU injection caused pronounced tissue injury accompanied by increased neutrophil accumulation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) tissue levels, and positive immunostaining for TNF-α, IL-1β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Interestingly, amifostine prevented the inflammatory reaction and consequently improved macroscopic and microscopic damage (P<0.05 vs 5-FU group). Amifostine reduced inflammation and protected against 5-FU-associated oral mucositis and hyposalivation.

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Objetivo: este trabalho propõe condutas bucais aos pacientes com indicação quimioterápica, a partir de uma revisão de literatura, visto que o paciente é pouco orientado em muitos casos. Material e métodos: a busca foi realizada a partir da base de dados PubMed/Medline. Apenas estudos observacionais e revisões da literatura, em inglês, espanhol e português, publicados entre 2001 e 2019, que abordassem o tratamento antineoplásico e apresentassem complicações bucais foram incluídos. Resultados: dez artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Notou-se que a maioria dos efeitos adversos cessam ao fim da quimioterapia. As principais alterações bucais observadas foram mucosite, xerostomia e candidose. Diversas alternativas terapêuticas se mostraram eficazes, sendo fundamental individualizar o paciente e propor a melhor opção para o quadro específico apresentado. Considerações finais: A participação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe oncológica é extremamente importante, realizando intervenções odontológicas e orientando os pacientes, colaborando para uma melhor qualidade de vida e contribuindo significativamente no prognóstico da doença.(AU)

Objective: This study suggests oral management for chemotherapy patients, through a literature review, considering that patients are poorly instructed in most cases. Material and methods: The search was performed in the PubMed / Medline database. Only observational studies and literature reviews in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, published between 2001 and 2019, which discussed antineoplastic treatment and presented oral complications were included. Results: Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Most adverse effects were observed to cease at the end of chemotherapy. The main oral changes observed were mucositis, xerostomia, and candidosis. Several therapeutic alternatives seem to be effective, and it is essential to individualize the patient and propose the best option for the specific condition. Final considerations: The participation of dentists in the cancer team is extremely important for performing dental interventions, guiding patients, helping to provide a better quality of life, and contributing significantly to the prognosis of the disease.(AU)

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Os indivíduos com idade avançada consomem maior número de medicações e, como consequência, surgem reações adversas frequentes a essas drogas, inclusive na cavidade bucal. O objetivo é verificar as reações adversas na cavidade oral relacionadas aos medicamentos, a fim de que sejam diagnosticadas corretamente e se executem ações que as reduzam ou eliminem. Como metodologia, nesta revisão, foram buscados artigos originais relatando estas reações em idosos, em inglês, português e espanhol, publicados de 2000 a 2018, usando-se termos relevantes ao tema, publicados on-line nas bases de dados dos periódicos da CAPES. Os artigos foram selecionados após leitura dos seus títulos e resumos efetuando-se, a seguir, leitura completa dos mesmos. Os Resultados mostram que, entre os 12 artigos selecionados, tivemos: 6 (50%) sobre xerostomia; 2 (17%) com ulcerações orais consequentes ao nicorandil; 2 (17%) com osteonecrose da mandíbula (bifosfonato e bevacizumab, um em cada); e 1 (8,3%) com ageusia (associada a romidepsin); e 1 (8,3%) com candidíase (associada a corticoide inalatório). Concluiu-se que o idoso requer atenção redobrada durante as consultas médicas e procedimentos odontológicos, em razão da associação de diferentes doenças crônicas e o uso contínuo de diversas medicações. Há necessidade de maior número de publicações focando este tema neste grupo etário, principalmente naqueles indivíduos mais longevos.

Introduction: The individuals with advanced age are the ones who consume the greatest number of medications and, as consequence, adverse reactions to these drugs often occur, including in the oral cavity. Objective: These drug-related manifestations deserve attention of health professionals so that they are properly diagnosed and actions are taken to reduce or eliminate them. Material and methods: In this article, we reviewed original articles, published from 2000 to 2018, reporting these reactions in elderly patients. Articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were searched, using terms relevant to the topic, published online in the CAPES journals databases. The articles were selected after reading their titles and summaries and, then, the complete articles. Results: Among the 12 articles showing adverse drug reactions in the oral cavity of the elderly, we had: 6 (50%) with xerostomia and its consequences; 2 (17%) with oral ulcerations consequent to the use of nicorandil; 2 (17%) with osteonecrosis of the mandible (bisphosphonate and bevacizumab, one in each); and 1 (8.3%) with ageusia (associated with romidepsin) and 1 (8.3%) with oral candidiasis (associated with inhaled corticosteroids). Conclusion: The elderly require increased attention during medical consultations and dental procedures, due to the association of different chronic diseases and the continuous use of several medications. There is a need for a greater number of publications focusing on this theme in this age group, especially in those longevous senior individuals.

Los individuos con edad avanzada consumen mayor número de medicamentos y, como consecuencia, surgen reacciones adversas frecuentes a estos fármacos, incluso en la cavidad bucal. El objetivo es verificar las reacciones adversas en la cavidad oral relacionadas con los medicamentos, a fin de que sean diagnosticadas correctamente y se ejecuten acciones que las reduzcan o eliminen. La metodología de esta revisión se buscaron artículos originales que informaron estas reacciones en las personas mayores, en inglés, portugués y español, publicados desde 2000 hasta 2018, si el uso de términos relacionados con el tema, publicados en línea en las bases de datos CAPES periódicas. Los artículos fueron seleccionados después de leer sus títulos y resúmenes efectuando, a continuación, lectura completa de los mismos. Los resultados muestran que, entre los 12 artículos seleccionados, tuvimos: 6 (50%) sobre xerostomía; 2 (17%) con ulceraciones orales consecuentes al nicorandil; 2 (17%) con osteonecrosis de la mandíbula (bifosfonato y bevacizumab, uno en cada uno); y 1 (8,3%) con ageusia (asociada a romidepsin); y 1 (8,3%) con candidiasis (asociada a corticoides inhalados). Se concluyó que el anciano requiere atención redoblada durante las consultas médicas y procedimientos odontológicos, en razón de la asociación de diferentes enfermedades crónicas y el uso continuo de diversas medicaciones. Hay necesidad de mayor número de publicaciones enfocando este tema en este grupo de edad, principalmente en aquellos individuos más longevos.

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