RESUMO
This work presents new findings on the nutritional quality of recently introduced biofortified and non-biofortified cowpea cultivars as well as some common beans. ICP-MS was used for the measurements. Biofortified cowpea cultivars showed high levels of Fe and Zn, greater than 60 and 40 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively. The in vitro digestion protocol enabled simultaneous evaluation of bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Fe levels in cowpea cultivars were ca. 2.5-fold higher than in common beans. Cowpea seeds also had higher Zn levels, reaching 50.1% bioaccessibility and 44.2% bioavailability. Cooking improved the availability of micronutrients in bean seeds. The cooked biofortified Aracê cowpea showed a high Zn bioavailability above 60%. Consumption of 50 g of Aracê would contribute 27% and 48% of the Fe and Zn DRI for 1-3-year-old children. The new cowpea cultivars biofortified are a potential vehicle for improving the Fe and Zn status in groups in which the micronutrient deficiency is prevalent.
Assuntos
Ferro/farmacocinética , Sementes/química , Vigna/química , Zinco/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Pré-Escolar , Culinária , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
The present study analyzed the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus and its food sources for metal and fatty acid concentrations in order to determine spatial and temporal differences. Metals such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in gills and iron (Fe) and Zn in sediments were the most significant explaining factors for spatial differentiations (degree of contamination), while for fatty acids, it was C14:0, C15:0, C16:0 and C18:0 in A. purpuratus' muscle and in its food sources, which explained more temporal differences (El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect). Gills, digestive gland and intestine were the tissues where metal accumulation was the highest in A. purpuratus. Cd in digestive gland was always high, up to â¼250-fold higher than in other tissues, as previously reported in other bioindicator species for metal pollution. Fatty acids were good biomarkers when annual comparisons were performed, while metals when locations were compared. ENSO 2017 played an important role to disentangle A. purpuratus' biological conditions and food sources. A. purpuratus from Paracas locations mostly showed higher metal concentrations in gills and digestive glands, and lower fatty acid concentrations in muscle than those from Sechura and Illescas Reserved Zone.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Pectinidae/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Aquicultura , Cobre/análise , Cobre/farmacocinética , Biomarcadores Ambientais , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Brânquias/química , Ferro/análise , Ferro/farmacocinética , Manganês/análise , Manganês/farmacocinética , Músculos/química , Pectinidae/metabolismo , Peru , Frutos do Mar/análise , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Distribuição Tecidual , Zinco/análise , Zinco/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The Caco-2 cell line is derived from a human colon adenocarcinoma and is generally used in toxicity assays. The ingestion of soil or dust is a significant route of human exposure to potential harmful elements (PHE), and assays of bioaccessibility or bioavailability can be used to measure the potential hazard posed by exposure to toxic substances. The in vitro digestion (UBM method) and Caco-2 cell model were used to investigate the bioaccessibility and absorption by intestinal cells of the PHE in four matrices (two urban soils and two soils with lead (Pb)-mining tailings) along with the guidance material for bioaccessibility measurements, BGS 102. The gastrointestinal (GI) compartment was simulated, and the resulting material added to Caco-2 cells. In the GI, the average bioaccessibility was 24% for cadmium (Cd), 17% for copper (Cu), 0.2% for Pb, 44% for manganese (Mn) and 6% for zinc (Zn). The poor reproducibility was attributed to the pH (6.3) and the highly complex GI fluid that formed PHE precipitates and complexes. In 2 h, Caco-2 cells absorbed 0.2 ng mg-1 of cellular protein for Cd, 13.4 ng mg-1 for Cu, 5 ng mg-1 for Mn and 31.7 µg mg-1 for Zn. Lead absorption was lower than the limit of quantification (< 2 µg L-1). Cd was presented in the cell monolayer and could interfere in the intracellular accumulation of Cu, Mn and Zn. The use of in vitro assays allowed for an estimation of the absorption of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn from environmental matrices to be made, and except for Mn, it had a positive correlation with bioaccessible concentration, suggesting a common association of these elements in the cellular environment.
Assuntos
Cádmio/farmacocinética , Cobre/farmacocinética , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Manganês/farmacocinética , Zinco/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Brasil , Células CACO-2 , Cidades , Digestão , Poeira , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Mineração , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/farmacocinética , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
Monomeric zinc phthalocyanine has been studied as a promising active photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy against cancer, in which its aggregate form is non-active. This paper aimed to describe the monomer/aggregates equilibrium of zinc phthalocyanine in binary water/DMSO mixtures. To reach this aim theoretical calculation, electronic absorption, static and time-resolved fluorescence, and resonance light scattering was used. Zinc phthalocyanine shows a complex water dependence behavior in the mixture. At least three distinct steps were observed: (i) until 30% water zinc phthalocyanine is essentially in the monomeric form, changing to (ii) small slipped cofacial-aggregates around 30% to 40% water and finally to (iii) a staircase arrangement of large aggregates at higher water percent. The staircase arrangement is driven by the intermolecular coordination between the pyrrolic nitrogen lone-pairs and the central metal zinc. The water-Zn coordination governs the fluorescence quenching by a static mechanism. These results have direct relevance in the better understanding on the behavior of zinc phthalocyanine in vivo and when incorporated in drug delivery systems for clinical applications in photodynamic therapy.
Assuntos
Complexos de Coordenação/química , Indóis/química , Modelos Moleculares , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Zinco/química , Complexos de Coordenação/farmacocinética , Complexos de Coordenação/farmacologia , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Indóis/farmacocinética , Indóis/farmacologia , Isoindóis , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacocinética , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Zinco/farmacocinética , Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
Biofortification aims to improve the micronutrient concentration of staple food crops through the best practices of breeding and modern biotechnology. However, increased zinc and iron concentrations in food crops may not always translate into proportional increases in absorbed zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Therefore, assessing iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified crops is imperative to evaluate the efficacy of breeding programs. This review aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness. In vitro, animal and isotopic human studies have shown high iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified staple food crops. Human studies provide direct knowledge regarding the effectiveness of biofortification, however, human studies are time consuming and are more expensive than in vitro and animal studies. Moreover, in vitro studies may be a useful preliminary screening method to identify promising plant cultivars, however, these studies cannot provide data that are directly applicable to humans. None of these methods provides complete information regarding mineral bioavailability, thus, a combination of these methods should be the most appropriate strategy to investigate the effectiveness of zinc and iron biofortification programs.
Assuntos
Biofortificação , Alimentos Fortificados , Ferro/farmacocinética , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Zinco/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , HumanosRESUMO
Acidification by oxidation of elemental sulfur (ES) can solubilize ZnO, providing slow release of both sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn) in soil. For this study, a new granular fertilizer with ES and ZnO was produced and evaluated. The effect of incorporating microorganisms or a carbon source in the granule was also evaluated. Four granulated ES-Zn fertilizers with and without S-oxidizing microorganisms, a commercial ES pastille, ZnSO4, and ZnO were applied to the center of Petri dishes containing two contrasting pH soils. Soil pH, CaCl2-extractable S and Zn, and remaining ES were evaluated at 30 and 60 days in two soil sections (0-5 and 5-9 mm from the fertilizer application site). A visualization test was performed to evaluate Zn diffusion over time. A significant pH decrease was observed in the acidic soil for all ES-Zn fertilizer treatments and in the alkaline soil for the Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans-inoculated treatment only. In agreement with Zn visualization tests, extractable-Zn concentrations were higher from the point of application in the acidic (62.9 mg dm-3) compared to the alkaline soil (5.5 mg dm-3). Elemental S oxidation was greater in the acidic soil (20.9%) than slightly alkaline soil (12%). The ES-Zn granular fertilizers increased S and Zn concentrations in soil and can provide a strategically slow release of nutrients to the soil.
Assuntos
Fertilizantes , Enxofre/farmacocinética , Zinco/farmacocinética , Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans/metabolismo , Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Difusão , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Oxirredução , Solo/química , Microbiologia do Solo , Enxofre/metabolismo , Óxido de Zinco/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Biofortified beans have been produced with higher nutrient concentrations. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo iron and zinc bioavailability of common beans Pontal (PO), targeted for biofortification, compared with conventional Perola (PE) and their effects on the iron and zinc nutritional status of preschool children. RESULTS: In Caco-2 cells, PO and PE beans did not show differences in ferritin (PO, 13.1 ± 1.4; PE, 13.6 ± 1.4 ng mg(-1) protein) or zinc uptake (PO, 15.9 ± 1.5; PE, 15.5 ± 3.5 µmol mg(-1) protein). In the rat, PO and PE beans presented high iron bioavailability (PO, 109.6 ± 29.5; PE, 110.7 ± 13.9%). In preschool children, no changes were observed in iron and zinc nutritional status comparing before and after PO consumption (ferritin, 41.2 ± 23.2 and 28.9 ± 40.4 µg L(-1) ; hemoglobin, 13.7 ± 2.2 and 13.1 ± 3.2 g dL(-1) ; plasma zinc, 119.2 ± 24.5 and 133.9 ± 57.7 µg dL(-1) ; erythrocyte zinc, 53.5 ± 13.8 and 59.4 ± 17.1 µg g(-1) hemoglobin). CONCLUSION: Iron and zinc bioavailability in PO and PE beans was not statistically different using either cell culture, animal or human models. Efforts should focus on increasing mineral bioavailability of beans targeted for biofortification.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Alimentos Fortificados , Ferro/farmacocinética , Estado Nutricional , Phaseolus/química , Zinco/farmacocinética , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Eritrócitos/química , Ferritinas/sangue , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of babassu mesocarp in the absence and presence of milk and lignin was performed to evaluate the bioaccessibility of Cu, Fe, and Zn. Extractions using NaOH solutions (pH 7 and 12) were carried out to evaluate the interactions of Cu(II), Fe(III), and Zn(II) with the extracted compounds and with the washed mesocarp. Studies using reference solutions showed a decrease in the free concentration of the elements in the presence of mesocarp. Phytate, a component present in the mesocarp, can be the main compound responsible for the elements' interactions with mesocarp. Lignin increases the elements' soluble fractions; however, the elements' concentrations in the dialyzed fractions, representing the bioaccessible portion, were very low. On the other hand, Cu, Fe, and Zn bioaccessibility in milk was not influenced by the mesocarp.
Assuntos
Arecaceae/metabolismo , Cobre/farmacocinética , Digestão , Ferro/farmacocinética , Sementes/metabolismo , Zinco/farmacocinética , Animais , Arecaceae/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cobre/análise , Humanos , Ferro/análise , Lignanas/farmacologia , Leite/química , Sementes/química , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
Heavy metals in soil are naturally occurring but may be enhanced by anthropogenic activities such as mining. Bio-accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain, following their uptake to plants can increase the ecotoxicological risks associated with remediation of contaminated soils using plants. In the current experiment sugar cane straw-derived biochar (BC), produced at 700 °C, was applied to a heavy metal contaminated mine soil at 1.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% (w/w). Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and Mucuna aterrima were grown in pots containing soil and biochar mixtures, and control pots without biochar. Pore water was sampled from each pot to confirm the effects of biochar on metal solubility, whilst soils were analyzed by DTPA extraction to confirm available metal concentrations. Leaves were sampled for SEM analysis to detect possible morphological and anatomical changes. The application of BC decreased the available concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in 56, 50 and 54% respectively, in the mine contaminated soil leading to a consistent reduction in the concentration of Zn in the pore water (1st collect: 99 to 39 µg L(-1), 2nd: 97 to 57 µg L(-1) and 3rd: 71 to 12 µg L(-1)). The application of BC reduced the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by plants with the jack bean translocating high proportions of metals (especially Cd) to shoots. Metals were also taken up by Mucuna aterrima but translocation to shoot was more limited than for jack bean. There were no differences in the internal structures of leaves observed by scanning electron microscopy. This study indicates that biochar application during mine soil remediation reduce plant concentrations of potential toxic metals.
Assuntos
Cádmio/farmacocinética , Carvão Vegetal , Chumbo/farmacocinética , Poluentes do Solo/farmacocinética , Zinco/farmacocinética , Brasil , Cádmio/análise , Canavalia/efeitos dos fármacos , Canavalia/metabolismo , Carvão Vegetal/farmacologia , Chumbo/análise , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Mineração , Mucuna/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucuna/metabolismo , Fósforo/farmacocinética , Folhas de Planta/química , Potássio/farmacocinética , Solo/química , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey documented a prevalence of zinc deficiency of almost 30% in children under 2 years of age. OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for quantifying dietary bioavailable zinc intake in 2-year-old Mexican children accounting for phytic acid intake and using serum zinc as a reference. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was nested within a longitudinal birth cohort of 333 young children in Mexico City. Nonfasting serum zinc concentration was measured and dietary zinc intake was calculated on the basis of a semiquantitative FFQ administered to their mothers. The relationship between dietary zinc intake and serum zinc was assessed using linear regression, adjusting for phytic acid intake, and analyzed according to two distinct international criteria to estimate bioavailable zinc. Models were stratified by zinc deficiency status. RESULTS: Dietary zinc, adjusted for phytic acid intake, explained the greatest proportion of the variance of serum zinc. For each milligram of dietary zinc intake, serum zinc increased on average by 0.95 µg/dL (0.15 µmol/L) (p = .06). When stratified by zinc status, this increase was 0.74 µg/dL (p = .12) for each milligram of zinc consumed among children with adequate serum zinc (n = 276), whereas among those children with zinc deficiency (n = 57), serum zinc increased by only 0.11 µg/dL (p = .82). CONCLUSIONS: A semiquantitative FFQ can be used for predicting serum zinc in relation to dietary intake in young children, particularly among those who are zinc-replete, and when phytic acid or phytate intake is considered. Future studies should be conducted accounting for both zinc status and dietary zinc inhibitors to further elucidate and validate these findings.