RESUMO
Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. In humans, it causes acute febrile illnesses like influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, and chronic illnesses such as endocarditis, vascular infection, and post-infectious fatigue syndrome. It is widely distributed worldwide, and its main reservoirs are sheep, goats, and cattle. This study aimed to determine the frequency of C. burnetii infection using molecular detection and to identify the associated factors in livestock farmers and cattle from the Magdalena Medio region of Antioquia, Colombia. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), molecular detection was performed for the IS1111 insertion sequence of C. burnetii using genomic DNA collected from the peripheral blood of 143 livestock farmers and 192 cattle from 24 farms located in Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare, and Puerto Triunfo. To confirm the results, bidirectional amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA was performed in four of the positive samples. Additionally, factors associated with C. burnetii were identified using a Poisson regression with cluster effect adjustment. Real-time PCR showed positive results in 25.9% and 19.5% of livestock farmer samples and cattle samples, respectively. For livestock farmers, factors associated with C. burnetii were the area where the farm was located [Puerto Berrío, adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-4.11], presence of hens (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.21-1.79), horses (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.54-1.67), and ticks (aPR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.03-5.42) in the residence, and consumption of raw milk (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.26-1.72). For cattle, the factors associated with Coxiella genus were municipality (Puerto Nare; aPR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.37-0.41) and time of residence on the farm (≥49 months; aPR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03-5.20). By analyzing sequences of the 16S rRNA molecular marker, C. burnetii infection was confirmed in livestock farmers. However, in cattle, only the presence of Coxiella-type bacteria was identified. Further research is necessary to determine the potential role that these types of bacteria have as etiological agents for disease in livestock farmers and cattle from the study area.
Assuntos
Coxiella burnetii/genética , Coxiella burnetii/isolamento & purificação , Febre Q/diagnóstico , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Coxiella burnetii/patogenicidade , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Fazendeiros , Feminino , Humanos , Gado/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Febre Q/sangue , Febre Q/epidemiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is considered a neglected zoonosis associated with infrastructure problems and low socioeconomic status, particularly slums. Since the disease is mainly transmitted in urban settings by rat urine, this risk factor may be important predictor tool for prompt control and effective prevention at the local level in urban endemic areas. Accordingly, the present study aimed to propose an early spatial predictor tool for human leptospirosis in urban settings, to test the methodology of molecular methods for assessing Leptospira spp. in trapped rats, and report associated environmental data. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Official city records and previous study were used to select risk factors for human leptospirosis in an endemic neighborhood of Curitiba, Brazil. Neighborhood census sectors were divided in high- and low-risk areas using 12 selected factors: flood area, water supply, water course, green coverage, afforestation, sewage network, open sewage, open garbage, garbage collection, dumpster, pavement, and rodent complaints. In addition, rats were captured in pre-determined sites from January through March 2017, euthanized, and individual kidneys samples sent for molecular diagnosis. Human cases were obtained from official city records. In total, 95/112 (84.8%) census sectors were classified as low-risk to human leptospirosis. No significant statistical differences were found in human case frequencies between high and low-risk areas. Kidney samples from 17/25 (68.0%) trapped rats were positive for Leptospira spp. The main risk factors associated with rodent presence included inadequate water supply (p = 0.04), sanitary sewage (p = 0.04), unpaved streets (p = 0.04), and complaint of rodents (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study offers a new approach to score leptospirosis transmission risk, and to compare small areas and their heterogeneity in the same census sector of endemic areas. Environmental risk factors for Leptospira spp. transmission within the neighborhood were mainly due to differences in infrastructure and basic services. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study using Leptospira spp. in rats as predictor for human disease in an urban setting of a major city. Although the number of rats trapped was low, this methodology may be used as basis for early and effective interventions, focused on high risk areas for leptospirosis prior to human cases, and potentially reducing morbidity and mortality in low-income areas of urban settings.
Assuntos
Leptospira/genética , Leptospirose , Patologia Molecular , Áreas de Pobreza , Zoonoses , Animais , Brasil , Cidades , Humanos , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/genética , Ratos , Fatores de Risco , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/genéticaRESUMO
A majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are zoonoses. Understanding factors that influence the emergence and transmission of zoonoses is pivotal for their prevention and control. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens known today. Whereas only a few genotypes of T. gondii dominate in the Northern Hemisphere, many genotypes coexist in South America. Furthermore, T. gondii strains from South America are more likely to be virulent than those from the Northern Hemisphere. However, it is not clear what factor(s) shaped modern-day genetic diversity and virulence of T. gondii Here, our analysis suggests that the rise and expansion of farming in the past 11,000 years established the domestic cat/mouse transmission cycle for T. gondii, which has undoubtedly played a significant role in the selection of certain linages of T. gondii Our mathematical simulations showed that within the domestic transmission cycle, intermediately mouse-virulent T. gondii genotypes have an adaptive advantage and eventually become dominant due to a balance between lower host mortality and the ability to superinfect mice previously infected with a less virulent T. gondii strain. Our analysis of the global type II lineage of T. gondii suggests its Old World origin but recent expansion in North America, which is likely the consequence of global human migration and trading. These results have significant implications concerning transmission and evolution of zoonotic pathogens in the rapidly expanding anthropized environment demanded by rapid growth of the human population and intensive international trading at present and in the future.
Assuntos
Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose/genética , Toxoplasmose/transmissão , Zoonoses/genética , Zoonoses/transmissão , Animais , Gatos , Migração Humana , Humanos , Camundongos , América do Sul , Toxoplasmose/mortalidade , Zoonoses/mortalidadeRESUMO
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis with important economic and public health consequences and is caused by pathogenic leptospires. The genus Leptospira belongs to the order Spirochaetales and comprises saprophytic (L. biflexa), pathogenic (L. interrogans) and host-dependent (L. borgpetersenii) members. Here, we present an in silico search for DNA repair pathways in Leptospira spp. The relevance of such DNA repair pathways was assessed through the identification of mRNA levels of some genes during infection in animal model and after exposition to spleen cells. The search was performed by comparison of available Leptospira spp. genomes in public databases with known DNA repair-related genes. Leptospires exhibit some distinct and unexpected characteristics, for instance the existence of a redundant mechanism for repairing a chemically diverse spectrum of alkylated nucleobases, a new mutS-like gene and a new shorter version of uvrD. Leptospira spp. shares some characteristics from Gram-positive, as the presence of PcrA, two RecQ paralogs and two SSB proteins; the latter is considered a feature shared by naturally competent bacteria. We did not find a significant reduction in the number of DNA repair-related genes in both pathogenic and host-dependent species. Pathogenic leptospires were enriched for genes dedicated to base excision repair and non-homologous end joining. Their evolutionary history reveals a remarkable importance of lateral gene transfer events for the evolution of the genus. Up-regulation of specific DNA repair genes, including components of SOS regulon, during infection in animal model validates the critical role of DNA repair mechanisms for the complex interplay between host/pathogen.
Assuntos
Reparo do DNA/genética , Leptospira/genética , Leptospirose/genética , Animais , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Genoma Bacteriano , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Leptospirose/microbiologia , Mesocricetus , Modelos Animais , Filogenia , Zoonoses/genética , Zoonoses/microbiologiaRESUMO
A Ehrlichia é uma bactéria gram-negativa pleomórfica, intracelular obrigatória de células hematopoiéticas maduras ou imaturas, especialmente do sistema fagocitário mononuclear, tais como monócitos e macrófagos. A erliquiose canina ocorre principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, devido a maior distribuição de seu principal vetor, o Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A doença ocorre em três fases, a aguda, a subclínica e a fase crônica, caracterizadas principalmente pela trombocitopenia. O tratamento é feito com tetraciclinas e seus derivados, principalmente a doxiciclina, tetraciclina, oxitetraciclina e minociclina. Estudos da doença são importantes, visto que a erliquiose canina pode ser patogênica para seres humanos, sendo os organismos causadores de erliquiose humana virtualmente indistinguíveis das espécies que acometem os animais, com homologia de 98,2% e mortalidade de 5% dos pacientes humanos com erliquiose monocítica.(AU)
The Ehrlichia is a gram-negative pleomorphic obligatory intracellular mature or immature hematopoietic cells, especially of the mononuclear phagocyte system, such as monocytes and macrophages. Canine's ehrtichiosis occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, due to greater distribution of its main vector, the Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease occurs in three phases, the acute, the subclinical and chronic phase, mainly characterized by thrombocytopenia. Treatment is with tetracyclines and their derivatives, especially doxycycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline. Studies of the disease is important, since the canine ehrlichiosis may be pathogenic for humans, causing organisms and human ehrlichiosis virtually indistinguishable species that affect animals, homology of 98.2% and 5% mortality of human patients with monocytic ehrlichiosis.(AU)
La Ehrlichia es una bacteria gram-negativa pleomórfica, intracelular obligatoria de células hematopoyéticas maduras o inmaduras, especialmente del sistema fagocitário mononuclear, tales como monocitos y macrófagos. La erliquiosis canina ocurre principalmente en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, debido a la mayor distribución de su principal vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. La enfermedad se desarrolla en tres fases: aguda, subclínica y crónica,caracterizadas principalmente por una trombocitopenia. El tratamiento se realiza con tetraciclinas e sus derivados,principalmente la doxiciclina, tetraciclina, oxitetraciclina y minociclina. Estudios de la enfermedad son muy importantes,puesto que la erliquiosis canina puede ser patógena para seres humanos, siendo los organismos causadores de la erliquiosis humana virtualmente indistinguibles de las especies que acometen los animales, con homología de 98,2% y mortalidad del 5% de los pacientes humanos con erliquiosis monocítica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ehrlichiose/transmissão , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Ehrlichia canis , Trombocitopenia/veterinária , Zoonoses/genética , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
A Ehrlichia é uma bactéria gram-negativa pleomórfica, intracelular obrigatória de células hematopoiéticas maduras ou imaturas, especialmente do sistema fagocitário mononuclear, tais como monócitos e macrófagos. A erliquiose canina ocorre principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, devido a maior distribuição de seu principal vetor, o Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A doença ocorre em três fases, a aguda, a subclínica e a fase crônica, caracterizadas principalmente pela trombocitopenia. O tratamento é feito com tetraciclinas e seus derivados, principalmente a doxiciclina, tetraciclina, oxitetraciclina e minociclina. Estudos da doença são importantes, visto que a erliquiose canina pode ser patogênica para seres humanos, sendo os organismos causadores de erliquiose humana virtualmente indistinguíveis das espécies que acometem os animais, com homologia de 98,2% e mortalidade de 5% dos pacientes humanos com erliquiose monocítica.
The Ehrlichia is a gram-negative pleomorphic obligatory intracellular mature or immature hematopoietic cells, especially of the mononuclear phagocyte system, such as monocytes and macrophages. Canine's ehrtichiosis occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, due to greater distribution of its main vector, the Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The disease occurs in three phases, the acute, the subclinical and chronic phase, mainly characterized by thrombocytopenia. Treatment is with tetracyclines and their derivatives, especially doxycycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and minocycline. Studies of the disease is important, since the canine ehrlichiosis may be pathogenic for humans, causing organisms and human ehrlichiosis virtually indistinguishable species that affect animals, homology of 98.2% and 5% mortality of human patients with monocytic ehrlichiosis.
La Ehrlichia es una bacteria gram-negativa pleomórfica, intracelular obligatoria de células hematopoyéticas maduras o inmaduras, especialmente del sistema fagocitário mononuclear, tales como monocitos y macrófagos. La erliquiosis canina ocurre principalmente en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, debido a la mayor distribución de su principal vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. La enfermedad se desarrolla en tres fases: aguda, subclínica y crónica,caracterizadas principalmente por una trombocitopenia. El tratamiento se realiza con tetraciclinas e sus derivados,principalmente la doxiciclina, tetraciclina, oxitetraciclina y minociclina. Estudios de la enfermedad son muy importantes,puesto que la erliquiosis canina puede ser patógena para seres humanos, siendo los organismos causadores de la erliquiosis humana virtualmente indistinguibles de las especies que acometen los animales, con homología de 98,2% y mortalidad del 5% de los pacientes humanos con erliquiosis monocítica.
Assuntos
Animais , Ehrlichia canis , Ehrlichiose/transmissão , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Trombocitopenia/veterinária , Zoonoses/genética , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Species identification through DNA barcoding is a tool to be added to taxonomic procedures, once it has been validated. Applying barcoding techniques in public health would aid in the identification and correct delimitation of the distribution of rodents from the subfamily Sigmodontinae. These rodents are reservoirs of etiological agents of zoonoses including arenaviruses, hantaviruses, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. In this study we compared distance-based and probabilistic phylogenetic inference methods to evaluate the performance of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in sigmodontine identification. A total of 130 sequences from 21 field-trapped species (13 genera), mainly from southern Brazil, were generated and analyzed, together with 58 GenBank sequences (24 species; 10 genera). Preliminary analysis revealed a 9.5% rate of misidentifications in the field, mainly of juveniles, which were reclassified after examination of external morphological characters and chromosome numbers. Distance and model-based methods of tree reconstruction retrieved similar topologies and monophyly for most species. Kernel density estimation of the distance distribution showed a clear barcoding gap with overlapping of intraspecific and interspecific densities < 1% and 21 species with mean intraspecific distance < 2%. Five species that are reservoirs of hantaviruses could be identified through DNA barcodes. Additionally, we provide information for the description of a putative new species, as well as the first COI sequence of the recently described genus Drymoreomys. The data also indicated an expansion of the distribution of Calomys tener. We emphasize that DNA barcoding should be used in combination with other taxonomic and systematic procedures in an integrative framework and based on properly identified museum collections, to improve identification procedures, especially in epidemiological surveillance and ecological assessments.