RESUMO
Microbial ß-galactosidases (EC 3.1.2.23) have applications in the production of galacto-oligosaccharides, which are established prebiotic food ingredients. The ß-galactosidase from Bacillus subtilis (YesZ) was expressed as a heterologous protein in Escherichia coli, and presented an optimum activity at pHâ¯6.5 and 40⯰C. The catalytic constants Km and Vmax of the enzyme were 8.26â¯mM and 1.42⯵mol·min-1·mg-1 against pNP-ß-d-galactopyranoside, respectively. Structural characterization revealed that YesZ is a homotrimer in solution, and homology modeling suggested that the YesZ conserves a Cys cluster zinc binding site. Flame photometry experiments confirmed the presence of bound zinc in the recombinant enzyme, and YesZ activity was inhibited by 1â¯mM zinc, copper and silver ions. Transgalactosylation activity of YesZ was observed with the synthetic substrate p-NP-ßGal in the presence of a d-xylose acceptor, producing a ß-d-galactopyranosyl-(1â¯ââ¯4)-d-xylopyranose disaccharide. Analysis of this disaccharide by MALDI-ToF-MS/MS suggested a ß-1,4 glycosidic linkage between a non-reducing galactose residue and the xylose. The ß-galactosidase YesZ from B. subtilis is a candidate for enzymatic synthesis showing favorable thermostability (with residual activity of 50% after incubation at 30⯰C for 25â¯h) and transgalactosylation activity.
Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Dissacarídeos/síntese química , Multimerização Proteica , beta-Galactosidase/química , Bacillus subtilis/genética , Dissacarídeos/química , Estabilidade Enzimática , Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , beta-Galactosidase/biossíntese , beta-Galactosidase/genéticaRESUMO
Oligosaccharides are polymers with two to ten monosaccharide residues which have sweetener functions and sensory characteristics, in addition to exerting physiological effects on human health. The ones called nondigestible exhibit a prebiotic behavior being fermented by colonic microflora or stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria, playing roles in the immune system, protecting against cancer, and preventing cardiovascular and metabolic issues. The global prebiotics market is expected to grow around 12.7% in the next 8 years, so manufacturers are developing new alternatives to obtain sustainable and efficient processes for application on a large scale. Most studied examples of biotechnological processes involve the development of new strategies for fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, and mannanooligosaccharide synthesis. Among these, the use of whole cells in fermentation, synthesis of microbial enzymes (ß-fructofuranosidases, ß-galactosidases, xylanases, and ß-mannanases), and enzymatic process development (permeabilization, immobilization, gene expression) can be highlighted, especially if the production costs are reduced by the use of agro-industrial residues or by-products such as molasses, milk whey, cotton stalks, corncobs, wheat straw, poplar wood, sugarcane bagasse, and copra meal. This review comprises recent studies to demonstrate the potential for biotechnological production of oligosaccharides, and also aspects that need more investigation for future applications in a large scale.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/métodos , Indústria Alimentícia , Oligossacarídeos/genética , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Prebióticos , Biotecnologia/economia , Colo/microbiologia , Laticínios , Fermentação , Glucuronatos/biossíntese , Glucuronatos/metabolismo , Humanos , Oligossacarídeos/biossíntese , Oligossacarídeos/economia , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase/biossíntese , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismo , beta-Manosidase/biossíntese , beta-Manosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to select autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with probiotic and functional properties from goat dairies and test their addition to artisanal cheese for the inhibition of Salmonella typhi. In vitro tests, including survival in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), auto- and co-aggregation, the hemolytic test, DNase activity, antimicrobial susceptibility, antibacterial activity, tolerance to NaCl and exopolysaccharide (EPS), gas and diacetyl production were conducted for sixty isolates. Based on these tests, four LAB isolates (UNIVASF CAP 16, 45, 84 and 279) were selected and identified. Additional tests, such as production of lactic and citric acids by UNIVASF CAP isolates were performed in addition to assays of bile salt hydrolase (BSH), ß-galactosidase and decarboxylase activity. The four selected LAB produced high lactic acid (>17 g/L) and low citric acid (0.2 g/L) concentrations. All selected strains showed BSH and ß-galactosidase activity and none showed decarboxylase activity. Three goat cheeses (1, 2 and control) were produced and evaluated for the inhibitory action of selected LAB against Salmonella typhi. The cheese inoculated with LAB (cheese 2) decreased 0.38 log10 CFU/g of S. Typhy population while in the cheese without LAB inoculation (cheese 1) the pathogen population increased by 0.29 log units. Further, the pH value increased linearly over time, by 0.004 units per day in cheese 1. In the cheese 2, the pH value decreased linearly over time, by 0.066 units per day. The cocktail containing selected Lactobacillus strains with potential probiotic and technological properties showed antibacterial activity against S. typhi in vitro and in artisanal goat cheese. Thus, goat milk is important source of potential probiotic LAB which may be used to inhibit the growth of Salmonella population in cheese goat, contributing to safety and functional value of the product.
Assuntos
Antibiose , Queijo/microbiologia , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/fisiologia , Levilactobacillus brevis/fisiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Salmonella typhi/fisiologia , Amidoidrolases/biossíntese , Animais , Ácido Cítrico/metabolismo , Indústria de Laticínios , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Cabras , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ácido Láctico/biossíntese , Lactobacillaceae/classificação , Lactobacillaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactobacillaceae/isolamento & purificação , Lactobacillaceae/fisiologia , Levilactobacillus brevis/isolamento & purificação , Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/isolamento & purificação , Probióticos/isolamento & purificação , Probióticos/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase/biossínteseRESUMO
The mutant Penicillium chrysogenum strain dogR5, derived from strain AS-P-78, does not respond to glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and ß-galactosidase, and is partially deficient in D-glucose phosphorilating activity. We have transformed strain dogR5 with the (hexokinase) hxk2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformants recovered glucose control of penicillin biosynthesis in different degrees, and acquired a hexokinase (fructose phosphorylating) activity absent in strains AS- P-78 and dogR5. Interestingly, they also recovered glucose regulation of ß-galactosidase. On the other hand, glucokinase activity was affected in different ways in the transformants; one of which showed a lower activity than the parental dogR5, but normal glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis. Our results show that Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78 and dogR5 strains lack hexokinase, and suggest that an enzyme with glucokinase activity is involved in glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and ß-galactosidase, thus signaling glucose in both primary and secondary metabolism; however, catalytic and signaling activities seem to be independent.
Assuntos
Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Penicilinas/biossíntese , Penicillium chrysogenum/genética , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Transformação Genética , beta-Galactosidase/biossínteseRESUMO
The mutant Penicillium chrysogenum strain dogR5, derived from strain AS-P-78, does not respond to glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, and is partially deficient in D-glucose phosphorilating activity. We have transformed strain dogR5 with the (hexokinase) hxk2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformants recovered glucose control of penicillin biosynthesis in different degrees, and acquired a hexokinase (fructose phosphorylating) activity absent in strains AS- P-78 and dogR5. Interestingly, they also recovered glucose regulation of β-galactosidase. On the other hand, glucokinase activity was affected in different ways in the transformants; one of which showed a lower activity than the parental dogR5, but normal glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis. Our results show that Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78 and dogR5 strains lack hexokinase, and suggest that an enzyme with glucokinase activity is involved in glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, thus signaling glucose in both primary and secondary metabolism; however, catalytic and signaling activities seem to be independent.
Assuntos
Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Penicilinas/biossíntese , Penicillium chrysogenum/genética , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Transformação Genética , beta-Galactosidase/biossínteseRESUMO
The mutant Penicillium chrysogenum strain dogR5, derived from strain AS-P-78, does not respond to glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, and is partially deficient in D-glucose phosphorilating activity. We have transformed strain dogR5 with the (hexokinase) hxk2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformants recovered glucose control of penicillin biosynthesis in different degrees, and acquired a hexokinase (fructose phosphorylating) activity absent in strains AS- P-78 and dogR5. Interestingly, they also recovered glucose regulation of β-galactosidase. On the other hand, glucokinase activity was affected in different ways in the transformants; one of which showed a lower activity than the parental dogR5, but normal glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis. Our results show that Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78 and dogR5 strains lack hexokinase, and suggest that an enzyme with glucokinase activity is involved in glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, thus signaling glucose in both primary and secondary metabolism; however, catalytic and signaling activities seem to be independent.
Assuntos
Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Penicilinas/biossíntese , Penicillium chrysogenum/genética , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Transformação Genética , beta-Galactosidase/biossínteseRESUMO
Objective To analyze the determinants of emergency contraception non-use among women in unplanned and ambivalent pregnancies. Method Cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 366 pregnant women from 12 primary health care units in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. A multinomial logistic regression was performed, comparing three groups: women who used emergency contraception to prevent ongoing pregnancies (reference); women who made no use of emergency contraception, but used other contraceptive methods; and women who made no use of any contraceptive methods at all. Results Cohabitation with a partner was the common determinant of emergency contraception non-use. No pregnancy risk awareness, ambivalent pregnancies and no previous use of emergency contraception also contributed to emergency contraception non-use. Conclusion Apart from what is pointed out in the literature, knowledge of emergency contraception and the fertile period were not associated to its use. .
Objetivo Analizar los determinantes del no uso de la anticoncepción de emergencia entre las mujeres con embarazo no planeado o ambivalente. Método Estudio transversal en una muestra probabilística de 366 mujeres embarazadas de 12 Unidades Básicas de Salud de São Paulo. Mediante regresión logística multinomial, se comparó tres grupos de mujeres: aquellas que usaron la anticoncepción de emergencia para prevenir el embarazo en curso (referencia), aquellas que usaron algún método anticonceptivo, pero no la anticoncepción de emergência; y aquellas que no usaron ningún método. Resultados Los hallazgos mostraron que vivir com la pareja fue el determinante común del no uso de la anticoncepción de emergencia. No tener conciencia del riesgo de embarazo, estar en un embarazo ambivalente y nunca tener utilizado la anticoncepción de emergencia también fueron associados con su no uso para prevenir el embarazo en curso. Conclusión Contrariamente a lo que reporta la literatura, el conocimiento de la anticoncepción de emergencia y el período fértil no mostró asociación con el no uso. .
Objetivo Analisar os determinantes do não uso da anticoncepção de emergência entre mulheres com gravidez não planejada ou ambivalente. Método Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 366 gestantes de 12 Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de regressão logística multinomial, compararam-se três grupos de mulheres: as que usaram anticoncepção de emergência para prevenir a gravidez em curso (referência); as que usaram algum método contraceptivo, mas não anticoncepção de emergência; e as que não usaram nenhum método. Resultados Os achados mostraram que morar com o parceiro foi o determinante comum do não uso da anticoncepção de emergência. Não ter consciência do risco de engravidar, estar em uma gravidez ambivalente e nunca ter usado anticoncepção de emergência também foram associados ao seu não uso para prevenir a gravidez em curso. Conclusão Diferentemente do que relata a literatura, o conhecimento sobre anticoncepção de emergência e sobre o período fértil não mostrou qualquer associação ao não uso. .
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Escherichia coli/genética , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas/métodos , Técnicas do Sistema de Duplo-Híbrido , Bacteriófago lambda/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/biossíntese , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/genética , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/fisiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/biossíntese , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Genes Reporter/genética , Fosforilação , Plasmídeos/biossíntese , Plasmídeos/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , RNA Bacteriano/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/fisiologia , Proteínas Repressoras/biossíntese , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/fisiologia , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Transcrição Gênica/fisiologia , Proteínas Virais/biossíntese , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/fisiologia , Proteínas Virais Reguladoras e Acessórias , beta-Galactosidase/biossíntese , beta-Lactamases/biossínteseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: During evolution, organisms with renewable tissues have developed mechanisms to prevent tumorigenesis, including cellular senescence and apoptosis. Cellular senescence is characterized by a permanent cell cycle arrest triggered by both endogenous stress and exogenous stress. The p19INK4d, a member of the family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (INK4), plays an important role on cell cycle regulation and in the cellular DNA damage response. We hypothesize that p19INK4d is a potential factor involved in the onset and/or maintenance of the senescent state. METHODS: Senescence was confirmed by measuring the cell cycle arrest and the senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activity. Changes in p19INK4d expression and localization during senescence were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Chromatin condensation was measured by microccocal nuclease digestion and histone salt extraction. RESULTS: The data presented here show for the first time that p19INK4d expression is up-regulated by different types of senescence. Changes in senescence-associated hallmarks were driven by modulation of p19 expression indicating a direct link between p19INK4d induction and the establishment of cellular senescence. Following a senescence stimulus, p19INK4d translocates to the nucleus and tightly associates with chromatin. Moreover, reduced levels of p19INK4d impair senescence-related global genomic heterochromatinization. Analysis of p19INK4d mRNA and protein levels in tissues from differently aged mice revealed an up-regulation of p19INK4d that correlates with age. CONCLUSION: We propose that p19INK4d participates in the cellular mechanisms that trigger senescence by contributing to chromatin compaction. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides novel insights into the dynamics process of cellular senescence, a central tumor suppressive mechanism.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/genética , Senescência Celular/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p19/genética , Heterocromatina/genética , Animais , Carcinogênese , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p19/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , beta-Galactosidase/biossínteseRESUMO
Nitrogen fixation in Herbaspirillum seropedicae is transcriptionally regulated by NifA, a σ(54) transcriptional activator with three structural domains: an N-terminal GAF domain, a catalytic AAA+ domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain. NifA is only active in H. seropedicae when cultures are grown in the absence of fixed nitrogen and at low oxygen tensions. There is evidence that the inactivation of NifA in response to fixed nitrogen is mediated by the regulatory GAF domain. However, the mechanism of NifA repression by the GAF domain, as well as the transduction of nitrogen status to NifA, is not understood. In order to study the regulation of NifA activity by fixed nitrogen independently of oxygen regulation, we constructed a chimeric protein containing the GAF domain of H. seropedicae NifA fused to the AAA+ and C-terminal domains of Azotobacter vinelandii NifA. This chimeric protein (NifAQ1) lacks the cysteine motif found in oxygen sensitive NifA proteins and is not oxygen responsive in vivo. Our results demonstrate that NifAQ1 responds to fixed nitrogen and requires GlnK protein for activity, a behavior similar to H. seropedicae NifA. In addition, protein footprinting analysis indicates that this response probably involves a protein-protein contact between the GAF domain and the GlnK protein.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Herbaspirillum/metabolismo , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Genes Reporter , Cinética , Fixação de Nitrogênio , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteólise , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/química , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/isolamento & purificação , beta-Galactosidase/biossíntese , beta-Galactosidase/genéticaRESUMO
Prenatal exposure to inflammatory stimuli is known to influence adult brain function. In addition, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired by a local pro-inflammatory microenvironment. On this basis, we hypothesized that a pro-inflammatory insult during gestation would have negative effects on adult neurogenesis in the offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5mg/kg) or saline every other day from gestational day 14 to 20. The adult offspring prenatally treated with LPS showed a decrease in the proliferating cells and the newborn neurons of the dentate gyrus. Furthermore, prenatal LPS treatment impaired performance in the neurogenesis-dependent novel object recognition test. Maternal care was impaired by prenatal LPS administration but did not contribute to the effects of prenatal LPS on adult neurogenesis. Persistent microglial activation and downregulated expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFß(1)) occurred specifically in the adult hippocampus of animals treated prenatally with LPS. Importantly, chronic hippocampal TGFß(1) overexpression restored neurogenesis as well as recognition memory performance to control levels. These findings demonstrate that prenatal inflammation triggered by LPS impairs adult neurogenesis and recognition memory. Furthermore, we provide a model of reduced adult neurogenesis with long-lasting defined alterations in the neurogenic niche. Finally, we show that the expression of a single cytokine (TGFß(1)) in the hippocampus can restore adult neurogenesis and its related behavior, highlighting the role of TGFß(1) in these processes.