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Objective: To estimate the national and regional population attributable fraction (PAF) and potential number of preventable anemia cases for three nutritional risk factors (iron, red blood cell folate [RBCF], and vitamin B12 deficiencies) among women of childbearing age in Belize. Methods: A national probability-based household and micronutrient survey capturing sociodemographic and health information was conducted among 937 nonpregnant Belizean women aged 15-49 years. Blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin, ferritin, alpha-1-glycoprotein (AGP), RBCF, and vitamin B12 status. All analyses used sample weights and design variables to reflect a complex sample survey. Logistic regression was used to determine adjusted prevalence risk (aPR) ratios, which were then used to estimate national and regional PAF for anemia. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) was 21.2% (95% CI [18.7, 25.3]). The prevalence of anemia was significantly greater among women with iron deficiency (59.5%, 95% CI [48.7, 69.5]) compared to women without iron deficiency (15.2%, 95% CI [12.2, 18.3]; aPR 3.9, 95% CI [2.9, 5.1]). The three nutritional deficiencies examined contributed to 34.6% (95% CI [22.1, 47.1]) of the anemia cases. If all these nutritional deficiencies could be eliminated, then an estimated 5 953 (95% CI [3 807, 8 114]) anemia cases could be prevented. Conclusions: This study suggests that among women of child-bearing age in Belize, anemia cases might be reduced by a third if three modifiable nutritional risk factors (iron, RBCF, and vitamin B12 deficiencies) could be eliminated. Fortification is one potential strategy to improve nutritional status and reduce the burden of anemia in this population.
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[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To estimate the national and regional population attributable fraction (PAF) and potential number of preventable anemia cases for three nutritional risk factors (iron, red blood cell folate [RBCF], and vitamin B12 deficiencies) among women of childbearing age in Belize. Methods. A national probability-based household and micronutrient survey capturing sociodemographic and health information was conducted among 937 nonpregnant Belizean women aged 15–49 years. Blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin, ferritin, alpha-1-glycoprotein (AGP), RBCF, and vitamin B12 status. All analyses used sample weights and design variables to reflect a complex sample survey. Logistic regression was used to determine adjusted prevalence risk (aPR) ratios, which were then used to estimate national and regional PAF for anemia. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) was 21.2% (95% CI [18.7, 25.3]). The prevalence of anemia was significantly greater among women with iron deficiency (59.5%, 95% CI [48.7, 69.5]) compared to women without iron deficiency (15.2%, 95% CI [12.2, 18.3]; aPR 3.9, 95% CI [2.9, 5.1]). The three nutritional deficiencies examined contributed to 34.6% (95% CI [22.1, 47.1]) of the anemia cases. If all these nutritional deficiencies could be eliminated, then an estimated 5 953 (95% CI [3 807, 8 114]) anemia cases could be prevented. Conclusions. This study suggests that among women of child-bearing age in Belize, anemia cases might be reduced by a third if three modifiable nutritional risk factors (iron, RBCF, and vitamin B12 deficiencies) could be eliminated. Fortification is one potential strategy to improve nutritional status and reduce the burden of anemia in this population.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Calcular la fracción atribuible poblacional a nivel nacional y regional y el número de casos de anemia que podrían prevenirse para tres factores de riesgo nutricional (deficiencia de hierro, folato eritrocitario y vitamina B12) en las mujeres en edad reproductiva en Belice. Metodología. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta probabilística nacional sobre características de los hogares y micronutrientes en la que se recopiló información sociodemográfica y de salud de 937 mujeres beliceñas no embarazadas de entre 15 y 49 años. Se extrajeron muestras de sangre para determinar los niveles de hemoglobina, ferritina, alfa–1–glucoproteína, folato eritrocitario y vitamina B12. En todos los análisis se emplearon ponderaciones muestrales y variables calculadas para tener en cuenta que se trataba de una encuesta con una muestra compleja. Se estimaron mediante regresión logística las razones de riesgos de prevalencia ajustados, que posteriormente se utilizaron para calcular la fracción atribuible poblacional con respecto a la anemia a nivel nacional y regional. Resultados. La prevalencia global de la anemia (hemoglobina <12 g/dl) fue del 21,2% (IC del 95%: 18,7– 25,3). La prevalencia de la anemia fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres con ferropenia (59,5%, IC del 95%: 48,7–69,5) que en las que no tenían ferropenia (15,2%, IC del 95%: 12,2, 18,3); razón de riesgos de prevalencia ajustados = 3.9, IC del 95%; 2,9–5,1). Las tres deficiencias nutricionales examinadas explicaban al 34,6% (IC del 95%: 22,1–47,1) de los casos de anemia. Se estima que si pudieran eliminarse todas estas deficiencias nutricionales, se prevendrían unos 5953 (IC del 95%: 3807–8114) casos de anemia. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los casos de anemia en las mujeres en edad reproductiva de Belice podrían reducirse en un tercio si se pudieran eliminar tres factores de riesgo nutricionales modificables (deficiencias de hierro, folato eritrocitario y vitamina B12). Una posible estrategia para mejorar el estado nutricional y reducir la carga de la anemia en este grupo poblacional es en el enriquecimiento de los alimentos con suplementos.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar a fração atribuível populacional (FAP) nacional e regional e o potencial número de casos preveníveis de anemia para três fatores de risco nutricionais (deficiência de ferro, ácido fólico eritrocitário e vitamina B12) entre mulheres em idade fértil em Belize. Métodos. Realizou-se um inquérito probabilístico domiciliar nacional sobre micronutrientes, que coletou informações sociodemográficas e de saúde de 937 mulheres belizenhas não grávidas com idade entre 15 e 49 anos. Coletaram-se amostras de sangue para dosagem de hemoglobina, ferritina, alfa-1-glicoproteína (AGP), ácido fólico eritrocitário e vitamina B12. Todas as análises usaram variáveis de delineamento e ponderações amostrais para refletir um inquérito amostral complexo. Aplicou-se regressão logística para determinar razões ajustadas de risco de prevalência (RPa), que foram usadas para estimar a FAP nacional e regional para anemia. Resultados. A prevalência geral de anemia (hemoglobina <12 g/dL) foi de 21,2% (IC 95% [18,7–25,3]). A prevalência de anemia foi significativamente maior em mulheres com deficiência de ferro (59,5%, IC 95% [48,7–69,5]) que em mulheres sem deficiência de ferro (15,2%, IC 95% [12,2–18,3]); RPa 3,9, IC 95% [2,9– 5,1]). As três deficiências nutricionais analisadas contribuíram para 34,6% (IC 95% [22,1–47,1]) dos casos de anemia. Caso se eliminassem todas essas deficiências nutricionais, seria possível evitar cerca de 5.953 (IC 95% [3.807–8.114]) casos de anemia. Conclusões. Este estudo sugere que, nas mulheres belizenhas em idade fértil, os casos de anemia poderiam ser reduzidos em um terço caso fosse possível eliminar três fatores de risco nutricionais modificáveis (deficiência de ferro, ácido fólico eritrocitário e vitamina B12). A fortificação é uma possível estratégia para melhorar o estado nutricional e reduzir a carga de anemia nessa população.
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Anemia , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da Mulher , Anemia Ferropriva , Ácido Fólico , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12 , Belize , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da Mulher , Anemia Ferropriva , Ácido Fólico , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12 , Belize , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da Mulher , Anemia Ferropriva , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12RESUMO
Background: Folate deficiency, vitamin B-12 deficiency, and anemia can have adverse effects on birth outcomes. Also, low vitamin B-12 reduces the formation of metabolically active folate.Objectives: We sought to establish the baseline prevalence of and factors associated with folate deficiency and insufficiency, vitamin B-12 deficiency, and anemia among women of childbearing age (WCBA) in Belize.Methods: In 2011, a national probability-based survey was completed among Belizean nonpregnant WCBA aged 15-49 y. Blood samples for determination of hemoglobin, folate (RBC and serum), and vitamin B-12 (plasma) and sociodemographic and health information were collected from 937 women. RBC and serum folate concentrations were measured by microbiologic assay (MBA). Folate status was defined based on both the WHO-recommended radioproteinbinding assay and the assay adjusted for the MBA.Results: The national prevalence estimates for folate deficiency in WCBA, based on serum and RBC folate concentrations by using the assay-matched cutoffs, were 11.0% (95% CI: 8.6%, 14.0%) and 35.1% (95% CI: 31.3%, 39.2%), respectively. By using the assay-matched compared with the WHO-recommended cutoffs, a substantially higher prevalence of folate deficiency was observed based on serum (6.9% absolute difference) and RBC folate (28.9% absolute difference) concentrations. The prevalence for RBC folate insufficiency was 48.9% (95% CI: 44.8%, 53.1%). Prevalence estimates for vitamin B-12 deficiency and marginal deficiency and anemia were 17.2% (95% CI: 14.2%, 20.6%), 33.2% (95% CI: 29.6%, 37.1%), and 22.7% (95% CI: 19.5%, 26.2%), respectively. The adjusted geometric means of the RBC folate concentration increased significantly (P-trend < 0.001) in WCBA who had normal vitamin B-12 status relative to WCBA who were vitamin B-12 deficient.Conclusions: In Belize, the prevalence of folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies continues to be a public health concern among WCBA. Furthermore, low folate status co-occurred with low vitamin B-12 status, underlining the importance of providing adequate vitamin B-12 and folic acid intake through approaches such as mandatory food fortification.
Assuntos
Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/epidemiologia , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/epidemiologia , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Complexo Vitamínico B/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/epidemiologia , Belize/epidemiologia , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Feminino , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/sangue , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/complicações , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/complicações , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Since January 2000 the Chilean Ministry of Health has required the fortification of wheat flour with folic acid (FA) at a concentration of 2.2 mg FA/kg in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTD) in newborns. This policy was expected to result in a mean additional intake of approximately 400 microg FA/d. We assessed the effectiveness of the FA flour fortification program on bread folate content and on blood folate concentration in women of childbearing age in Santiago, Chile. The prefortification folate status of 751 healthy women of reproductive age was assessed. The folate content of 100 bread samples bought at retail bakeries was measured, average wheat flour consumption was estimated and postfortification FA dietary intake was calculated. The effect of flour fortification on blood folate concentration in this group of women (n = 605) was evaluated in a follow-up study. Blood folate concentrations of the 605 women in the follow-up group increased (P < 0.0001) following fortification. Before fortification the mean serum and red blood cell folate concentrations were 9.7 +/- 4.3 and 290 +/- 102 nmol/L, respectively, compared with 37.2 +/- 9.5 and 707 +/- 179 nmol/L postfortification, respectively. The mean FA content of bread was 2020 +/- 940 micro g/kg. The median FA intake of the group evaluated postfortification was 427 microg/d (95% CI 409-445) based on an estimated intake of 219 g/d (95% CI 201-229) of wheat flour, mainly as bread. Fortification of wheat flour substantially improved folate status in a population of women of reproductive age in Chile. The effect of the FA fortification program on the occurrence of NTD is currently being assessed.