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Fat reduction in meat products represents a technological challenge, as it affects the physicochemical and sensory properties of foods. The objective of the present investigation was to develop reduced-fat pork and chicken meatballs. In the initial stage, a survey was performed on 387 individuals, in order to determine the consumer perception of the meaning of a healthy meatball and the likelihood that they would consume such a product. In the second stage, four pork and chicken meatball formulations were developed: control meatballs (AC), meatballs with inulin (AI), meatballs with fructo-oligosaccharides (AF), and meatballs with inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (AM). In the third stage, physicochemical properties were evaluated (water activity, humidity, fat, protein, ash, weight loss, pH, color, and texture) and a sensorial profile was created with semi-trained panelists for the four meatball formulations. In the fourth stage, AI was selected as the meatball with sensorial and physicochemical characteristics most similar to AC. An analysis of nutritional characteristics and a home test (84 consumers) were performed. The present study established that the inclusion of inulin as a fat substitute in the preparation of pork and chicken meatballs, in the amount of 3.5 g of fiber/100 g of the mixture, imitates the technological properties characteristic of fat and showed acceptance by consumers.

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Esta investigación presenta una revisión sistemática de 80 estudios sobre juicio moral en la toma de decisiones morales desde las ciencias cognitivas, publicados entre 2005 y 2020, en inglés y español. Los artículos se evaluaron de acuerdo con los niveles de evidencia de la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (sign),llevando a cabo un análisis metodológico e identificando las siguientes tendencias teóricas: neurociencias cognitivas; variables de influencia biológica, psicológica y sociocultural; debate razón vs. intuición; divergencia entre juicio y comportamiento moral; y comprensión del juicio moral como proceso de evaluación. Se concluye que los estudios revisados ofrecen representatividad de evidencia en niveles explicativos, preferencia por el tipo de investigación empírico analítica, manejo asiduo de variables independientes en diseños experimentales, uso de instrumentos de dilemas morales y registro electrofisiológico, los cuales ofrecen amplias posibilidades inferenciales. Sin embargo, es necesaria mayor consistencia teórica y metodológica para evitar contradicciones que dificulten el fortalecimiento de los modelos teóricos

A systematic review of 80 studies on moral judgment in moral decision-making from the cognitive scienc-es, published between 2005 and 2020, in English and Spanish, is presented. The articles were evaluated ac-cording to the levels of evidence of the Scottish Inter-collegiate Guidelines Network (sign), carrying out a methodological analysis and identifying the following theoretical trends: findings of the cognitive neurosci-ences, the variables of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influence, the reason vs. intuition debate, the divergence between moral judgment and behavior, and the understanding of moral judgment as an evaluation process. It is concluded that the reviewed studies offer representativeness of evidence at explanatory levels; they also show a preference for analytical empirical research, assiduous independent-variable-handling in experimental designs, using moral dilemma instruments and electrophysiological recordings that offer wide in-erential possibilities. However, greater theoretical and methodological consistency is necessary to avoid contradictions that make it difficult to strengthen the theoretical models

É apresentada uma revisão sistemática de 80 estudos sobre julgamento moral na tomada de decisão moral das ciências cognitivas, publicados entre 2005 e 2020, em inglês e espanhol. Os artigos foram avaliados segun-do os níveis de evidência da Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (sign), realizando uma análise metodológica e identificando as seguintes tendências teóricas: neurociências cognitivas, variáveis de influên-cia biológica, psicológica e sociocultural, debate razão vs. intuição, divergência entre julgamento e comportamento moral e compreensão do julgamento moral como um processo de avaliação. Conclui-se que os estudos revi-sados oferecem representatividade das evidências em níveis explicativos, preferência pelo tipo de pesquisa empírica analítica, manuseio assíduo de variáveis inde-pendentes em desenhos experimentais e utilização de instrumentos de dilemas morais e registro eletrofisioló-gico que oferecem amplas possibilidades inferenciais, entretanto, é necessária maior consistência teórica e metodológica para evitar contradições que dificultam o fortalecimento de modelos teóricos

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BACKGROUND: There are several methods for the quantification of biomass in SSF, such as glucosamine measurement, ergosterol content, protein concentration, change in dry weight or evolution of CO2 production. However, all have drawbacks when obtaining accurate data on the progress of the SSF due to the dispersion in cell growth on the solid substrate, and the difficulty encountered in separating the biomass. Studying the disadvantages associated with the process of biomass quantification in SSF, the monitoring of the growth of biomass by a technique known as digital image processing (DIP), consists of obtaining information on the production of different compounds during fermentation, using colorimetric methods based on the pixels that are obtained from photographs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to know about the state of the technology and the advantages of DIP. METHODS: The methodology employed four phases; the first describes the search equations for the SSF and the DIP. A search for patents related to SSF and DIP carried out in the Free Patents Online and Patent inspiration databases. Then there is the selection of the most relevant articles in each of the technologies. As a third step, modifications for obtaining the best adjustments were also carried out. Finally, the analysis of the results was done and the inflection years were determined by means of six mathematical models widely studied. RESULTS: For these models, the inflection years were 2018 and 2019 for both the SSF and the DIP. Additionally, the main methods for the measurement of biomass in SSF were found, and are also indicated in the review, as DIP measurement processes have already been carried out using the same technology. CONCLUSION: In addition, the DIP has shown satisfactory results and could be an interesting alternative for biomass measurement in SSF, due to its ease and versatility.

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Objetivo: Describir y comparar los resultados audiológicos pre y postquirúrgicos de los pacientes que fueron sometidos a implante de conducción ósea osteointegrado en el Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana, Bogotá D.C. Diseño: Estudio tipo Cohorte descriptiva. Métodos: Se evaluaron los resultados audiológicos pre y postquirúrgicos de 36 pacientes sometidos a Implante de audífono de conducción ósea osteointegrado. Resultados: Se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa entre el valor de PTA pre y postquirúrgico (Diferencia = 36.94 dB; IC95% 35.2 a 38.7; p<0.001) Mejoría en la brecha Ósea ­ Aérea con una diferencia entre el valor previo y posterior a la intervención de 35.93 dB (IC95% 33.23 a 38.63; p<0.001). La diferencia entre el porcentaje de discriminación verbal antes y después del procedimiento quirúrgico fue de 6.67% (IC95% 1.41 a 11.92; p=0.008), con una reducción en los niveles de intensidad de sonido en la discriminación que fue de 32.26 dB (IC95% 29.21 a 35.32; p<0.001). Conclusión: Los resultados audiológicos esperados en pacientes con hipoacusia conductiva, mixta o neurosensorial unilateral que fueron sometidos a implante de audífono de conducción ósea osteointegrado muestran que el sistema ofrece un alto porcentaje de éxito y bajas tasas de complicaciones.

Objective: To describe and compare pre and postoperative audiological results in patients who received a bone conduction hearing aid implant and the Hospital Universitario de la Samaritana, Bogotá D.C. Design: A descriptive cohort study. Methods: A descriptive cohort study was conducted. We evaluated audiological results before and after the bone conduction hearing aid implant procedure in 36 patients. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the PTA value was observed after the implant procedure (difference= 36.94 dB; 95CI% 35.2 - 38.7; p<0.001) The bone-air gap also presented improvement after the intervention with a decrease of 35.93 dB (95%CI 33.23 - 38.63; p<0.001). The difference in verbal discrimination percentage after the surgical procedure was 6.67% (95%CI 1.41 - 11.92; p=0.008), with a decrease in sound intensity discrimination levels of 32.26 db (95%CI 29.21 - 35.32; p<0.001). Conclusion: The audiological results in patients with conductive, mixed or unilateral sensorineural hearing loss that received a bone conduction hearing aid implant show that this intervention offers a high success rate and low postoperative complications.

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Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, has been classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs) named TcI to TcVI. Furthermore, subcontinental scale studies based on analysis of the splice leader intergenic region (SL-IR) of the mini-exon gene have subdivided TcI in five genetic groups (Ia-Ie) related to the domestic and non-domestic cycles. However, a current review of this marker among all the sequences deposited in the GenBank demonstrates no correlation between the genetic structure and the eco-epidemiological features of parasite transmission. In this study, we performed a multilocus analysis of TcI isolates from a diverse array of hosts and vectors in a wide eco-geographical area of Colombia. Sequences from SL-IR and mitochondrial cyt b genes as well as PCR-RFLP profiles for four nuclear genes were analyzed. Multilocus analysis indicates that genetic structuration associated with sylvatic and domestic cycles in Colombia is not an attribute conserved across the entire eco-geography where TcI can be found.

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Introducción: El Síndrome de Apnea Hipopnea Obstructiva del Sueño es un trastorno respiratorio del sueño mayor ampliamente conocido, con importantes implicaciones para los pacientes y cuya incidencia ha venido en aumento durante los últimos años; comprende diversas manifestaciones clínicas que varían desde el ronquido hasta consecuencias cardiovasculares importantes. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más utilizados para el tratamiento de pacientes con Trastornos Respiratorios del Sueño en la Clínica Rivas. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Métodos: Revisión de 366 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y Polisomnográfico de SAHOS intervenidos quirúrgicamente debido al Trastorno Respiratorio del Sueño por rechazo de terapia de presión positiva en 3 años de observación. Resultados: Se evaluaron diferencias en medianas de los cambios del IAH, índice de Saturación de oxigeno basal y mínima, y el índice de microdespertares nocturnos tanto prequirúrgica como postquirúrgicamente. Como medida de evaluación secundaria se evaluaron las complicaciones quirúrgicas. Conclusión: En nuestra institución, como centro de referencia en apnea del sueño, la cirugía ha demostrado que disminuye de forma significativa gravedad del SAHOS y disminuye el riesgo de los pacientes con trastornos respiratorios del sueño que han rechazado el dispositivo de presión positiva.

Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome is a major sleep breathing disorder widely known, with important implications for patients whose incidence has been increasing in recent years; comprises various clinical manifestations ranging from snoring to major cardiovascular consequences. Objective: To describe the experience of surgical procedures commonly used for the treatment of patients with respiratory sleep disorders in Rivas Clinic. Design: Descriptive study. Methods: A review of medical records of 366 patients with clinical and polysomnographic diagnosis of OSAHS and underwent surgically due to Sleep Respiratory Disorder for rejection of positive pressure therapy in 3 years of observation was performed. Results: Differences in median changes in Apnea Hipopnea Index, baseline saturation index and minimum oxygen, and index of nocturnal arousals both preoperative and postoperatively were evaluated. As a secondary assessment of surgical complications were evaluated. Conclusion: At our institution, as a reference center on sleep apnea, surgery has been shown to decrease significantly OSAHS severity and decreases the risk of patients with respiratory sleep disorders that have rejected positive pressure device.

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El Síndrome de Apnea-Hipopnea del Sueño (SAHOS) y el hipotiroidismo tienen varios signos y síntomas en común; esta similitud crea un solapamiento en sus presentaciones clínicas, que pudieran llevar a un sinnúmero de casos de hipotiroidismo sin diagnosticar durante el SAHOS. La incidencia de los estados de hipotiroidismo en pacientes con síndrome de apnea del sueño aún no se conoce, por lo que es razonable evaluar la función tiroidea en todos los pacientes. Estudios previos han demostrado una asociación entre el hipotiroidismo y la apnea obstructiva del sueño; sin embargo, los trastornos endocrinos asociados a la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior en el adulto continúan siendo una de las causas más raras de obstrucción, después del trauma, infección, reacciones alérgicas y malignidad. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 41 años de edad, con hipotiroidismo manifiesto y mixedema supraglótico, que desarrolló síndrome transitorio severo de apnea-hipopnea del sueño durante un mes, el cual mejoró después del tratamiento médico con reemplazo de hormona tiroidea...

The Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) and hypothyroidism have several signs and symptoms in common, this similarity creates an overlap in their clinical presentations that could lead to a number of cases of hypothyroidism undiagnosed for OSAS. Incidence of hypothyroidism in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is not yet known, so it is reasonable to evaluate thyroid function in all patients. Previous studies have shown an association between hypothyroidism and obstructive sleep apnea, however, endocrine disorders associated with obstruction of the upper airway in adults remains one of the rarest causes of obstruction, after trauma, infection, allergic reactions and malignancy. Its presented a clinical case of a female 41 years old patient with overt hypothyroidism and supraglottic myxedema, who developed severe Transient Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome for a month, which improved after medical treatment with thyroid hormone replacement...

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Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la tromboprofilaxis con rivaroxaban comparada con las heparinas de bajo peso molecular en cirugía mayor de cadera o rodilla. Métodos: revisión sistemática en Central Cochrane Database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL y artículos referenciados. Solo se consideraron ensayos clínicos controlados. La búsqueda se realizó hasta octubre 31 de 2011.Dos revisores evaluaron de forma independiente la calidad metodológica de los artículos y extrajeron los datos. Resultados: se estudiaron 15.638 pacientes (nueve estudios) programados para reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla. Comparada con la enoxaparina, la tromboprofilaxis con rivaroxaban se asoció a menor incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda, tromboembolia pulmonar y muerte por cualquier causa posterior a cirugía ortopédica mayor tanto de cadera (5.475, riesgo relativo [RR]: 0,37; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0,29-0,48]) como de rodilla (2.878, RR: 0,65; IC 95%: 0,50-0,84) sin diferencias en los eventos hemorrágicos (sangrado mayor en cirugía de cadera: 7.684, RR: 1,79; IC 95%: 0,78-4,11; y de rodilla: 5.700, RR: 1,59; IC 95%: 0,77-3,27). Conclusión: el rivaroxaban usado para tromboprofilaxis de pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortopédica mayor es más eficaz que la enoxaparina y al menos tan seguro como ella.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis versus low weight heparins in major hip and knee arthroplasty. Methods: Systematic review in Central Cochrane Database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, and referenced articles. Only randomized clinical trials were considered. The search was made until October 31, 2011. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of articles and extracted the information. Results: 15.638 patients who underwent major orthopedic surgery were studied (nine trials). Compared with enoxaparin, thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban was associated with lower incidence of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and death from any cause after major hip surgery (5.351, relative risk [RR]: 0.37; confidence interval 95% [IC 95%]: 0.29-0.48) and knee surgery (2.878, RR: 0.65; IC 95%: 0.50-0.84) without differences in bleeding events (major bleeding events in hip surgery: 7.684, RR: 1.79; IC 95%: 0.78-4.11) and knee surgery: 5.700, RR: 1.59; IC 95%: 0.77-3.27). Conclusion: Rivaroxaban thromboprophylaxis in major hip and knee arthroplasty is more effective than enoxaparin and as safe as the latter.

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Serum samples from a total of 71 healthy captive birds belonging to 18 species were collected in July of 2008 in Medellin (Colombia) and tested for flaviviruses. Eighteen of 29 samples from American Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus ruber) were positive for West Nile virus (WNV) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Selected positive samples were serially passaged and WNV was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Two isolates (524/08, 9835/08) were characterized in vitro and in vivo. Sequence analysis revealed WNV with 16 nucleotide substitutions resulting in six amino acid changes when compared with the NY99 strain. Colombian (COL) viruses were more closely related to Louisiana isolates from 2001. When compared with attenuated strains isolated from Texas, COL isolates differed in their plaque size and temperature sensitivity phenotype. The COL viruses were pathogenic in embryonated chicken eggs and Balb/c mice.

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