RESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate morphological changes of the gastric stump and not resected stomach mucosa after the completion of truncal vagotomy. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: CT, TV, RY and RYTV. In CT group, abdominal viscera were manipulated and the abdominal cavity was closed, in TV vagal trunks were isolated and sectioned, in RY a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed and in RYTV the vagal trunks were sectioned and a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed. At the 54th week after surgery, the rats were euthanized. The findings were submitted to histological analyses. RESULTS: None macroscopic or histological alterations in groups TV and CT was observed. Specimens from RY and RYTV groups did not show alterations in the gastric stump mucosa. At the jejunal side of the gastroenterostomy we found shallow ulcerative lesions always single, well-defined and with variable diameter 3 to 6 mm, six times in the RY group and none in the RYTV group (RY>RYTV, p=0.008). Neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions were not diagnosed in all groups. CONCLUSION: Truncal vagotomy is a safe and non-carcinogenic method in not resected and partially resected stomach.
Assuntos
Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Coto Gástrico/patologia , Estômago/patologia , Vagotomia Troncular/métodos , Anastomose em-Y de Roux/métodos , Animais , Gastroenterostomia/métodos , Jejuno/patologia , Jejuno/cirurgia , Masculino , Ilustração Médica , Modelos Animais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estômago/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of alloxan diabetes on the abdominal wall healing of rats undergoing laparotomy. METHODS: Ninety-six male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams, divided into two groups: non-diabetic group (G1) and another with untreated diabetes (G2). Three months after diabetes induction, the animals underwent a 5cm-long- laparotomy and 5.0 nylon monofilament suture. After the surgery, 12 animals from each group were euthanized on days 4, 14, 21 and 30 corresponding to the moments M1, M2, M3 and M4. In each moment a fragment of the abdominal wall containing the scar was removed for tensile strength measurement, histological and morphometric study. Clinical and biochemical parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS: G2 animals showed parameters compatible with severe diabetes and decreased plasma levels of insulin. The tensile strength in G2 was significantly smaller in M2 and M4, with a tendency to fall in the other two. Through light microscope, diabetic animals showed more difficulty to increase collagen density and contraction. G2 animals showed high cellularity of fibroblasts in later healing moments, with collagen thinning in M2 and M4. CONCLUSION: The abdominal wound healing in untreated diabetic animals was altered and led to a higher incidence of dehiscence and infections.
Assuntos
Parede Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Resistência à Tração/fisiologia , Cicatrização/fisiologia , Parede Abdominal/anatomia & histologia , Parede Abdominal/cirurgia , Aloxano , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Cicatriz , Colágeno/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibroblastos/fisiologia , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
To evaluate morphological changes of the gastric stump and not resected stomach mucosa after the completion of truncal vagotomy. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: CT, TV, RY and RYTV. In CT group, abdominal viscera were manipulated and the abdominal cavity was closed, in TV vagal trunks were isolated and sectioned, in RY a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed and in RYTV the vagal trunks were sectioned and a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed. At the 54th week after surgery, the rats were euthanized. The findings were submitted to histological analyses. RESULTS: None macroscopic or histological alterations in groups TV and CT was observed. Specimens from RY and RYTV groups did not show alterations in the gastric stump mucosa. At the jejunal side of the gastroenterostomy we found shallow ulcerative lesions always single, well-defined and with variable diameter 3 to 6 mm, six times in the RY group and none in the RYTV group (RY>RYTV, p=0.008). Neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions were not diagnosed in all groups. CONCLUSION: Truncal vagotomy is a safe and non-carcinogenic method in not resected and partially resected stomach.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Estômago/anatomia & histologia , Vagotomia , Mucosa Gástrica/anatomia & histologia , Ratos/classificaçãoRESUMO
To investigate the effects of alloxan diabetes on the abdominal wall healing of rats undergoing laparotomy. METHODS: Ninety-six male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams, divided into two groups: non-diabetic group (G1) and another with untreated diabetes (G2). Three months after diabetes induction, the animals underwent a 5cm-long- laparotomy and 5.0 nylon monofilament suture. After the surgery, 12 animals from each group were euthanized on days 4, 14, 21 and 30 corresponding to the moments M1, M2, M3 and M4. In each moment a fragment of the abdominal wall containing the scar was removed for tensile strength measurement, histological and morphometric study. Clinical and biochemical parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS: G2 animals showed parameters compatible with severe diabetes and decreased plasma levels of insulin. The tensile strength in G2 was significantly smaller in M2 and M4, with a tendency to fall in the other two. Through light microscope, diabetic animals showed more difficulty to increase collagen density and contraction. G2 animals showed high cellularity of fibroblasts in later healing moments, with collagen thinning in M2 and M4. CONCLUSION: The abdominal wound healing in untreated diabetic animals was altered and led to a higher incidence of dehiscence and infections.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Complicações do Diabetes/patologia , Parede Abdominal/anatomia & histologia , Resistência à Tração , Alloxanum/análise , Ratos/classificação , Laparotomia/veterináriaRESUMO
To evaluate morphological changes of the gastric stump and not resected stomach mucosa after the completion of truncal vagotomy. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: CT, TV, RY and RYTV. In CT group, abdominal viscera were manipulated and the abdominal cavity was closed, in TV vagal trunks were isolated and sectioned, in RY a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed and in RYTV the vagal trunks were sectioned and a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed. At the 54th week after surgery, the rats were euthanized. The findings were submitted to histological analyses. RESULTS: None macroscopic or histological alterations in groups TV and CT was observed. Specimens from RY and RYTV groups did not show alterations in the gastric stump mucosa. At the jejunal side of the gastroenterostomy we found shallow ulcerative lesions always single, well-defined and with variable diameter 3 to 6 mm, six times in the RY group and none in the RYTV group (RY>RYTV, p=0.008). Neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions were not diagnosed in all groups. CONCLUSION: Truncal vagotomy is a safe and non-carcinogenic method in not resected and partially resected stomach.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Estômago/anatomia & histologia , Mucosa Gástrica/anatomia & histologia , Vagotomia , Ratos/classificaçãoRESUMO
To investigate the effects of alloxan diabetes on the abdominal wall healing of rats undergoing laparotomy. METHODS: Ninety-six male Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams, divided into two groups: non-diabetic group (G1) and another with untreated diabetes (G2). Three months after diabetes induction, the animals underwent a 5cm-long- laparotomy and 5.0 nylon monofilament suture. After the surgery, 12 animals from each group were euthanized on days 4, 14, 21 and 30 corresponding to the moments M1, M2, M3 and M4. In each moment a fragment of the abdominal wall containing the scar was removed for tensile strength measurement, histological and morphometric study. Clinical and biochemical parameters were also analyzed. RESULTS: G2 animals showed parameters compatible with severe diabetes and decreased plasma levels of insulin. The tensile strength in G2 was significantly smaller in M2 and M4, with a tendency to fall in the other two. Through light microscope, diabetic animals showed more difficulty to increase collagen density and contraction. G2 animals showed high cellularity of fibroblasts in later healing moments, with collagen thinning in M2 and M4. CONCLUSION: The abdominal wound healing in untreated diabetic animals was altered and led to a higher incidence of dehiscence and infections.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Alloxanum/análise , Complicações do Diabetes/patologia , Parede Abdominal/anatomia & histologia , Resistência à Tração , Laparotomia/veterinária , Ratos/classificaçãoRESUMO
O artigo em questão aborda os motivos pelos quais a Medicina Defensiva é largamente utilizada no Brasil e no Mundo. A Medicina Defensiva, na prática, se caracteriza pela utilização exagerada de exames complementares, pelo uso de procedimentos terapêuticos supostamente mais seguros, pelo encaminhamento frequente de pacientes a outros especialistas e pela recusa ao atendimento de pacientes graves e com maior potencial de complicações. Trata-se de uma prática que tem como objetivo principal defender o médico de eventuais processos, principalmente na área judicial. A maneira como são conduzidos os processos pelo poder judiciário certamente contribui para a consolidação desta prática insensata. A morosidade da justiça, em nosso meio, associado ao despreparo dos juízes e peritos judiciais na análise dos casos, leva a um desgaste emocional das partes. Alem disso, a formação precária do médico em nosso país faz com que se utilize de meios requintados de diagnóstico e tratamento em detrimento a um exame clínico pormenorizado e uma adequada comunicação com o paciente. Além de ineficiente em proteger o médico, a Medicina Defensiva traz consequências graves ao paciente e à sociedade, já que gera um custo adicional incalculável ao exercício da Medicina, determina um maior sofrimento ao doente e faz com que haja uma deteriorização na relação médico-paciente, que sempre foi pautada pela confiança, respeito e pessoalidade.
We discuss the reasons why Defensive Medicine is widely used in Brazil and worldwide. The Defensive Medicine is characterized by excessive use of complementary tests, the use of supposedly safer therapeutic procedures, the frequent referral of patients to other specialists and by the refusal to care for critically ill patients and with greater potential for complications. This is a practice that aims to defend the doctor from legal suits. The way the processes are conducted by the judiciary certainly contributes to the consolidation of this foolish practice. The slow pace of justice in our country, associated with the unpreparedness of judges and legal experts in the analysis of cases, leads to an emotional exhaustion of the parties involved. Furthermore, poor training of doctors in our country values the use of sophisticated diagnostic and treatment methods, rather than a thorough clinical examination and appropriate communication with the patient. Besides inefficient in protecting the doctor, Defensive Medicine has severe consequences to the patient and to society, since it generates an additional invaluable cost to medical practice, determines greater suffering to the patient and causes deterioration of the doctor-patient relationship, which has always been marked by trust, respect and personhood.
Assuntos
Humanos , Medicina Defensiva , Padrões de Prática Médica , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Responsabilidade LegalRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment for esophageal perforation. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed. We conducted a search strategy in the main electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase and Lilacs to identify all case series. RESULTS: Thirty three case series met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1417 participants. The predominant etiology was iatrogenic (54.2%) followed by spontaneous cause (20.4%) and in 66.1% the localization was thoracic. In 65.4% and 33.4% surgical and conservative therapy, respectively, was considered the first choice. There was a statistically significance different with regards mortality rate favoring the surgical group (16.3%) versus conservative treatment (21.2%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment was more effective and safe than conservative treatment concerning mortality rates, although the possibility of bias due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the included studies and the level of evidence that cannot be ruled out.
Assuntos
Perfuração Esofágica/terapia , Esôfago/cirurgia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Perfuração Esofágica/etiologia , Perfuração Esofágica/mortalidade , Perfuração Esofágica/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Doença Iatrogênica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment for esophageal perforation. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed. We conducted a search strategy in the main electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase and Lilacs to identify all case series. RESULTS: Thirty three case series met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1417 participants. The predominant etiology was iatrogenic (54.2%) followed by spontaneous cause (20.4%) and in 66.1% the localization was thoracic. In 65.4% and 33.4% surgical and conservative therapy, respectively, was considered the first choice. There was a statistically significance different with regards mortality rate favoring the surgical group (16.3%) versus conservative treatment (21.2%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment was more effective and safe than conservative treatment concerning mortality rates, although the possibility of bias due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the included studies and the level of evidence that cannot be ruled out.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Perfuração Esofágica/terapia , Esôfago/cirurgia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Perfuração Esofágica/etiologia , Perfuração Esofágica/mortalidade , Perfuração Esofágica/cirurgia , Doença Iatrogênica , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We discuss the reasons why Defensive Medicine is widely used in Brazil and worldwide. The Defensive Medicine is characterized by excessive use of complementary tests, the use of supposedly safer therapeutic procedures, the frequent referral of patients to other specialists and by the refusal to care for critically ill patients and with greater potential for complications. This is a practice that aims to defend the doctor from legal suits. The way the processes are conducted by the judiciary certainly contributes to the consolidation of this foolish practice. The slow pace of justice in our country, associated with the unpreparedness of judges and legal experts in the analysis of cases, leads to an emotional exhaustion of the parties involved. Furthermore, poor training of doctors in our country values the use of sophisticated diagnostic and treatment methods, rather than a thorough clinical examination and appropriate communication with the patient. Besides inefficient in protecting the doctor, Defensive Medicine has severe consequences to the patient and to society, since it generates an additional invaluable cost to medical practice, determines greater suffering to the patient and causes deterioration of the doctor-patient relationship, which has always been marked by trust, respect and personhood.