RESUMO
Arcobacter is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and the major transmission routes to humans are the handling or consumption of contaminated raw/undercooked food products of animal origin, water and seafood. The isolation and identification of Arcobacter species are not routine in clinical laboratories; therefore, its true incidence in human infections may be underestimated. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize Arcobacter from carcasses and fecal samples collected at swine slaughterhouses and from meat markets in São Paulo State, Brazil. The isolates were identified using multiplex-PCR to differentiate the species and analyzed by single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 73.0% of swine carcasses, 4% of fecal samples and 10% of pork samples. A. butzleri was the most prevalent species identified, followed by A. cryaerophilus. Interestingly, the carcasses presented higher frequency of A. butzleri isolation, whereas only A. cryaerophilus was isolated from fecal samples. SE-AFLP enabled the characterization of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus into 51 and 63 profiles, respectively. The great genetic heterogeneity observed for both species corroborates previous reports. This study confirms the necessity for a standard isolation protocol and the improvement of molecular tools to further elucidate Arcobacter epidemiology.(AU)
Arcobacter é um patógeno zoonótico emergente e as principais formas de transmissão para humanos são a manipulação e o consumo de água ou alimentos contaminados crus ou mal cozidos. O isolamento e a identificação das espécies de Arcobacter não fazem parte da rotina dos laboratórios clínicos; dessa forma, a real incidência da infecção em humanos é subestimada. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar Arcobacter de carcaças e amostras de fezes coletadas em dois abatedouros de suínos e de carne suína de dois açougues no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As estirpes foram identificadas utilizando multiplex-PCR para diferenciar as espécies e foram analisadas por polimorfismo no comprimento de fragmentos amplificados (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. foi isolado de 73% das carcaças, 4% das amostras de fezes e de 10% das amostras de carne suína avaliadas. A. butzleri foi a espécie mais prevalente, seguida por A. cryaerophilus. As carcaças apresentaram a maior taxa de isolamento de A. butzleri enquanto que apenas A. cryaerophilus foi isolado das amostras de fezes. SE-AFLP possibilitou a caracterização de A. butzleri e A. cryaerophilus em 51 e 63 perfis de bandas, respectivamente. A grande heterogeneidade genética observada para ambas as espécies corrobora estudos previous. Estes resultados confirmam a necessidade de protocolos de isolamento padronizados e o aperfeiçoamento das ferramentas moleculares para aprofundar os conhecimetos sobre epidemiologia das infecções pelo gênero Arcobacter.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos/microbiologia , Arcobacter/isolamento & purificação , Arcobacter/genética , Abate de Animais , ComércioRESUMO
Arcobacter is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and the major transmission routes to humans are the handling or consumption of contaminated raw/undercooked food products of animal origin, water and seafood. The isolation and identification of Arcobacter species are not routine in clinical laboratories; therefore, its true incidence in human infections may be underestimated. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize Arcobacter from carcasses and fecal samples collected at swine slaughterhouses and from meat markets in São Paulo State, Brazil. The isolates were identified using multiplex-PCR to differentiate the species and analyzed by single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 73.0% of swine carcasses, 4% of fecal samples and 10% of pork samples. A. butzleri was the most prevalent species identified, followed by A. cryaerophilus. Interestingly, the carcasses presented higher frequency of A. butzleri isolation, whereas only A. cryaerophilus was isolated from fecal samples. SE-AFLP enabled the characterization of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus into 51 and 63 profiles, respectively. The great genetic heterogeneity observed for both species corroborates previous reports. This study confirms the necessity for a standard isolation protocol and the improvement of molecular tools to further elucidate Arcobacter epidemiology.(AU)
Arcobacter é um patógeno zoonótico emergente e as principais formas de transmissão para humanos são a manipulação e o consumo de água ou alimentos contaminados crus ou mal cozidos. O isolamento e a identificação das espécies de Arcobacter não fazem parte da rotina dos laboratórios clínicos; dessa forma, a real incidência da infecção em humanos é subestimada. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de isolar e caracterizar Arcobacter de carcaças e amostras de fezes coletadas em dois abatedouros de suínos e de carne suína de dois açougues no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As estirpes foram identificadas utilizando multiplex-PCR para diferenciar as espécies e foram analisadas por polimorfismo no comprimento de fragmentos amplificados (SE-AFLP). Arcobacter spp. foi isolado de 73% das carcaças, 4% das amostras de fezes e de 10% das amostras de carne suína avaliadas. A. butzleri foi a espécie mais prevalente, seguida por A. cryaerophilus. As carcaças apresentaram a maior taxa de isolamento de A. butzleri enquanto que apenas A. cryaerophilus foi isolado das amostras de fezes. SE-AFLP possibilitou a caracterização de A. butzleri e A. cryaerophilus em 51 e 63 perfis de bandas, respectivamente. A grande heterogeneidade genética observada para ambas as espécies corrobora estudos previous. Estes resultados confirmam a necessidade de protocolos de isolamento padronizados e o aperfeiçoamento das ferramentas moleculares para aprofundar os conhecimetos sobre epidemiologia das infecções pelo gênero Arcobacter.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos/microbiologia , Arcobacter/isolamento & purificação , Arcobacter/genética , Abate de Animais , ComércioRESUMO
Street markets are permanent generators of urban solid waste, produced from when the tents are set-up and organized by merchants until the products are sold to the final consumer. This waste comes from different sources, such as groceries, meats, cereals, crafts, and processed food (such as ice cream and pastries). In the case of the latter, the consumer becomes the waste generator. Quantifying and qualifying these residues are the first steps for waste management planning regarding landfill allocation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the number of stands and the categories of trading goods, and to estimate the amount of input goods and the output waste generated by the Jabaquara streetmarket. Weekly visits and the application of a questionnaire showed the presence of 77 stands commercializing 18 different types of products. Quantitative analysis of input goods and waste generated showed that 98.7% of this waste is organic.
As feiras livres são geradores permanentes de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) desde a recepção e organização das barracas pelos feirantes até o consumidor, nos seus variados setores de venda, como por exemplo, hortifrutigranjeiros, carnes, cereais, artesanato, até alimentos já processados como consumo de sorvete, pastel, entre outros. Nestes casos, o consumidor passa a ser gerador de resíduos. Quantificar e qualificar estes resíduos são os primeiros passos para planejar o gerenciamento destes com o intuito de destinar apenas os rejeitos aos aterros sanitários. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer o levantamento da quantidade de barracas, tipo de mercadorias comercializadas bem como realizar uma estimativa da quantidade de mercadorias recebidas e do resíduo gerado no varejão Jabaquara. Visitas semanais e a aplicação de um questionário mostrou que no local funcionam 77 barracas que comercializam 18 tipos de mercadorias diferentes. A análise quantitativa das mercadorias recebidas e dos resíduos gerados demonstrou que 98,7% do resíduo é orgânico.
Assuntos
Características de Resíduos Sólidos , Resíduos de Alimentos , Resíduos/análise , Volume de Resíduos Sólidos/análise , Comércio , Higiene dos Alimentos , Saneamento de MercadosRESUMO
Street markets are permanent generators of urban solid waste, produced from when the tents are set-up and organized by merchants until the products are sold to the final consumer. This waste comes from different sources, such as groceries, meats, cereals, crafts, and processed food (such as ice cream and pastries). In the case of the latter, the consumer becomes the waste generator. Quantifying and qualifying these residues are the first steps for waste management planning regarding landfill allocation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the number of stands and the categories of trading goods, and to estimate the amount of input goods and the output waste generated by the Jabaquara streetmarket. Weekly visits and the application of a questionnaire showed the presence of 77 stands commercializing 18 different types of products. Quantitative analysis of input goods and waste generated showed that 98.7% of this waste is organic.(AU)
As feiras livres são geradores permanentes de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) desde a recepção e organização das barracas pelos feirantes até o consumidor, nos seus variados setores de venda, como por exemplo, hortifrutigranjeiros, carnes, cereais, artesanato, até alimentos já processados como consumo de sorvete, pastel, entre outros. Nestes casos, o consumidor passa a ser gerador de resíduos. Quantificar e qualificar estes resíduos são os primeiros passos para planejar o gerenciamento destes com o intuito de destinar apenas os rejeitos aos aterros sanitários. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer o levantamento da quantidade de barracas, tipo de mercadorias comercializadas bem como realizar uma estimativa da quantidade de mercadorias recebidas e do resíduo gerado no varejão Jabaquara. Visitas semanais e a aplicação de um questionário mostrou que no local funcionam 77 barracas que comercializam 18 tipos de mercadorias diferentes. A análise quantitativa das mercadorias recebidas e dos resíduos gerados demonstrou que 98,7% do resíduo é orgânico.(AU)
Assuntos
Resíduos/análise , Características de Resíduos Sólidos , Volume de Resíduos Sólidos/análise , Resíduos de Alimentos , Saneamento de Mercados , Higiene dos Alimentos , ComércioRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Yersinia enterocolitica is a well-known foodborne pathogen widely distributed in nature with high public health relevance, especially in Europe. METHODOLOGY: This study aimed to analyze the pathogenic potential of Y. enterocolitica isolated strains from human, animal, food, and environmental sources and from different regions of Brazil by detecting virulence genes inv, ail, ystA, and virF through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), phenotypic tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used for the assessment of phylogenetic diversity. RESULTS: All virulence genes were detected in 11/60 (18%) strains of serotype O:3, biotype 4 isolated from human and animal sources. Ten human strains (4/O:3) presented three chromosomal virulence genes, and nine strains of biotype 1A presented the inv gene. Six (10%) strains were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, seven (12%) to tetracycline, and one (2%) to amikacin, all of which are used to treat yersiniosis. AMP-CEF-SXT was the predominant resistance profile. PFGE analysis revealed 36 unique pulsotypes, grouped into nine clusters (A to I) with similarity ≥ 85%, generating a diversity discriminatory index of 0.957. Cluster A comprised all bio-serotype 4/O:3 strains isolated from animal and humans sources. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the existence of strains with the same genotypic profiles, bearing all virulence genes, from human and animal sources, circulating among several Brazilian states. This supports the hypothesis that swine is likely to serve as a main element in Y. enterocolitica transmission to humans in Brazil, and it could become a potential threat to public health as in Europe.
Assuntos
Yersinia enterocolitica/classificação , Yersinia enterocolitica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Microbiologia Ambiental , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Genes Bacterianos , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Sorogrupo , Suínos , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Yersiniose/epidemiologia , Yersiniose/microbiologia , Yersiniose/veterinária , Yersinia enterocolitica/genética , Yersinia enterocolitica/fisiologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/microbiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Listeria species are susceptible to most antibiotics. However, over the last decade, increasing reports of multidrug-resistant Listeria spp. from various sources have prompted public health concerns. The objective of this study was to characterize the antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria spp. and the genetic mechanisms that confer resistance. METHODOLOGY: Forty-six Listeria spp. isolates were studied, and their minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were determined by microdilution using Sensititre standard susceptibility MIC plates. The isolates were screened for the presence of gyrA, parC, lde, lsa(A), lnu(A), and mprF by PCR, and the amplified genes were sequenced. RESULTS: All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and carbapenems. Resistance to clindamycin, daptomycin, and oxacillin was found among L. monocytogenes and L. innocua, and all species possessed at least intermediate resistance to fluoroquinolones. GyrA, parC, and mprF were detected in all isolates; however, mutations were found only in gyrA sequences. A high daptomycin MIC, as reported previously, was observed, suggesting an intrinsic resistance of Listeria spp. to daptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with reports of emerging resistance in Listeria spp. and emphasize the need for further genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in this genus.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Listeria/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeria/genética , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Animais , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Clindamicina/farmacologia , DNA Girase/genética , DNA Topoisomerase IV/genética , Daptomicina/farmacologia , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Humanos , Listeria/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Suínos , Tetraciclina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen that causes illness in humans and animals. The biotype 4/O:3 has been commonly associated with yersiniosis and is characterized by the presence of chromosomal and extra-chromosomal virulence genes. Molecular typing methods have been successfully used to characterize Y. enterocolitica genetic heterogeneity and to study the epidemiology of the bacteria from different origins. In this study, 320 Y. enterocolitica biotype 4/O:3 isolates originating in pigs and slaughterhouses were characterized according to the virulence profile, and 61 isolates were typified through SE-AFLP, ERIC-PCR, and PFGE techniques. The majority of the isolates originated from pigs, and the predominant virulence profile was ail+ virF+ rfbC+ ystA+, representing 83.4% of the tested isolates. All of the Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 isolates were positive for at least ystA gene. The SE-AFLP and ERIC-PCR patterns were highly homogeneous. The SE-AFLP was more discriminative than the ERIC-PCR and tended to cluster isolates according to the slaughterhouse. Despite the limited genetic diversity of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3, PFGE was shown to be the most discriminative technique considering one band of difference. Fattening pigs proved to be an important reservoir of Y. enterocolitica biotype 4/O:3 carrying virulence genes.
RESUMO
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen that causes illness in humans and animals. Y. enterocolitica is also the most heterogeneous species of the genus and is divided into distinct serotypes and over six biotypes. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are classically considered as nonpathogenic; however, some biotype 1A isolates have been considered as causative of gastrointestinal disease, yielding symptoms indistinguishable from those produced by pathogenic biotypes. Even after decades of isolation of clinical strains, the pathogenic mechanisms of these isolates are still not fully understood. In the present study, 122 Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strains isolated from swine slaughterhouses and meat markets in Sao Paulo, Brazil, were characterized according to the presence of the virulence genes ail, virF, and ystA. A total of 94 strains were positive to at least one virulence gene (77.05%), and 67 were positive to all of them (54.92%). Twenty-two strains were submitted to PFGE genotyping resulting in 22 distinct pulsotypes, varying from 50% to 84% of genetic similarity. Any clustering tendency among pulsotypes related to origin, isolation site, or even virulence profile was not observed. The present study reports an important contamination of the environment in swine slaughterhouses, meat markets, and pork, by potentially virulent Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Genes Bacterianos , Carne/microbiologia , Yersinia enterocolitica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterotoxinas/genética , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Indústria Alimentícia , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Suínos , Transcriptoma , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Yersinia enterocolitica/classificação , Yersinia enterocolitica/genéticaRESUMO
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that primarily affects pregnant women, neonates, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, and it may cause abortion, septicemia, and meningitis. From the 13 capsular groups described, serotypes 4b, 1/2b and 1/2a are most closely related to human infection. For this reason, serotyping has limited value as an epidemiological tool; thus, improved discriminatory typing methods are required to enhance knowledge of L. monocytogenes contamination and infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates in the pork processing industry in Sao Paulo, Brazil and human infection isolates by ERICPCR and single enzyme AFLP. Serotypes 1/2c and 4b were frequent among isolates from pork and slaughterhouse/market environments, whereas serotypes 4b and 1/2a were observed among human isolates. ERIC-PCR and AFLP revealed 34 and 31 distinct profiles, respectively, which had tendencies of separation according to serogroup and isolate origin. The genetic profiles from slaughterhouse and market environments suggest the possibility of different sources of Listeria contamination in the environment, although in certain cases, continuous contamination caused by the persistence of clonal strains is also a possibility.
Listeria monocytogenes é um importante patógeno de origem alimentar que afeta principalmente grávidas, neonatos, idosos e indivíduos imunocomprometidos, e pode causar abortamento, septicemia e meningite. Dos 13 grupos capsulares descritos, os sorotipos 4b, 1/2b e 1/2a são os mais relacionados à infecção humana. Por esta razão, a sorotipagem possui valor limitado como ferramenta epidemiológica e, dessa forma, métodos mais discriminatórios são necessários para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a contaminação e a infecção por L. monocytogenes. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de isolados de L. monocytogenes da indústria de processamento de carne suína noEstado de São Paulo, Brasil, e compará-los a isolados de casos de infecção humana através do ERIC-PCR e AFLP com uma única enzima. Os sorotipos 1/2c e 4b foram frequentes em carne suína e ambientes de abatedouros e mercados, enquanto os sorotipos 4b e 1/2a foram observados nos isolados de humanos. ERIC-PCR e AFLP resultaram em 34 e 31 perfis distintos, respectivamente, com uma tendência a separar de acordo com o sorogrupo e a origem do isolado. Os perfis genéticos de ambiente dos abatedouros e mercados sugerem a possibilidade de diferentes origens de contaminação por Listeria nos ambientes estudados, porém, em alguns casos, é possível que ocorra a persistência de cepas clonais causando contaminação contínua.
Assuntos
Animais , Saúde Pública/normas , Noxas/análise , Listeria monocytogenes/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that primarily affects pregnant women, neonates, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, and it may cause abortion, septicemia, and meningitis. From the 13 capsular groups described, serotypes 4b, 1/2b and 1/2a are most closely related to human infection. For this reason, serotyping has limited value as an epidemiological tool; thus, improved discriminatory typing methods are required to enhance knowledge of L. monocytogenes contamination and infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates in the pork processing industry in Sao Paulo, Brazil and human infection isolates by ERICPCR and single enzyme AFLP. Serotypes 1/2c and 4b were frequent among isolates from pork and slaughterhouse/market environments, whereas serotypes 4b and 1/2a were observed among human isolates. ERIC-PCR and AFLP revealed 34 and 31 distinct profiles, respectively, which had tendencies of separation according to serogroup and isolate origin. The genetic profiles from slaughterhouse and market environments suggest the possibility of different sources of Listeria contamination in the environment, although in certain cases, continuous contamination caused by the persistence of clonal strains is also a possibility.(AU)
Listeria monocytogenes é um importante patógeno de origem alimentar que afeta principalmente grávidas, neonatos, idosos e indivíduos imunocomprometidos, e pode causar abortamento, septicemia e meningite. Dos 13 grupos capsulares descritos, os sorotipos 4b, 1/2b e 1/2a são os mais relacionados à infecção humana. Por esta razão, a sorotipagem possui valor limitado como ferramenta epidemiológica e, dessa forma, métodos mais discriminatórios são necessários para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a contaminação e a infecção por L. monocytogenes. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de isolados de L. monocytogenes da indústria de processamento de carne suína noEstado de São Paulo, Brasil, e compará-los a isolados de casos de infecção humana através do ERIC-PCR e AFLP com uma única enzima. Os sorotipos 1/2c e 4b foram frequentes em carne suína e ambientes de abatedouros e mercados, enquanto os sorotipos 4b e 1/2a foram observados nos isolados de humanos. ERIC-PCR e AFLP resultaram em 34 e 31 perfis distintos, respectivamente, com uma tendência a separar de acordo com o sorogrupo e a origem do isolado. Os perfis genéticos de ambiente dos abatedouros e mercados sugerem a possibilidade de diferentes origens de contaminação por Listeria nos ambientes estudados, porém, em alguns casos, é possível que ocorra a persistência de cepas clonais causando contaminação contínua.(AU)