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Background: Evidence from across the world suggests that the pediatric population shows different clinical manifestations and has a lower risk of severe presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to adults. However, Mexico has one of the highest mortality rates in the pediatric population due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, our objective was to explore the epidemiological and clinical characteristics associated with a positive confirmatory test in the Mexican pediatric population admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City. Methods: Clinical, imaging and laboratory data were retrospectively collected from 121 children hospitalized during the period from March 4th, 2020, to August 8th, 2021. The patients were identified as suspicious cases according to the guidelines of the General Directorate of Epidemiology of Mexico. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests were used to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test, and propensity score matching was performed to determine univariate and multivariate odds ratios of the population regarding a positive vs. negative SARS-CoV-2 result. Results: Of the 121 children, 36 had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main risk for SARS-CoV-2-associated pediatric hospitalization was contact with a family member with SARS-CoV-2. It was also found that fever and fatigue were statistically significantly associated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in multivariate models. Clinical and laboratory data in this Mexican hospitalized pediatric cohort differ from other reports worldwide; the mortality rate (1.6%) of the population studied was higher than that seen in reports from other countries. Conclusion: Our study found that fever and fatigue at hospital presentation as well as an antecedent exposure to a family member with SARS-CoV-2 infection were important risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 positivity in children at hospital admission.
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BACKGROUND: Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is a viable and effective strategy for patients with chronic respiratory failure (CRF). The Chilean Ministry of Health started a program for adults in 2008. METHODS: This study examined the following data from a prospective cohort of patients with CRF admitted to the national HMV program: characteristics, mode of admission, quality of life, time in the program and survival. RESULTS: A total of 1105 patients were included. The median age was 59 years (44-58). Women accounted for 58.1% of the sample. The average body mass index (BMI) was 34.9 (26-46) kg/m2. A total of 76.2% of patients started HMV in the stable chronic mode, while 23.8% initiated HMV in the acute mode. A total of 99 patients were transferred from the children's program. There were 1047 patients on non-invasive ventilation and 58 patients on invasive ventilation. The median baseline PaCO2 level was 58.2 (52-65) mmHg. The device usage time was 7.3 h/d (5.8-8.8), and the time in HMV was 21.6 (12.2-49.5) months. The diagnoses were COPD (35%), obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS; 23.9%), neuromuscular disease (NMD; 16.3%), non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or tuberculosis (non-CF BC or TBC; 8.3%), scoliosis (5.9%) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; 5.24%). The baseline score on the Severe Respiratory Insufficiency questionnaire (SRI) was 47 (± 17.9) points and significantly improved over time. The lowest 1- and 3-year survival rates were observed in the ALS group, and the lowest 9-year survival rate was observed in the non-CF BC or TB and COPD groups. The best survival rates at 9 years were OHS, scoliosis and NMD. In 2017, there were 701 patients in the children's program and 722 in the adult´s program, with a prevalence of 10.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: The most common diagnoses were COPD and OHS. The best survival was observed in patients with OHS, scoliosis and NMD. The SRI score improved significantly in the follow-up of patients with HMV. The prevalence of HMV was 10.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. Trial registration This study was approved by and registered at the ethics committee of North Metropolitan Health Service of Santiago, Chile (N° 018/2021).
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Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar/estatística & dados numéricos , Respiração Artificial/estatística & dados numéricos , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Chile/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Respiração Artificial/mortalidade , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Doenças Respiratórias/terapia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
la tendencia al consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados aumentó en Latinoamérica, y los factores sociales y económicos condicionan los hábitos alimentarios
the trend towards the consumption of ultraprocessed foods has increased in Latin America and the social and economic factors condition the eating habits
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Humanos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Alimentos e Bebidas , Alimentos IndustrializadosRESUMO
Introducción: la anemia es una enfermedad nutricional de alta prevalencia en los países en desarrollo. En Salta la desnutrición coexiste con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de anemia y su relación con el estado nutricional en niños, adolescentes y adultos de Salta capital. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal, base de datos secundaria (Encuesta Nutricional de Capitales del NOA, 2014). Muestra estratificada bietápica. Variables: sexo, edad, anemia, estado nutricional, IMC (tablas de puntuaje z OMS niños y adolescentes): normal > -2 <+1, desnutrición ≤ -2, sobrepeso ≥ + 1, obesidad ≥ + 2. Adultos: desnutrición <18,5; normal ≥18,5 <25; sobrepeso ≥25 y <30; obesidad ≥30. Estatura baja (≤ -2 puntuaje z de la OMS). Análisis: distribución de frecuencia (chi2 , Fisher), comparación media (ANOVA), nivel de significación p<0,05. Programas utilizados: EXCEL, SPSS V18 y Anthro V.1.0.4 Plus-OMS. Resultados: se evaluaron 147 niños de 6-59 meses, 170 de 5-11 años, 70 de 12-14 años y 533 ≥15 años de edad, de ambos sexos. La prevalencia general de anemia fue del 7%, los grupos más afectados fueron niños de 6-59 meses (12,9%) y ≥15 años (8,3%, diferencia significativa por sexo). Se encontró anemia leve en 78,1%, moderada en 20,3% y grave en 1,6% de los casos. No hubo asociación entre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de anemia, sin embargo el 47,5% de los niños de 6-59 meses y el 56,8% de los ≥15 años con anemia presentaron sobrepeso/obesidad. Los valores medios de hemoglobina fueron: 12,18 mg/dl±1,09 (6-59 m), 13,39 mg/dl±0,74 (5-5-11 a); 13,93±0,85 (12-14 a) y 13,91 mg/dl±1,44 (≥15 a). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de anemia observada fue baja pero aún es un problema de Salud Pública relevante que también afecta a las personas con sobrepeso y obesidad.
Introduction: anemia is a nutritional disease of high prevalence in developing countries. In Salta, malnutrition coexists with overweight and obesity. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of anemia and its relationship with the nutritional status of children, adolescents and adults in the city of Salta. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study, secondary database (Nutrition Survey of NOA Capitals, 2014). Stratified sample of two stages. Variables: sex, age, anemia, nutritional status BMI (WHO z score tables, children and adolescents): normal > -2 <+1, malnutrition ≤ -2, overweight ≥ + 1, obesity ≥ + 2. Adults: malnutrition <18.5; normal ≥ 18.5 <25; overweight ≥25 and <30; obesity ≥30. Short stature (≤ -2 z score of WHO). Analysis: frequency distribution (chi2 , Fisher), comparison of means (ANOVA), level of significance p <0.05. Programs used: EXCEL, SPSS V18 and Anthro V.1.0.4 Plus-OMS. Results: 147 children of 6-59 months, 170 of 5-11 years, 70 children of 12-14 years and 533 ≥15 years of age, of both sexes were evaluated. The general prevalence of anemia was 7%, the most affected groups were children from 6 to 59 months (12.9%) and ≥15 years (8.3%, significant difference by sex). Mild anemia was found in 78.1%, moderate in 20.3% and severe in 1.6% of cases. There was no association between nutritional status and the prevalence of anemia; however 47.5% of children aged 6 to 59 months and 56.8% of 15 years with anemia, overweight/obese. The mean values of hemoglobin were: 12.18 mg/dL±1.09 (6-59 m), 13.39 mg/dL±0.74 (5-5-11 ys); 13.93±0.85 (12-14 ys) and 13.91 mg/dL±1.44 (≥15 ys). Conclusions: the prevalence of anemia observed was low, but it is still a relevant public health problem, which also affects people who are overweight and obese.
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Humanos , Argentina , AnemiaRESUMO
Introducción: la de ciencia de yodo es la mayor causa reconocida mundialmente de daño cerebral susceptible de prevención. La yodación de la sal es el mejor método de prevención, obligatorio en Argentina desde 1967. Estudios nacionales reportaron porcentajes elevados de sales con niveles de yodación insuficiente, principalmente en la región noroeste. En este contexto es importante conocer los factores vinculados a la elección de la sal para generar estrategias que mejoren la ingesta de yodo. Objetivos: identificar conocimientos y prácticas de consumo de sal yodada en Salta Capital. Materiales y métodos: investigación descriptiva, transversal que aplicó un cuestionario estructurado a 358 adultos, en 14 establecimientos comerciales seleccionados. Contempló variables sociodemográficas, de conocimiento nutricional respecto del yodo y factores de elección de la sal. Se analizaron frecuencias y se aplicó la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: población mayoritariamente femenina (82%), edad promedio de 49±15 años, residente en zona periurbana (52%) y de nivel educativo regular (50%). El 2% de los encuestados reconoció los clásicos desórdenes por deficiencia de yodo (DDI), 18% identificó métodos de prevención y 74% desconoció la vigencia de ley de yodación. La falta de conocimiento no se asoció significativamente con el nivel educativo o el lugar de residencia. La marca seguida del precio fueron los factores prevalentes considerados en la elección de la sal. La selección de la marca se relacionó con la percepción de mejor calidad, costumbre de uso y precio conveniente. Conclusiones: desconocimiento de la población respecto de los desórdenes por de ciencia de yodo y su prevención. Los factores prevalentes en la elección de la sal fueron la marca y el precio.
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Humanos , Argentina , IodoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to select autochthonous strains of Lactobacillus from stools of healthy infants and adults, human milk, artisanal goat cheese, and fruits and vegetables according to their probiotic properties and safety. From 421 strains of Lactobacillus isolated, 102 (24.2%) were shown to be tolerant to gastric pH and bile salts; they were used to determine their anti-Helicobacter pylori (agar diffusion assay), antioxidant (oxygen radical absorption capacity), and anti-inflammatory (inhibition of interleukin-8 release by tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated HT-29 cells) activities as well as their ability to adhere to intestinal (Caco-2) and gastric (AGS) epithelial cells. Results obtained were compared with three commercial probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. plantarum 299v, and L. johnsonii NCC533. The five strains most efficient according to these activities were subsequently identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene, their susceptibility to antibiotics was determined, and their safety evaluated in mice. One strain of L. plantarum was discarded due to the higher prevalence of liver bacterial translocation observed in the animals fed this strain. In conclusion, four autochthonous strains of L. rhamnosus were finally selected with probiotic properties and safety allowing their eventual use in human studies. These results contribute to increase the diversity of probiotic strains available for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods.
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Queijo/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Leite Humano/microbiologia , Plantas/microbiologia , Probióticos/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibiose , Aderência Bacteriana , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Cabras , Humanos , Lactente , Lactobacillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactobacillus/genética , Lactobacillus/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Probióticos/classificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thermotolerant Campylobacter is among the more prevalent bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne diseases. This study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter contamination in chicken carcasses and processing plant stations (chilling water, scalding water, defeathering machinery, evisceration machine, and transport crates) in two of the Chilean main slaughterhouses. In addition, the isolation rates of thermotolerant Campylobacter during evisceration and following chiller processing were compared. RESULTS: The overall slaughterhouse contamination with thermotolerant Campylobacter was 54%. Differences were evident when the results from each plant were compared (plant A and plant B was 72% and 36%, respectively). The sampling points with the greatest contamination rates in both plants were after evisceration (90% and 54%, for plants A and B respectively). The decrease of thermotolerant Campylobacter contamination after chilling was significant (2 and 1.6 logs for plant A and B respectively P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that chilling process has a limited effect in the final products Campylobacter contamination because poultry enter the slaughter processing with high counts of contamination. This may represent a health risk to consumers, if proper cooking practices are not employed. The levels and frequencies of Campylobacter found during the processing of Chilean poultry appear to be similar to those reported elsewhere in the world.