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Trends in new food products focus on low-carbohydrate ingredients rich in healthy fats, proteins, and micronutrients; thus, avocado has gained worldwide attention. This study aimed to use predictive modeling to identify the potential sensory drivers of liking for avocado pulp by evaluating acceptability scores and sensory descriptive profiles of two commercial and five non-commercial cultivars. Macronutrient composition, instrumental texture, and color were also characterized. Trained panelists performed a descriptive profile of nineteen sensory attributes. Affective data from frequent avocado adult consumers (n = 116) were collected for predictive modeling of an external preference map (R2 = 0.98), which provided insight into sensory descriptors that drove preference for particular avocado pulps. The descriptive map explained 67.6% of the variance in sensory profiles. Most accepted pulps were from Hass and Colin V-33; the latter had sweet and green flavor notes. Descriptive flavor attributes related to liking were global impact, oily, and creamy. Sensory drivers of texture liking included creamy/oily, lipid residue, firmness, and cohesiveness. Instrumental stickiness was disliked and inversely correlated to dry-matter and lipids (r = -0.87 and -0.79, respectively). Color differences (∆Eab*) also contributed to dislike. Sensory-guided selection of avocado fruits and ingredients can develop products with high acceptability in breeding and industrialization strategies.

RESUMO

Acetogenins are bioactive fatty acid derivatives found in avocado tissues. Their efficacy as antimicrobials has been documented and initiated interest to use them as replacements of synthetic food additives. The present work focused on evaluation of multiple analytical methodologies for detection and quantification of organic solids present in a food-grade acetogenin-enriched extract (Avosafe®), and on its safety evaluations using bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) tests and acute oral toxicity to rat assays. Results confirmed chemical structures of two acetogenins as present in Avosafe® (AcO-avocadyne-(0) and AcO-avocadiene B-(3)), and together with seven other previously known compounds, quantified 94.74 ± 5.77% w/w of its solids as acetogenins. Safety evaluations indicated that Avosafe® was non-mutagenic and had an acute median lethal oral dose (LD50) to rats higher than the maximum concentration tested (>2000 mg·kg-1), with no signs of macroscopic abnormalities in organs. Mean body weight and hematological and biochemical parameters were normal after 14 days of a single oral dose of 2000 mg·kg-1. The results advance scientific information on the safety of avocado seed acetogenins and also generate new knowledge on profiles and concentrations of individual acetogenins found in avocado tissues (seed, pulp, and leaves) and in Avosafe®.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Las alteraciones morfológicas de la mucosa gástrica que predisponen al desarrollo de cáncer gástrico son atrofia, metaplasia y displasia. Diversos factores etiológicos han sido estudiados, destacándose el parentesco en primer grado con una probabilidad de presentar cáncer gástrico 2 veces más que la población general. Diagnosticar lesiones gástricas premalignas en familiares de pacientes con cáncer gástrico, evaluados en las consultas de Gastroenterología del Hospital Vargas de Caracas y Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo". Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal, desde Octubre 2008 a Mayo 2009. Se incluyeron 75 individuos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 80 años, familiares en primer grado de pacientes con cáncer gástrico, a los cuales se les practicó endoscopia digestiva superior con toma de biopsia. En 51 pacientes femeninos (68%) y 24 (32%) masculinos, se encontraron los siguientes hallazgos endoscópicos: endoscopia normal 52%, gastropatía crónica 33%, úlcera gástrica 5,33%, pólipos gástricos 3,33% y úlcera duodenal 1,33%. El estudio histológico determinó que la atrofia estuvo presente en 25 pacientes (33,3%), metaplasia intestinal en 17 pacientes (22,67%), displasia en 4 pacientes (5,33%), la mitad de ellas de alto grado y 1 (1,33%) indefinido para displasia. Conclusión y recomendación: En el grupo estudiado se encontró un 42,6% de lesiones gástricas premalignas, de las cuales el 5,33% correspondió a displasia, ninguno de estos con lesiones endoscópicas de malignidad; lo que nos hace recomendar de rutina en todos los servicios de gastroenterología del país un programa de pesquisa en familiares en primer grado de pacientes de cáncer gástrico...

Morphological alterations of the gastric mucosa that predispose to the development of gastric cancer are atrophy, metaplasia and dysplasia. Various etiologic factors have been studied, especially in first degree relatives,with a probability of gastric cancer double than that of the general population. To diagnose premalignant gastric lesions in relatives of patients with gastric cancer evaluated in the Gastroenterology consultation of "Hospital Vargas de Caracas", and "Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo". A descriptive, prospective, longitudinal study was made, from October 2008 to May 2009. We included 75 individuals aged 18 to 80 years in first degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy guided. We found 51 (68%) female and 24 (32%) male, with these endoscopic findings: normal in 52% of the patients, with chronic gastropathy 37, 33%, gastric ulcer in 5,3%, gastric polyps in 3,33% and duodenal ulcer in 1,33%. The histological study found that atrophy was present in 25 (33.3%) patients, intestinal metaplasia in 17 (22, 67%) and dysplasia in 4(5, 33%) and 1(1,33%) indefinite to dysplasia. In this group of patients it was found a 42.6% of premalignant gastric lesions, of which 5.33% corresponded to dysplasia. Neither one had endoscopic malignant lesions. We recommend as a routine in all Gastroenterology Divisions in the country a program of screening in first degree families of patients of gastric cancer...

Assuntos