RESUMO
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87-93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption.
Assuntos
Bactérias/genética , Coinfecção/veterinária , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/genética , Linfonodos/citologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfadenite/microbiologia , Linfadenite/veterinária , Mycobacterium/genética , Matadouros , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fazendas , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologiaRESUMO
In the enteric nervous system (ENS), nitrergic neurons produce and use nitric oxide (NO) as an inhibitory motor neurotransmitter in response to parasitic infections, including those caused by Toxoplasma gondii. However, damage to the host caused by NO has been reported by various authors, and the role of NO in protection or cytotoxicity continues to be extensively studied. In this study, nitrergic neurons were investigated in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum and the distal colon of rats infected with 500 oocysts of the M7741 strain of T. gondii. Ten rats were randomly assigned into a control group (CG) and infected group (IG; received 500 sporulated oocysts of T. gondii orally). After 24h, the rats were euthanized, and samples of the jejunum and distal colon were obtained and processed for NADPH-diaphorase histochemical analysis. Quantitative and morphometric analysis of the nitrergic neurons in whole mounts containing the myenteric plexus was performed. There was a numeric reduction of nitrergic neurons per mm2 in both jejunum and distal colon. The remaining nitrergic neurons suffered atrophy in the areas of the cell body and nucleus, which resulted in a decrease in cytoplasm. Thus, we conclude that an avirulent strain of T. gondii in a short time causes neuroplastic changes in the small and large intestine of rats.
Assuntos
Neurônios Nitrérgicos/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose/patologia , Animais , Intestinos/inervação , Intestinos/parasitologia , Plexo Mientérico/parasitologia , Plexo Mientérico/patologia , Neurônios Nitrérgicos/patologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Toxoplasma/fisiologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Since 1950, the human infection by parasites of the genus Toxocara, characterized by migration and permanence of larvae of the parasite in the liver, lungs, eyes, and brain, have been reported. The route of infection is the ingestion of embryonated eggs present in soil and contaminated vegetables, however there are reports of human illness associated with ingestion of viscera of paratenic hosts, including birds. This work aimed to detect the presence of larvae in the tissues and antibodies in the serum of poultry sold in street markets of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Over a period of ten months, 100 birds of four street markets in the city were acquired, being examined organs and muscle tissue for the presence of larvae and the serum for the presence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Helminth larvae were not found in the examination of pepsin digested tissues, but 80 (89.9%) of 89 bird sera examined presented anti-Toxocara spp. IgY antibodies. These results may indicate that birds are coming from contaminated environments, where man and other animals can also be infected.
RESUMO
Toxocariasis is a geohelminth zoonosis with worldwide distribution, mainly transmitted through the ingestion of embryonated eggs of nematodes of the Toxocara genus. The disease can also be transmitted to humans as a result of eating raw or undercooked meat of paratenic hosts, such as chickens. Here, we standardized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for evaluating experimentally the kinetic and avidity index (AI) of IgY in broiler chickens infected with different doses of Toxocara canis eggs (G1:100; G2: 1000; and G3: 5000; n = 12 per group). The test showed 91.7% sensitivity (CI 95%: 77.5-98.3) and 100% specificity (CI 95%: 92.6-100), and highest efficiency (97.0%) at 60 days post infection. Infection was characterized by the presence of high avidity antibodies in the chronic phase. Our results support that the ELISA can be a highly useful tool for the detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies in chickens.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Toxocara/imunologia , Toxocaríase/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/análise , Afinidade de Anticorpos , Galinhas , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/normas , Feminino , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Cinética , Camundongos , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
AIM: To assess the effects of ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) strain infection on the myenteric plexus and external muscle of the jejunum in rats. METHODS: Thirty rats were distributed into two groups: the control group (CG) (n = 15) received 1 mL of saline solution orally, and the infected group (IG) (n = 15) inoculated with 1 mL of saline solution containing 500 oocysts of M-49 T. gondii strain orally. After 36 d of infection, the rats were euthanized. Infection with T. gondii was confirmed by blood samples collected from all rats at the beginning and end of the experiment. The jejunum of five animals was removed and submitted to routine histological processing (paraffin) for analysis of external muscle thickness. The remaining jejunum from the others animals was used to analyze the general population and the NADH-diaphorase, VIPergic and nitrergic subpopulations of myenteric neurons; and the enteric glial cells (S100-IR). RESULTS: Serological analysis showed that animals from the IG were infected with the parasite. Hypertrophy affecting jejunal muscle thickness was observed in the IG rats (77.02 ± 42.71) in relation to the CG (51.40 ± 12.34), P < 0.05. In addition, 31.2% of the total number of myenteric neurons died (CG: 39839.3 ± 5362.3; IG: 26766.6 ± 2177.6; P < 0.05); hyperplasia of nitrergic myenteric neurons was observed (CG: 7959.0 ± 1290.4; IG: 10893.0 ± 1156.3; P < 0.05); general hypertrophy of the cell body in the remaining myenteric neurons was noted [CG: 232.5 (187.2-286.0); IG: 248.2 (204.4-293.0); P < 0.05]; hypertrophy of the smallest varicosities containing VIP neurotransmitter was seen (CG: 0.46 ± 0.10; IG: 0.80 ± 0.16; P < 0.05) and a reduction of 25.3% in enteric glia cells (CG: 12.64 ± 1.27; IG: 10.09 ± 2.10; P < 0.05) was observed in the infected rats. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that infection with oocysts of ME-49 T. gondii strain caused quantitative and plastic alterations in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum in rats.
Assuntos
Jejuno/inervação , Músculo Liso/inervação , Plexo Mientérico/parasitologia , Plasticidade Neuronal , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Di-Hidrolipoamida Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Plexo Mientérico/metabolismo , Plexo Mientérico/fisiopatologia , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/parasitologia , Neurônios Nitrérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios Nitrérgicos/parasitologia , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de Tempo , Toxoplasmose/fisiopatologia , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/metabolismoRESUMO
O objetivo desse trabalho foi fazer a descrição morfológica e a identificação de Nematoda encontrados em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto de Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil. Foram coletadas 56 amostras de 500 mL em todos os pontos das etapas aeróbias do tratamento. As amostras foram processadas para estudo em microscopia óptica de campo claro (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram encontradas larvas L1e L4, classificadas de acordo com o tamanho. As larvas L1 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 255,0μm; diâmetro Md = 15,0μm; vestíbulo bucal Md = 10,0μm; esôfago Md = 82,5μm; e cauda Md = 26,2μm. As larvas L4 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 740,0μm; diâmetro Md = 42,0μm; vestíbulo bucal Md = 22,5μm; esôfago Md = 200,0μm; e cauda Md = 47,5μm. Fêmeas adultas também foram encontradas, caracterizando-se por apresentam esôfago rabditoide, maturação sexual com presença de ovos na tuba uterina em diferentes fases de formação embrionária. Alguns ovos foram vistos larvados, sugerindo um padrão de larviparidade. Os vermes foram considerados de vida livre e classificadas como da Ordem Rhabditida, Família Strongyloidae e Gênero Strongyloides...
The objective of this work was to morphologically describe and identify Nematoda found in a sewage treatment plant in Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil. A total of 56 samples with 500-mL each were collected at all points in the aerobic treatment stages. The samples were processed for bright field light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). L1 and L4 larvae were found, classified according to size. L1 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=255.0-μm length; Md=15.0-μm diameter; Md=10.0-μm oral vestibule; Md=82.5-μm esophagus; and Md=26.2 μm tail. L4 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=740.0-μm length; Md=42.0-μm diameter; Md=22.5-μm oral vestibule; Md=200.0-μm esophagus; and Md=47.5-μm tail. Adult females have also been found, characterized by rhabditoid esophagus, sexual maturation with presence of eggs in the uterine tube at different stages of embryo formation. Some eggs were seen at larvae stage, suggesting a pattern of larvae parity. The worms were considered as free-living and classified in the Rhabditida order, Strongyloidae Family and Strongyloides genus...
El objetivo de ese trabajo fue realizar la descripción morfológica y la identificación de Nematodo encontrados en una estación de tratamiento de alcantarilla de Feira de Santana, BAHIA, Brasil. Fueron recogidas 56 muestras de 500 mL en todos los puntos de las etapas aerobias del tratamiento. Las muestras fueron procesadas para estudio en microscopía óptica de campo claro (MO) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB). Se encontraron larvas L1 y L4, clasificados según el tamaño. Las larvas L1 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=255.0μm; diámetro Md=15.0μm; vestíbulo oral Md=10.0 µm; esófago Md=82,5μm; y cola Md=26.2μm. Las larvas L4 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=740.0μm; diámetro Md=42.0μm; vestíbulo oral Md=22,5μm; esófago Md=200.0μm; y cola Md=47.5μm. También se han encontrado hembras adultas, caracterizándose por presentar esófago rabditoide, maduración sexual con presencia de huevos en las trompas uterina en diferentes etapas de la formación del embrión. Algunos huevos fueron vistos larvados, sugiriendo un estándar de larviparidad. Los gusanos fueron considerados de vida libre y clasificados como de Orden Rhabditida, Familia Strongyloidae y género Strongyloides...
Assuntos
Animais , Helmintos/anatomia & histologia , Helmintos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Helmintos/fisiologia , Estações de Tratamento Primário/análiseRESUMO
O consumo de verduras in natura pode ser um meio de transmissão de vários parasitos. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação parasitológica de amostras de verduras comercializadas em supermercados e feiras-livres no município de Umuarama PR. Um total de 48 amostras de alface, 40 de couve, 40 de almeirão e 20 de rúcula foram coletadas, com um total de 20 (13,5%) de positivos para Toxocara (5,4%), Ascaris (5,4%), Hymenolepis nana (1,4%), Entamoeba coli (0,7%) e Taenia (0,7%)...
The consumption of fresh vegetables can be a means of transmission of several parasites. This study aims to assess the presence of enteroparasites in samples of vegetables sold in supermarkets and street markets in the city of Umuarama-PR, Brazil. A total of 48 samples of lettuce, 40 samples of cabbage, 40 of curly endive and 20 of rucola were collected, with 20 (13.5%) being positive, for Toxocara (5.4%), for Ascaris (5.4%), for Hymenolepis nana (1.4%), for Entamoeba coli (0.7%) and for Taenia (0.7%)...
El consumo de verduras in natura puede ser un medio de transmisión de varios parásitos. Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo la evaluación parasitológica de muestras de verduras comercializadas en supermercados y ferias libres en el municipio de Umuarama-PR. Un total de 48 muestras de lechuga, 40 de col, 40 de achicoria y 20 de rúcala, han sido recogidas, con un total de 20 (13,5%) de positivos para Toxocara (5,4%), Ascaris (5,4%), Hymenolepis nana (1,4%), Entamoeba coli (0,7%) y Taenia (0,7%)...
Assuntos
Animais , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Verduras/parasitologiaRESUMO
O objetivo desse trabalho foi fazer a descrição morfológica e a identificação de Nematoda encontrados em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto de Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil. Foram coletadas 56 amostras de 500 mL em todos os pontos das etapas aeróbias do tratamento. As amostras foram processadas para estudo em microscopia óptica de campo claro (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram encontradas larvas L1e L4, classificadas de acordo com o tamanho. As larvas L1 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 255,0μm; diâmetro Md = 15,0μm; vestíbulo bucal Md = 10,0μm; esôfago Md = 82,5μm; e cauda Md = 26,2μm. As larvas L4 apresentaram as seguintes medidas de comprimento Md = 740,0μm; diâmetro Md = 42,0μm; vestíbulo bucal Md = 22,5μm; esôfago Md = 200,0μm; e cauda Md = 47,5μm. Fêmeas adultas também foram encontradas, caracterizando-se por apresentam esôfago rabditoide, maturação sexual com presença de ovos na tuba uterina em diferentes fases de formação embrionária. Alguns ovos foram vistos larvados, sugerindo um padrão de larviparidade. Os vermes foram considerados de vida livre e classificadas como da Ordem Rhabditida, Família Strongyloidae e Gênero Strongyloides.(AU)
The objective of this work was to morphologically describe and identify Nematoda found in a sewage treatment plant in Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil. A total of 56 samples with 500-mL each were collected at all points in the aerobic treatment stages. The samples were processed for bright field light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). L1 and L4 larvae were found, classified according to size. L1 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=255.0-μm length; Md=15.0-μm diameter; Md=10.0-μm oral vestibule; Md=82.5-μm esophagus; and Md=26.2 μm tail. L4 larvae presented the following measurements: Md=740.0-μm length; Md=42.0-μm diameter; Md=22.5-μm oral vestibule; Md=200.0-μm esophagus; and Md=47.5-μm tail. Adult females have also been found, characterized by rhabditoid esophagus, sexual maturation with presence of eggs in the uterine tube at different stages of embryo formation. Some eggs were seen at larvae stage, suggesting a pattern of larvae parity. The worms were considered as free-living and classified in the Rhabditida order, Strongyloidae Family and Strongyloides genus.(AU)
El objetivo de ese trabajo fue realizar la descripción morfológica y la identificación de Nematodo encontrados en una estación de tratamiento de alcantarilla de Feira de Santana, BAHIA, Brasil. Fueron recogidas 56 muestras de 500 mL en todos los puntos de las etapas aerobias del tratamiento. Las muestras fueron procesadas para estudio en microscopía óptica de campo claro (MO) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB). Se encontraron larvas L1 y L4, clasificados según el tamaño. Las larvas L1 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=255.0μm; diámetro Md=15.0μm; vestíbulo oral Md=10.0 µm; esófago Md=82,5μm; y cola Md=26.2μm. Las larvas L4 presentaron las siguientes medidas de longitud Md=740.0μm; diámetro Md=42.0μm; vestíbulo oral Md=22,5μm; esófago Md=200.0μm; y cola Md=47.5μm. También se han encontrado hembras adultas, caracterizándose por presentar esófago rabditoide, maduración sexual con presencia de huevos en las trompas uterina en diferentes etapas de la formación del embrión. Algunos huevos fueron vistos larvados, sugiriendo un estándar de larviparidad. Los gusanos fueron considerados de vida libre y clasificados como de Orden Rhabditida, Familia Strongyloidae y género Strongyloides.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Helmintos/anatomia & histologia , Helmintos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Helmintos/fisiologia , Estações de Tratamento Primário/análiseRESUMO
O consumo de verduras in natura pode ser um meio de transmissão de vários parasitos. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação parasitológica de amostras de verduras comercializadas em supermercados e feiras-livres no município de Umuarama PR. Um total de 48 amostras de alface, 40 de couve, 40 de almeirão e 20 de rúcula foram coletadas, com um total de 20 (13,5%) de positivos para Toxocara (5,4%), Ascaris (5,4%), Hymenolepis nana (1,4%), Entamoeba coli (0,7%) e Taenia (0,7%).(AU)
The consumption of fresh vegetables can be a means of transmission of several parasites. This study aims to assess the presence of enteroparasites in samples of vegetables sold in supermarkets and street markets in the city of Umuarama-PR, Brazil. A total of 48 samples of lettuce, 40 samples of cabbage, 40 of curly endive and 20 of rucola were collected, with 20 (13.5%) being positive, for Toxocara (5.4%), for Ascaris (5.4%), for Hymenolepis nana (1.4%), for Entamoeba coli (0.7%) and for Taenia (0.7%).(AU)
El consumo de verduras in natura puede ser un medio de transmisión de varios parásitos. Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo la evaluación parasitológica de muestras de verduras comercializadas en supermercados y ferias libres en el municipio de Umuarama-PR. Un total de 48 muestras de lechuga, 40 de col, 40 de achicoria y 20 de rúcala, han sido recogidas, con un total de 20 (13,5%) de positivos para Toxocara (5,4%), Ascaris (5,4%), Hymenolepis nana (1,4%), Entamoeba coli (0,7%) y Taenia (0,7%).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Verduras/parasitologia , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Helmintíase/prevenção & controle , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnósticoRESUMO
Mice experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola produced false negative results (prozone effect) in a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). This prozone effect occurred in several serum samples collected at different post-infection times, but it was more prominent in samples collected from seven-42 days post-infection and for 1:50 and 1:100 sample dilutions. This phenomenon was correlated with increased antibody titres in the early post-infection phase. While prozone effects are often observed in serological agglutination assays for the diagnosis of animal brucellosis and human syphilis, they are not widely reported in leptospirosis MATs.