RESUMO

Background: Strawberry is a fruit with a high antioxidant capacity due to its richness in phenolic compounds that suffer a rapid post-harvest deterioration. Spray drying is an alternative to reduce losses; however, these powders present problems of instantanisation, making it necessary to implement agglomeration processes. During storage, powdered food products can undergo a series of changes in their amorphous state from a product initially in a vitreous state to a gummy state, where all properties are substantially modified due to the increased mobility of water in the matrix. Methods: The research objective was to evaluate the storage stability (6 months) of a fluidized bed agglomerated strawberry powder mixture at three temperatures (15, 25 and 25°C), a controlled environment at 65% relative moisture, and PET foil laminated film bags as packaging. Moisture, water activity, bulk and compacted density, Carr and Hausner indices, solubility, hygroscopicity, wettability, angle of repose, antioxidant capacities, total phenols, anthocyanins, vitamin C, color (CIE-Lab) and particle size were monitored. Results: ANOVA showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) for all dependent variables concerning storage time; storage temperature had no significant effect on S, ABTS, DPPH and Hu. The time-temperature interaction during storage had no significant effect (p>0.05) on S, ABTS, DPPH, Hu and L. The agglomerate showed moisture and aw values that confer excellent stability against deterioration reactions; it retained good fluidity, low cohesiveness, and retentions above 50% for antioxidant capacity, 76% for total phenols, 39% for anthocyanins, and 40% for vitamin C; particle size was retained during the evaluation. The color was only affected in the 35°C treatment from the fifth month onwards. Conclusions: The study will serve as a tool for the determination of the shelf life of the chipboard once the critical values of the attributes selected as predictors of shelf life are defined.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Commonly, several traits are assessed in agronomic experiments to better understand the factors under study. However, it is also common to see that even when several traits are available, researchers opt to follow the easiest way by applying univariate analyses and post-hoc tests for mean comparison for each trait, which arouses the hypothesis that the benefits of a multi-trait framework analysis may have not been fully exploited in this area. RESULTS: In this paper, we extended the theoretical foundations of the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) to analyze multivariate data either in simple experiments (e.g., one-way layout with few treatments and traits) or complex experiments (e.g., with a factorial treatment structure). We proposed an optional weighting process that makes the ranking of treatments that stands out in traits with higher weights more likely. Its application is illustrated using (1) simulated data and (2) real data from a strawberry experiment that aims to select better factor combinations (namely, cultivar, transplant origin, and substrate mixture) based on the desired performance of 22 phenological, productive, physiological, and qualitative traits. Our results show that most of the strawberry traits are influenced by the cultivar, transplant origin, cultivation substrates, as well as by the interaction between cultivar and transplant origin. The MGIDI ranked the Albion cultivar originated from Imported transplants and the Camarosa cultivar originated from National transplants as the better factor combinations. The substrates with burned rice husk as the main component (70%) showed satisfactory physical proprieties, providing higher water use efficiency. The strengths and weakness view provided by the MGIDI revealed that looking for an ideal treatment should direct the efforts on increasing fruit production of Albion transplants from Imported origin. On the other hand, this treatment has strengths related to productive precocity, total soluble solids, and flesh firmness. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study opens the door to the use of MGIDI beyond the plant breeding context, providing a unique, practical, robust, and easy-to-handle multi-trait-based framework to analyze multivariate data. There is an exciting possibility for this to open up new avenues of research, mainly because using the MGIDI in future studies will dramatically reduce the number of tables/figures needed, serving as a powerful tool to guide researchers toward better treatment recommendations.

RESUMO

Cell wall modification is one of the main factors that produce the tissue softening during ripening of many fruit including strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Expansins have been studied for over 20 years as a class of the important cell growth regulators, and in the last years these have been related with the fruit softening. In strawberry, five partial sequences of the expansins genes were described in the past, this analysis showed that FaEXP5 partial gene was present throughout fruit development, but was more strongly expressed during ripening. Now, we reported the full length of this α-expansin (FaEXPA5), whose had been related with fruit softening, and the protein structural was described by homology model. Their transcript accumulation during softening was confirmed by qRT-PCR, displaying a high accumulation rate during fruit ripening. In silico analysis of promoter sequence showed four ABA and two auxin cis-regulatory elements, potentially responsible for the expression patterns observed in response to the hormone treatments. Additionally, 3D protein model displayed two domains and one open groove characteristic of expansin structures. The protein-ligand interactions were evaluated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation using three different long structure ligands (a cellulose fiber, a xyloglucan fiber (XXXG type), and a pectin fiber as control). Favorable interactions were observed with xyloglucan and cellulose, being cellulose the best ligand with lower RMSD value. Additionally, MD simulations showed that FaEXPA5 can interact with the ligands through residues present in the open groove along the two domains.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN Cerca de un tercio de las partes comestibles de los alimentos para el consumo humano se pierden, siendo mermas asociadas a factores de toda la cadena de abastecimiento. Dentro de dichos alimentos, se destacan la fresa (Fragaria ananassa) y la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth), frutas que han demostrado alto poder antioxidante, siendo relacionado con la prevención o el tratamiento de enfermedades. Por consiguiente, con el propósito de evidenciar el potencial para la obtención de compuestos de interés en los subproductos del procesamiento de dichas frutas, el presente estudio, se enfocó en la caracterización de los parámetros fisicoquímicos, color, poder antioxidante y vitamina C, en cuatro condiciones de conservación, durante cuatro semanas; estas fueron: coproducto fresco, refrigerado, secado convencional y liofilización, siendo caracterizadas también por su contenido de minerales. A partir de los resultados, se evidenció baja concentración de sólidos solubles, pH variable, entre 3,2 y 6,4, así como parámetros de color estables, durante el almacenamiento. Adicionalmente, los coproductos con mayor poder antioxidante fueron la semilla de mora liofilizada y el lodo de mora por secado convencional, superando al residuo de fresa en cualquier condición, según los ensayos FRAP y DPPH, respectivamente; no obstante, todas las muestras presentaron bajos contenidos en vitamina C, mientras que se caracterizaron por su alto contenido en potasio y hierro. Por consiguiente, lo anterior, muestra el interés por la obtención de compuestos, como minerales y antioxidantes, a partir de los desechos de mora y de fresa, así como su uso en productos con alto valor agregado.

ABSTRACT Near of one third of the edible food that human being cultivate are loses, which are due to factors from the supply chain. Within these was highlighted strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth), fruits that have demonstrated high antioxidant potential to which is related with prevention of some diseases. Therefore, with the aim to show the processing by-products' potential in the obtaining of interesting compounds, this study was focused on the characterization of their physicochemical parameters, color, antioxidant power and vitamin C in four preservation conditions for four weeks; these were: fresh by-product, refrigerated, conventional drying and lyophilization; also, mineral description was made for each sample. According to the results, it was proved that the samples had a lower solid soluble concentration, pH between 3.2 and 6.4, and stable color parameters during the storage. In addition, by-products with greater antioxidant power were lyophilizate blackberry seed and conventional drying blackberry sludge, which surpassed the strawberry's results in all the conditions conforming to FRAP and DPPH essays. However, all the samples presented low content of vitamin C, while they exhibited high content of potassium and iron. To sum up, above mentioned woke the interest on the minerals or antioxidant obtention from blackberry and strawberry by-products to which can be used in products with high value added.

RESUMO

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is one of the indirect mechanisms of growth promotion exerted by plant growth-promoting bacteria, and can be mediated by ethylene (ET). We assessed ET production and the expression of related genes in the Azospirillum-strawberry plant interaction. Ethylene production was evaluated by gas chromatography in plants inoculated or not with A. brasilense REC3. Also, plants were treated with AgNO3 , an inhibitor of ET biosynthesis; with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor of ET biosynthesis; and with indole acetic acid (IAA). Plant dry biomass and the growth index were determined to assess the growth-promoting effect of A. brasilense REC3 in strawberry plants. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyse relative expression of the genes Faetr1, Faers1 and Faein4, which encode ET receptors; Factr1 and Faein2, involved in the ET signalling pathway; Faacs1 encoding ACC synthase; Faaco1 encoding ACC oxidase; and Faaux1 and Faami1 for IAA synthesis enzymes. Results showed that ET acts as a rapid and transient signal in the first 12 h post-treatment. A. brasilense REC3-inoculated plants had a significantly higher growth index compared to control plants. Modulation of the genes Faetr1, Faers1, Faein4, Factr1, Faein2 and Faaco1 indicated activation of ET synthesis and signalling pathways. The up-regulation of Faaux1 and Faami1 involved in IAA synthesis suggested that inoculation with A. brasilense REC3 induces production of this auxin, modulating ET signalling. Ethylene production and up-regulation of genes associated with ET signalling in strawberry plants inoculated with A. brasilense REC3 support the priming activation characteristic of ISR. This type of resistance and the activation of systemic acquired resistance previously observed in this interaction indicate that both are present in strawberry plants, could act synergistically and increase protection against pathogens.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In recent years "redness" has increasingly appeared in strawberry plants with leaves taking on a reddish color. No causal agent has been associated with plants. Since strawberries presented problems due to the incidence of nematodes, the purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between production, resistance to the Meloidogyne hapla nematode and the "redness" symptom in strawberry cultivars. Two experiments were performed, both with the 'Camino Real', 'Festival', 'Oso Grande', 'Albion' and 'Camarosa' cultivars. The first experiment was performed in the field, where the following were evaluated: strawberry production, fruit quality, macro and micronutrient contents in fruit and leaves, percentage of plant survival, incidence of nematodes, quantity of eggs in the roots and juveniles in the soil, and the incidence of Botrytis cinerea . In the second experiment, the strawberries were transplanted into pots and filled with pinus bark-based commercial substrate. Half the pots were inocculated with Meloidogyne hapla . Cultivars presented differences in fruit production and also in the incidence of "redness". Lowest performance in production was related to the high incidence of the nematode Meloidogyne hapla. 'Oso Grande' and 'Albion' presented nematode-resistant behavior. It was possible find a relationship between the incidence of the Meloidogyne hapla nematode, and the incidence of "redness" only 'Camino Real' cultivar.(AU)

Nos últimos anos, vem aumentando o aparecimento do "vermelhão" nos morangueiros, que ficam com as folhas avermelhadas. Nenhum agente causal foi associado às plantas. Devido aos plantios de morangueiros apresentarem problemas pela incidência de nematoide, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a relação entre produção, resistência ao nematoide Meloidogyne hapla e o sintoma de "vermelhão" em cultivares de morangueiro. Foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos com as cultivares 'Camino Real', 'Festival', 'Oso Grande', 'Albion' e 'Camarosa'. O primeiro experimento foi realizado a campo, onde se avaliaram a produção de morangos, qualidade dos frutos, teores de macro e micronutrientes em frutos e folhas, porcentagem de sobrevivência das plantas, incidência de nematoides, quantidade de ovos nas raízes e juvenis no solo e a incidência de Botrytis cinerea. No segundo experimento, os morangueiros foram transplantados em vasos e preenchidos com substrato comercial a base de casca de pinus. Metade dos vasos foi inoculada com Meloidogyne hapla. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças na produção de frutos e também na incidência de "vermelhão". O menor desempenho produtivo relaciona-se com a alta incidência de nematoide Meloidogyne hapla. 'Oso Grande' e 'Albion' se comportaram como resistentes ao nematoide. Foi possível relacionar a incidência de nematoide Meloidogyne hapla com a de "vermelhão" apenas na cultivar 'Camino Real'.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: In recent years "redness" has increasingly appeared in strawberry plants with leaves taking on a reddish color. No causal agent has been associated with plants. Since strawberries presented problems due to the incidence of nematodes, the purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between production, resistance to the Meloidogyne hapla nematode and the "redness" symptom in strawberry cultivars. Two experiments were performed, both with the 'Camino Real', 'Festival', 'Oso Grande', 'Albion' and 'Camarosa' cultivars. The first experiment was performed in the field, where the following were evaluated: strawberry production, fruit quality, macro and micronutrient contents in fruit and leaves, percentage of plant survival, incidence of nematodes, quantity of eggs in the roots and juveniles in the soil, and the incidence of Botrytis cinerea . In the second experiment, the strawberries were transplanted into pots and filled with pinus bark-based commercial substrate. Half the pots were inocculated with Meloidogyne hapla . Cultivars presented differences in fruit production and also in the incidence of "redness". Lowest performance in production was related to the high incidence of the nematode Meloidogyne hapla. 'Oso Grande' and 'Albion' presented nematode-resistant behavior. It was possible find a relationship between the incidence of the Meloidogyne hapla nematode, and the incidence of "redness" only 'Camino Real' cultivar.

RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, vem aumentando o aparecimento do "vermelhão" nos morangueiros, que ficam com as folhas avermelhadas. Nenhum agente causal foi associado às plantas. Devido aos plantios de morangueiros apresentarem problemas pela incidência de nematoide, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a relação entre produção, resistência ao nematoide Meloidogyne hapla e o sintoma de "vermelhão" em cultivares de morangueiro. Foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos com as cultivares 'Camino Real', 'Festival', 'Oso Grande', 'Albion' e 'Camarosa'. O primeiro experimento foi realizado a campo, onde se avaliaram a produção de morangos, qualidade dos frutos, teores de macro e micronutrientes em frutos e folhas, porcentagem de sobrevivência das plantas, incidência de nematoides, quantidade de ovos nas raízes e juvenis no solo e a incidência de Botrytis cinerea. No segundo experimento, os morangueiros foram transplantados em vasos e preenchidos com substrato comercial a base de casca de pinus. Metade dos vasos foi inoculada com Meloidogyne hapla. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças na produção de frutos e também na incidência de "vermelhão". O menor desempenho produtivo relaciona-se com a alta incidência de nematoide Meloidogyne hapla. 'Oso Grande' e 'Albion' se comportaram como resistentes ao nematoide. Foi possível relacionar a incidência de nematoide Meloidogyne hapla com a de "vermelhão" apenas na cultivar 'Camino Real'.

RESUMO

In order to preserve the shelf life of the strawberry and other fruits for as long as possible, technologies are presently being studied to increase in post-harvest durability. The aim of this paper was to assess the effect of gelatine associated to vegetable extracts in the post-harvest life of strawberries. The strawberries were obtained from a commercial cultivation, in the town of Goioerê/PR. Four successive treatments of five repetitions were applied, being: 1st Witness (only the strawberries); 2nd Gelatine; 3rd Gelatine with peppermint vegetable extract; 4th Gelatine with clove vegetable extract. The analyses made were of the pH, titratableacidity, soluble solids, ratio, loss of mass and visual assessment. The results obtained show that the biofilms were not sufficient to prolong the life of the strawberries.

Para que a vida de prateleira do morango e outras frutas sejam preservadas pelo maior período possível, atualmente são estudadas tecnologias que visam o aumento da durabilidade pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da gelatina associada a extratos vegetais na vida útil pós-colheita do morango. Os morangos foram adquiridos em cultivo comercial, na cidade de Goioerê/PR. Foram aplicados quatro tratamentos seguidos de cinco repetições, sendo: 1º Tratamento controle (só os morangos); 2º Gelatina; 3º Gelatina com extrato vegetal de hortelã e 4º Gelatina com extrato vegetal de cravo da índia. As análises realizadas foram de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ratio, perda de massa e avaliação visual. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os biofilmes de gelatina comercial e incolor associada a extratos vegetais não foram suficientes para prolongar a vida útil do morango.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In order to preserve the shelf life of the strawberry and other fruits for as long as possible, technologies are presently being studied to increase in post-harvest durability. The aim of this paper was to assess the effect of gelatine associated to vegetable extracts in the post-harvest life of strawberries. The strawberries were obtained from a commercial cultivation, in the town of Goioerê/PR. Four successive treatments of five repetitions were applied, being: 1st Witness (only the strawberries); 2nd Gelatine; 3rd Gelatine with peppermint vegetable extract; 4th Gelatine with clove vegetable extract. The analyses made were of the pH, titratableacidity, soluble solids, ratio, loss of mass and visual assessment. The results obtained show that the biofilms were not sufficient to prolong the life of the strawberries.(AU)

Para que a vida de prateleira do morango e outras frutas sejam preservadas pelo maior período possível, atualmente são estudadas tecnologias que visam o aumento da durabilidade pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da gelatina associada a extratos vegetais na vida útil pós-colheita do morango. Os morangos foram adquiridos em cultivo comercial, na cidade de Goioerê/PR. Foram aplicados quatro tratamentos seguidos de cinco repetições, sendo: 1º Tratamento controle (só os morangos); 2º Gelatina; 3º Gelatina com extrato vegetal de hortelã e 4º Gelatina com extrato vegetal de cravo da índia. As análises realizadas foram de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ratio, perda de massa e avaliação visual. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os biofilmes de gelatina comercial e incolor associada a extratos vegetais não foram suficientes para prolongar a vida útil do morango.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The plant growth-promoting strain REC3 of Azospirillum brasilense, isolated from strawberry roots, prompts growth promotion and systemic protection against anthracnose disease in this crop. Hence, we hypothesised that A. brasilense REC3 can induce different physiological, structural and molecular responses in strawberry plants. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study these traits activated in Azospirillum-colonised strawberry plants, which have not been assessed until now. Healthy, in vitro micropropagated plants were root-inoculated with REC3 under hydroponic conditions; root and leaf tissues were sampled at different times, and oxidative burst, phenolic compound content, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, callose deposition, cell wall fortification and gene expression were evaluated. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced levels of soluble phenolic compounds after 12 h post-inoculation (hpi), while amounts of cell wall bound phenolics were similar in inoculated and control plants. Other early responses activated by REC3 (at 24 hpi) were a decline of lipid peroxidation and up-regulation of strawberry genes involved in defence (FaPR1), bacterial recognition (FaFLS2) and H2O2 depuration (FaCAT and FaAPXc). The last may explain the apparent absence of oxidative burst in leaves after bacterial inoculation. Also, REC3 inoculation induced delayed structural responses such as callose deposition and cell wall fortification (at 72 hpi). Results showed that A. brasilense REC3 is capable of exerting beneficial effects on strawberry plants, reinforcing their physiological and cellular characteristics, which in turns contribute to improve plant performance.

Assuntos