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Objetive: To compare in vitro bacterial adherence on teeth submitted to whitening with 50% ethanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Material and Methods: The study was experimental and used 18 premolars that were grouped into: G1 (control), G2 (50% ethanol extract of Musa paradisiaca) and G3 (35% hydrogen peroxide). The teeth were then exposed to a Streptococcus mutans culture for 24 hours, followed by centrifugation in thioglycolate broth. A culture on trypticase soy agar was done with a 1 in 100 dilution, and after 48 hours colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA test, complemented by the Bonferroni post-hoc. Results: Bacterial adherence was 77x105 CFU/ml in Group 3 using 35% hydrogen peroxide, 40x105 CFU/ml in Group 2 using 50% ethanol extract of Musa paradisiaca, and 89x104 CFU/ml in Group 1 (control). The difference between the three groups was significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: Both whitening methods cause bacterial adherence to the tooth surface, although to a lower degree with Musa paradisiaca.eses.

Objetivo: Comparar la adherencia bacteriana in vitro en dientes sometidos a blanqueamiento con extracto etanólico de Musa paradisiaca al 50% y con peróxido de hidrógeno al 35%. Material y Métodos: Comparar la adherencia bacteriana in vitro en dientes sometidos a blanqueamiento con extracto etanólico de Musa paradisiaca al 50% y con peróxido de hidrógeno al 35%.Resultados: La adherencia bacteriana fue de 77x105 UFC/ml con el peróxido de hidrógeno al 35%, de 40x105 UFC/ml con el extracto etanólico de Musa paradisiaca al 50% y de 89x104 UFC/ml con el control. La diferencia fue significativa entre los tres grupos (p=0.000). Conclusión: Ambos métodos de blanqueamiento causan adherencia bacteriana en la superficie dental, siendo menor con Musa paradisiaca.

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A medida que a se avanza en el siglo XXI, los sistemas de energía deben alejarse de los combustibles fósiles y aumentar la capacidad de las energías renovables si se quieren cumplir los objetivos de temperaturas máximas del Acuerdo de París. Sin embargo, debido a los desafíos en la adopción de tecnologías bajas en carbono, ciertas áreas de los sistemas energéticos globales son difíciles de controlar y descarburar. Por otra parte, el compostaje es una de las prácticas de gestión de residuos orgánicos más importantes que se puede utilizar para lograr la sostenibilidad del suelo y del medio ambiente. El compost tiene un mínimo impacto en algunas emisiones, y puede ayudar a controlar la huella de carbono y limitar los efectos ambientales negativos de los métodos de eliminación de desechos más deficientes. La investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar la calidad de producir biogás y biometano a partir de la cáscara de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.). Metodológicamente se desarrolló una investigación aplicada, con nivel de investigación de tipo experimental. Las cáscaras de plátano se colectaron de la planta de compostaje de la Municipalidad Provincial de Leoncio Prado, Perú. De la muestra se prepararon cinco sub muestras para la producción de biogás y cinco muestras adicionales para la producción de biometano. Los sistemas mostraron una producción de 0,067 m3 BG/Kg ST de biogás y 0,059 m3CH4/Kg ST de biometano, que generó subproductos como el biol y biosol. Estos resultados presentaron una baja toxicidad al ser sometidos a pruebas germinativas, concluyéndose que solo el 11,5% de la cáscara introducida al biorreactor se degrado y de esta fracción solo el 2,8% se convirtió en biogás(AU)

As progress is being made in the 21st century, energy systems must move away from fossil fuels and increase the capacity of renewable energies if you want to meet the maximum temperatures objectives of the Paris Agreement. However, due to the challenges in the adoption of low carbon technologies, certain areas of global energy systems are difficult to control and decarbure. On the other hand, composting is one of the most important organic waste management practices that can be used to achieve soil and environmental sustainability. The compost has a minimum impact on some emissions, and can help control the carbon footprint and limit the negative environmental effects of the most deficient waste removal methods. The research aimed to determine the quality of producing biogas and biomethane from the banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.). Methodologically, an applied investigation was developed, with experimental research level. The banana peels were collected from the composting plant of the Provincial Municipality of Leoncio Prado, Peru. From the sample, five sub samples were prepared for the production of biogas and five additional samples for biomethane production. The systems showed a production of 0.067 m3 bg/kg ST of biogas and 0.059 m3ch4/kg ST of biomethane, which generated by -products such as biol and biosol. These results presented a low toxicity when they were subjected to germinative evidence, concluding that only 11.5% of the shell introduced into the bioreactor was degraded and of this fraction only 2.8% became biogas(AU)

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Aspergillus fumigatus es un hongo con características de saprofito que crece en las partes muertas y en descomposición de la materia orgánica. La presencia de terapias inmunosupresoras o de antifúngicos pueden convertirlo en un patógeno fúngico oportunista causante de enfermedades como aspergilosis pulmonar crónica (CPA), aspergilosis invasiva aguda y síndrome de alergias. Pacientes que sufren de enfermedad pulmonar severa como la pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar aspergilosis pulmonar crónica y aspergilosis pulmonar necrosante crónica (CNPA) que pueden causar crecimiento de hongos en los tejidos dañados. Por otro lado, una de las fuentes más comunes de estos hongos son la generación de compost. Estos fertilizantes orgánicos no dañan al medio ambiente y podrían resultar una estrategia eficaz para salvaguardar el medio ambiente. El compost orgánico promueve el suelo con mejor capacidad de retención de agua y resistencia a la sequía. Entre los residuos agrícolas postcosecha más comunes utilizados en la formación de compost, se pueden mencionar a las cáscaras de yuca, de maní, de frutas y verduras, desechos de cervecería, cascarilla de cacao, cascarilla de cola, maíz, conchas de plátano (Musa paradisiaca). Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar la calidad del compost producido a partir de la cáscara de plátano con el fin de aprovechar hasta un 70% de su biomasa en la Municipalidad Provincial de Leoncio Prado, Perú. Los resultados mostraron que la la degradación aerobia de la cáscara de M. paradisiaca generó emisiones de CO2 (88,61%), así como compost (6,57 %) y lixiviados (4,82 %). Sin embargo, los efectos fitotóxicos usando el índice de germinación mostraron una inhibición completa de las semillas probadas posiblemente debido al gran contenido de minerales (alto contenido de salinidad del compost y lixiviado), presencia de metales pesados, compuestos orgánicos presentes, o la presencia de hongos tales como el A. fumigatus(AU)

Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic fungus that grows on dead and decomposing parts of organic matter. The presence of immunosuppressive or antifungal therapies can make it an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing diseases such as chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), acute invasive aspergillosis, and allergy syndrome. Patients suffering from severe lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of developing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) which can cause fungal growth in damaged tissues. On the other hand, one of the most common sources of these fungi is the generation of compost. These organic fertilizers do not harm the environment and could be an effective strategy to safeguard the environment. Organic compost promotes soil with better water holding capacity and drought resistance. Among the most common postharvest agricultural residues used in the formation of compost, we can mention cassava shells, peanut shells, fruit and vegetable shells, brewery waste, cocoa shells, tail shells, corn, banana shells (Musa paradisiaca). The objective of this research was to determine the quality of the compost produced from the banana peel in order to take advantage of up to 70% of its biomass in the Provincial Municipality of Leoncio Prado, Peru. The results showed that the aerobic degradation of the shell of M. paradisiaca generated CO2 emissions (88.61%), as well as compost (6.57%) and leachates (4.82%). However, the phytotoxic effects using the germination index showed a complete inhibition of the tested seeds, possibly due to the high mineral content (high salinity content of the compost and leachate), the presence of heavy metals, organic compounds present, or the presence of fungi such as A. fumigatus(AU)

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Two new earthworm species, one of Glossodrilus Cognetti, 1905 and the other of Martiodrilus (Maipure) Righi, 1995, are described from material collected from the coffee-growing region located in central-western Colombia: Glossodrilus chaguala sp. nov., and Martiodrilus (Maipure) quimbayaensis sp. nov. New records for this region are also reported for Glossodrilus griseus, Glossodrilus lacteus, Glossodrilus panikita, Aptodrilus fuhrmanni, Periscolex columbianus, Periscolex coreguaje, Pontoscolex (Pontoscolex) corethrurus, Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) affinis, Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) bolaui, Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) saliens, Amynthas (Amynthas) gracilis, Amynthas minimus, and Perionyx excavatus.

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La desnutrición afecta la sociedad, principalmente a niños de recursos limitados, siendo los bajos niveles de minerales su consecuencia directa. Se desarrolló una investigación explicativa, con diseño experimental para evaluar la efectividad del consumo de un helado a base de Musa paradisiaca suplementado con probióticos en una población infantil de Cúcuta-Colombia. De una población de 238 escolares, 33 niños de 4 a 6 años tuvieron déficit séricos de Ca, Fe y K y se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Durante 60 días se les suministró diariamente el helado prueba al Grupo A y al Grupo B un helado placebo, registrándose peso, talla, niveles séricos de Ca, Fe y K antes, durante y después del suministro. Incrementaron significativamente (p = 0,01) los niveles de hierro y calcio en el Grupo A; mientras en el Grupo B permanecieron sin cambios. En ambos grupos aumentaron significativamente los niveles de potasio (p<0.05), con (p = 0.01) en el Grupo A. El peso corporal y talla de los niños evidenció un cambio significativo dentro de cada grupo (p < 0,05), aunque, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre grupos luego de la intervención. El consumo del helado a base de plátano suplementado con probióticos representa una alternativa para el abordaje del déficit de minerales en la población infantil(AU)

Malnutrition affects society, mainly children with limited resources, with low levels of minerals being the direct consequence. An explanatory research was developed, with experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the consumption of an ice cream of Musa paradisiaca supplemented with probiotics in a child population of Cúcuta-Colombia. From 238 schoolchildren, a sample of 33 children aged 4 to 6 years with serum deficits of Ca, Fe and K participated and they were randomly divided into two groups. For 60 days the ice cream was supplied to Group A and Group B a placebo ice cream, registering weight, height, serum levels of Ca, Fe and K before, during and after the ice cream administration. There was a significant increase (p = 0.01) in the iron and calcium levels in Group A; with no significant changes for Group B. In both groups potassium was significantly increased (p <0.05). The body weight and height of the children was increased although there were no differences (p>0.05) between both groups. The consumption of banana-based ice cream supplemented with probiotics represents an alternative to address the deficit of minerals in children(AU)

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Starch stability under the processing conditions can be improved by modifying the granule structure using chemical and/or physical processes. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on the physicochemical, morphological, pasting and thermal properties of green banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) starch was investigated. To analyze the changes in starch properties due to the combined effect of the process variables, time (h), moisture (%), and temperature (°C) were considered as independent variables using a central composite rotatable design. The native starch extracted using ammonium hydroxide as an antioxidant contained 80.4% total carbohydrates, 53.7% apparent amylose, 11.46% moisture, and other constituents (ash, protein, lipids), which accounted for less than 1%. The granule morphology was affected by the moisture and temperature used in HMT. A and B type X-ray diffraction patterns were observed in the native and modified starch. Mathematical models that describe the behaviour of modified starch properties as a function of the evaluated parameters were obtained. The variables time and temperature significantly affected the physicochemical, rheological and digestibility properties of starch.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of includingsun-dried banana peel in diets for F1 Holstein x Zebu cows on intake, digestibility and milk production. Diets were composed of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel provided to 10 cows in two simultaneous 5 x 5 Latin squares, with the experiment divided into five periods of 16 days. The dry matter intake showed a quadratic effect with maximum level at 38.30% substitution as well as intake of crude protein expressed in kg-1 day and percentage of body weight, with maximum at the levels of 50.09 and 45.69% inclusion of the peel, respectively. The intake of neutral detergent fiber and the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein showed a decreasing linear effect. Variation in weight and body condition score, milk production and feed conversion were not affected. The replacement of 60% sorghum silage with banana peel represents a viable alternative as it causes no change in cows with average production of 16.49 kg milk with 3.5% fat day-1, reducing feeding costs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de casca de banana seca ao sol na dieta de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu, sobre consumo, digestibilidade e produção de leite. As dietas foram constituídas de 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de substituição da silagem de sorgo pela casca de banana. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas e o delineamento experimental foi em 2 quadrados latinos 5 x 5 simultâneos, sendo o período experimental dividido em cinco períodos de 16 dias. O consumo de matéria seca apresentou efeito quadrático com valor máximo no nível de 38,30% de substituição, assim como o consumo de proteína bruta expresso em kg dia-1 e em porcentagem do peso corporal, com valor máximo nos níveis de 50,09 e 45,69% de inclusão da casca, respectivamente. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e as digestibilidades da fibra em detergente neutro e da proteína bruta apresentaram efeito linear decrescente. As variações de peso e escore corporal, produção de leite e conversão alimentar não foram influenciados. A substituição de 60% da silagem de sorgo por casca de banana pode ser uma alternativa viável já que não altera produção de vacas com produção média de 16,49 kg de leite com 3,5% de gordura dia-1, reduzindo os custos com a alimentação.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of includingsun-dried banana peel in diets for F1 Holstein x Zebu cows on intake, digestibility and milk production. Diets were composed of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel provided to 10 cows in two simultaneous 5 x 5 Latin squares, with the experiment divided into five periods of 16 days. The dry matter intake showed a quadratic effect with maximum level at 38.30% substitution as well as intake of crude protein expressed in kg-1 day and percentage of body weight, with maximum at the levels of 50.09 and 45.69% inclusion of the peel, respectively. The intake of neutral detergent fiber and the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein showed a decreasing linear effect. Variation in weight and body condition score, milk production and feed conversion were not affected. The replacement of 60% sorghum silage with banana peel represents a viable alternative as it causes no change in cows with average production of 16.49 kg milk with 3.5% fat day-1, reducing feeding costs.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de casca de banana seca ao sol na dieta de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu, sobre consumo, digestibilidade e produção de leite. As dietas foram constituídas de 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de substituição da silagem de sorgo pela casca de banana. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas e o delineamento experimental foi em 2 quadrados latinos 5 x 5 simultâneos, sendo o período experimental dividido em cinco períodos de 16 dias. O consumo de matéria seca apresentou efeito quadrático com valor máximo no nível de 38,30% de substituição, assim como o consumo de proteína bruta expresso em kg dia-1 e em porcentagem do peso corporal, com valor máximo nos níveis de 50,09 e 45,69% de inclusão da casca, respectivamente. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e as digestibilidades da fibra em detergente neutro e da proteína bruta apresentaram efeito linear decrescente. As variações de peso e escore corporal, produção de leite e conversão alimentar não foram influenciados. A substituição de 60% da silagem de sorgo por casca de banana pode ser uma alternativa viável já que não altera produção de vacas com produção média de 16,49 kg de leite com 3,5% de gordura dia-1, reduzindo os custos com a alimentação.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de filmes formados por pectina, albúmen de ovo, carragena, gelatina, fécula de batata, xantana e amido de milho na conservação de banana cv. Caturra. As bananas foram sanitizadas e imersas em soluções filmogênicas de pectina (2%), albúmen de ovo (100%), carragena (2%), gelatina (5%), fécula de batata (2%) com glicerol (0,7%), xantana (1%), amido de milho (2%) com glicerol (0,7%) e o controle (0%), sendo armazenadas a 18ºC a 80% de UR por 8 dias. As bananas revestidas foram avaliados de acordo com a perda de massa, taxa de perda de massa, sólidos solúveis totais, cor (luminosidade e croma b*) e firmeza, nos tempos de zero hora, 2, 6, 7 e 8 dias. Ao final do período de armazenamento as bananas cv Caturra revestidas com filmes de pectina promoveram menor perda de massa e se mantiveram dentro do limite permitido (7%) até os 4,9 dias. O revestimento com carragena mostrou menor aumento dos sólidos solúveis totais, já os filmes de albúmen proporcionaram menores reduções da firmeza e variações da coloração amarela e o revestimento com fécula de batata melhorou a luminosidade nos frutos. Este aspecto mostra uma contribuição dos filmes na manutenção da qualidade da banana cv. Caturra. No entanto, outros parâmetros de qualidade devem ser avaliados, buscando conhecer outros efeitos desses filmes sobre a banana.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de filmes formados por pectina, albúmen de ovo, carragena, gelatina, fécula de batata, xantana e amido de milho na conservação de banana cv. Caturra. As bananas foram sanitizadas e imersas em soluções filmogênicas de pectina (2%), albúmen de ovo (100%), carragena (2%), gelatina (5%), fécula de batata (2%) com glicerol (0,7%), xantana (1%), amido de milho (2%) com glicerol (0,7%) e o controle (0%), sendo armazenadas a 18°C a 80% de UR por 8 dias. As bananas revestidas foram avaliados de acordo com a perda de massa, taxa de perda de massa, sólidos solúveis totais, cor (luminosidade e croma b*) e firmeza, nos tempos de zero hora, 2, 6, 7 e 8 dias. Ao final do período de armazenamento as bananas cv Caturra revestidas com filmes de pectina promoveram menor perda de massa e se mantiveram dentro do limite permitido (7%) até os 4,9 dias. O revestimento com carragena mostrou menor aumento dos sólidos solúveis totais, já os filmes de albúmen proporcionaram menores reduções da firmeza e variações da coloração amarela e o revestimento com fécula de batata melhorou a luminosidade nos frutos. Este aspecto mostra uma contribuição dos filmes na manutenção da qualidade da banana cv. Caturra. No entanto, outros parâmetros de qualidade devem ser avaliados, buscando conhecer outros efeitos desses filmes sobre a banana.(AU)

The purpose of this paper was evaluate the effect of films made by pectin, egg albumen, carrageenan, gelatin, potato starch, xanthan and com starch in the banana cv. Caturra conservation. The bananas were sanitized and immersed in pectin filmogenic solutions (2%), egg albumen (100%), carrageenan (2%), gelation (5%), potato starch (2%) with glycerol (0,7%), xanthan (1 %), com starch (2%) with glycerol (0,7%) and the control group (0%), kept at 18 °C± I''C, with relative humidity (RH) of 80%±5% for 8 days. The coated bananas were evaluated in triplicate, according to the mass loss, mass loss rate, total soluble solids, color (luminosity and Chroma b*) and firmness, in zero hour, 2, 6, 7 and 8 days. By the end of the storage period the bananas cv Caturra coated with pectin films had a lower loss of mass and kept the allowable limit (7%) until the 4,9 days. The carrageenan coating showed lower increase in total soluble solids, and the albumen films had lower reductions in firmness and in yellow color variation. The potato starch coating improved the fruits luminosity. This aspect show the films contribution in maintenance the quality of the banana cv. Caturra. However, other parameters must be evaluated, searching other effects of those films over the banana.(AU)

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