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Objetivo: analisar as representações sociais da autoproteção profissional e pessoal dos enfermeiros no contexto da Covid-19. Método: estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, pautado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, abordagem processual. Participaram 30 enfermeiros que realizaram cuidados de enfermagem a pacientes com Covid-19, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada entre abril e maio 2021, realizada em plataforma online. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado com a técnica de análise de conteúdo temático-categorial. Resultado: a análise resultou em quatro categorias: Representações sociais e práticas relativas a Covid-19; Representações sociais da autoproteção; Desafios no enfrentamento da Covid-19: autoproteção pessoal e profissional; e Estrutura e fluxo de atendimento e sua relação com a autoproteção profissional. Considerações finais: houve engajamento dos profissionais no uso dos EPI na pandemia, o que aponta uma preocupação quanto à autoproteção na prestação de cuidados à pacientes com a Covid-19.

Objective: to analyze the social representations of professional and personal self-protection among nurses in the context of Covid-19. Method: a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, based on the Social Representations Theory, using a procedural approach. Thirty nurses who provided nursing care to Covid-19 patients in the State of Rio de Janeiro participated in the study. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews between April and May 2021, conducted on an online platform. Data analysis was performed using the thematic-categorical content analysis technique. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories of social representations and practices related to challenges in coping with Covid-19: personal and professional self-protection; Care structure and flow and its relationship with professional self-protection. Final considerations: There was engagement of professionals in the use of PPE during the pandemic, indicating a concern regarding self-protection in providing care to patients with Covid-19.

Objetivo: analizar las representaciones sociales de la autoprotección profesional y personal de los enfermeros en el contexto del Covid-19. Método: estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, enfoque procesal. Participaron 30 enfermeros que brindaron cuidados de enfermería a pacientes con Covid-19 en el Estado de Río de Janeiro. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas entre abril y mayo de 2021, realizadas en una plataforma online. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido temático categorial. Resultado: del análisis surgieron cuatro categorías: Representaciones sociales y prácticas relacionadas con el Covid-19; Representaciones sociales de la autoprotección; Desafíos de enfrentar el Covid-19: autoprotección personal y profesional; y Estructura y flujo de atención y su relación con la autoprotección profesional. Consideraciones finales: los profesionales demostraron compromiso en el uso de EPP durante la pandemia, lo que indica que se preocupaban por autoprotegerse durante la atención a pacientes con Covid-19.

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La pandemia de COVID-19 representó un gran desafío para los profesionales de la salud de Perú, debido al riesgo elevado de contagio, la sobrecarga laboral y afectación de la salud mental. Objetivo: describir las experiencias laborales y percepciones del personal sanitario de este país durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Materiales y Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, en el que se realizaron ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la salud pública en Perú entre mayo y diciembre del año 2020. Las mismas fueron grabadas y transcritas para la recolección de la información, las cuales se analizaron en categorías. Resultados: en las entrevistas realizadas se destacaron los desafíos organizativos y de recursos, como la escasez de equipos de protección personal y gestión burocrática. Se resaltó el impacto humano y social en términos de comunicación, empatía y reevaluación de valores personales. Se observó adaptaciones significativas en la práctica médica, con énfasis en el manejo de pacientes y la capacitación. Conclusiones: las experiencias clínicas y emocionales reflejaron los retos y motivaciones del personal sanitario durante la pandemia; en el que se demostró la necesidad de una mayor adaptabilidad y preparación, así como la importancia del bienestar emocional y social.

The COVID-19 pandemic represented a great challenge for health professionals in Peru, due to the high risk of contagion, work overload, and impact on mental health. Objective: describe the work experiences and perceptions of health personnel in this country during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: a qualitative phenomenological study was carried out, in which eight semi-structured interviews were carried out with public health professionals in Peru between May and December 2020. They were recorded and transcribed for the collection of information, which were analyzed in categories. Results: organizational and resource challenges were highlighted in the interviews conducted, such as the shortage of personal protective equipment and bureaucratic management. The human and social impact was highlighted in terms of communication, empathy and reevaluation of personal values. Significant adaptations were observed in medical practice, with emphasis on patient management and training. Conclusions: the clinical and emotional experiences reflected the challenges and motivations of healthcare personnel during the pandemic; in which the need for greater adaptability and preparation was demonstrated, as well as the importance of emotional and social well-being

A pandemia da COVID-19 representou um grande desafio para os profissionais de saúde no Peru, devido ao alto risco de contágio, sobrecarga de trabalho e impacto na saúde mental. Objetivo: descrever as experiências de trabalho e percepções do pessoal de saúde neste país durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo fenomenológico qualitativo, no qual foram realizadas oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde pública no Peru entre maio e dezembro de 2020. Elas foram gravadas e transcritas para a coleta de informações. Resultados: os desafios organizacionais e de recursos foram destacados nas entrevistas realizadas, como a escassez de equipamentos de proteção individual e a gestão burocrática. O impacto humano e social foi destacado em termos de comunicação, empatia e reavaliação de valores pessoais. Adaptações significativas foram observadas na prática médica, com ênfase no manejo e treinamento dos pacientes. Conclusões: as experiências clínicas e emocionais refletiram os desafios e motivações dos profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia; em que foi demonstrada a necessidade de maior adaptabilidade e preparação, bem como a importância do bem-estar emocional e social

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La pandemia de COVID-19 representó un gran desafío para los profesionales de la salud de Perú, debido al riesgo elevado de contagio, la sobrecarga laboral y afectación de la salud mental. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias laborales y percepciones del personal sanitario de este país durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, en el que se realizaron ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la salud pública en Perú entre mayo y diciembre del año 2020. Las mismas fueron grabadas y transcritas para la recolección de la información, las cuales se analizaron en categorías. Resultados: En las entrevistas realizadas se destacaron los desafíos organizativos y de recursos, como la escasez de equipos de protección personal y gestión burocrática. Se resaltó el impacto humano y social en términos de comunicación, empatía y reevaluación de valores personales. Se observó adaptaciones significativas en la práctica médica, con énfasis en el manejo de pacientes y la capacitación. Conclusiones: Las experiencias clínicas y emocionales reflejaron los retos y motivaciones del personal sanitario durante la pandemia; en el que se demostró la necesidad de una mayor adaptabilidad y preparación, así como la importancia del bienestar emocional y social.

The COVID-19 pandemic represented a great challenge for health professionals in Peru, due to the high risk of contagion, work overload, and impact on mental health. Objective: Describe the work experiences and perceptions of health personnel in this country during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study was carried out, in which eight semi-structured interviews were carried out with public health professionals in Peru between May and December 2020. They were recorded and transcribed for the collection of information, which were analyzed in categories. Results: Organizational and resource challenges were highlighted in the interviews conducted, such as the shortage of personal protective equipment and bureaucratic management. The human and social impact was highlighted in terms of communication, empathy and reevaluation of personal values. Significant adaptations were observed in medical practice, with emphasis on patient management and training. Conclusions: The clinical and emotional experiences reflected the challenges and motivations of healthcare personnel during the pandemic; in which the need for greater adaptability and preparation was demonstrated, as well as the importance of emotional and social well-being.

A pandemia da COVID-19 representou um grande desafio para os profissionais de saúde no Peru, devido ao alto risco de contágio, sobrecarga de trabalho e impacto na saúde mental. Objetivo: Descrever as experiências de trabalho e percepções do pessoal de saúde neste país durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo fenomenológico qualitativo, no qual foram realizadas oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde pública no Peru entre maio e dezembro de 2020. Elas foram gravadas e transcritas para a coleta de informações. Resultados: Os desafios organizacionais e de recursos foram destacados nas entrevistas realizadas, como a escassez de equipamentos de proteção individual e a gestão burocrática. O impacto humano e social foi destacado em termos de comunicação, empatia e reavaliação de valores pessoais. Adaptações significativas foram observadas na prática médica, com ênfase no manejo e treinamento dos pacientes. Conclusões: As experiências clínicas e emocionais refletiram os desafios e motivações dos profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia; em que foi demonstrada a necessidade de maior adaptabilidade e preparação, bem como a importância do bem-estar emocional e social.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Headaches related to the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) could affect performance at work in healthcare personnel. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and risk factors for headaches related to PPE, in the personnel of a specialized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tertiary hospital. METHODS: In this cross-sectional survey study, we invited healthcare workers from COVID-19 referral center in Mexico (May 22-June 19, 2020) to answer a standardized structure questionnaire on characteristics of new-onset PPE-related headache or exacerbation of primary headache disorder. Participants were invited regardless of whether they had a current headache to avoid selection bias. This is the primary analysis of these data. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight subjects were analyzed, 181/268 (67.5%) women, 177/268 (66%) nurses, mean age 28 years. The prevalence of PPE-related headache was 210/268 (78.4%). Independent risk factors were occupation other than physician (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.20-2.10), age > 30 years (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.25-5.14), and female sex (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.86-6.87). In the 6-month follow-up, 13.1% of subjects evolve to chronic headache, with stress as predictive risk factor. CONCLUSION: The frequency of PPE-associated headache is high, and a subgroup could evolve to chronic headache. More studies are necessary to improve the knowledge about this condition.

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Introducción. En diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, se presentó un brote de neumonía atípica generado por el virus SARS-CoV-2, el cual es un tipo de coronavirus causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, que se convirtió con el tiempo en una pandemia. En este contexto, el uso de los elementos de protección personal tomó un especial interés, en especial para la atención del trabajo de parto vaginal, dada la confusión en los círculos obstétricos respecto a la mejor forma de proteger al personal sanitario en dichos casos. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es identificar cuáles son los elementos de protección personal indicados en la atención del parto vaginal y su correcto uso en tiempos de COVID-19. División de temas tratados. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura accediendo a las bases de datos: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Académico y sitios web como la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS), Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Colegio Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos (ACOG), entre otros. Se usaron palabras claves como "Infecciones por Coronavirus", "Parto Normal", "Protección Personal", "Personal de Salud", "Dispositivos de Protección Respiratoria" y "Dispositivos de Protección de los Ojos". La literatura permitió identificar aspectos introductorios al tema, epidemiología, características generales de los elementos de protección personal, y los elementos específicos para el uso correcto en la atención del parto vaginal. Conclusiones. El trabajo de parto es considerado como un procedimiento generador de aerosoles, por lo que se recomienda principalmente el uso de tapabocas N95 o un respirador que ofrezca mayor protección para personal de salud en la atención del parto vaginal, con el fin de evitar la infección por SARS-CoV-2; sin embargo, se debe insistir en el uso adecuado y completo de los elementos de protección personal como lo son la bata quirúrgica, el gorro, el protector ocular y guantes, independientemente de la sintomatología de la paciente.

Introduction. In December 2019, in Wuhan, China, there was an outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is a type of coronavirus causative of COVID-19, which overtime became a pandemic. In this context, the use of personal protective equipment is of special interest, especially when providing care in vaginal delivery, due to the confusion in obstetric circles regarding the best way to protect healthcare personnel in these cases. The objective of this review article is to identify which are the personal protective elements indicated for providing care in vaginal birth and their correct use during COVID-19. Division of Covered Topics. A narrative review of the literature was carried out, accessing the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and websites such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Center for the Control and Prevention of Diseases (CDC), and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, among others. Keywords such as "Coronavirus Infections", "Normal Birth," Personal Protective Elements," "Healthcare Personnel", "Respiratory Protective Devices", and "Eye Protection Devices" were used. The literature allowed us to identify introductory aspects on the matter, epidemiology, general characteristics of personal protective elements, and the specific elements for correct use when providing care in vaginal birth. Conclusions. Labor is considered an aerosol-generating procedure. Therefore, the main recommendation is the use of an N95 mask or a respirator which allows for greater protection for healthcare personnel when assisting vaginal birth, in order to avoid infection due to SARS-CoV-2. However, there must be an adequate and complete use of personal protective equipment, such as surgical gowns, hats, eye protection and gloves, regardless of the patient's symptomatology

Introdução. Em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, na China, houve um surto de pneumonia atípica gerada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que é um tipo de coronavírus que causa a doença COVID-19, que, com o tempo, acabou se tornando uma pandemia. Nesse contexto, o uso de elementos de proteção individual tornou-se de particular interesse, especialmente para a assistência do parto vaginal, dada a confusão nos círculos obstétricos quanto à melhor forma de proteger os profissionais da saúde nesses casos. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é identificar os elementos de proteção individual indicados na assistência do parto vaginal e seu uso correto em tempos de COVID-19. Divisão de tópicos abordados. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura acessando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar e sites como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC, na sigla em inglês) e o Colégio Americano de Obstetras e Ginecologistas (ACOG), entre outros. Foram utilizadas palavras-chave como "Infecções por Coronavírus", "Parto Normal", "Proteção Pessoal", "Pessoal de Saúde", "Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória" e "Dispositivos de Proteção Ocular". A literatura permitiu identificar aspectos introdutórios ao tema, epidemiologia, características gerais dos elementos de proteção individual e elementos específicos para o uso correto na assistência do parto vaginal. Conclusões. O trabalho de parto é considerado um procedimento gerador de aerossóis, portanto, recomenda-se principalmente o uso de máscaras N95 ou um respirador que ofereça maior proteção para os profissionais de saúde na assistência do parto vaginal, a fim de evitar a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2; no entanto, deve-se insistir no uso adequado e completo de elementos de proteção individual, como bata cirúrgica, touca, protetor ocular e luvas, independentemente dos sintomas do paciente.

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BACKGROUND: An appropriate match between a product and its end-users requires anthropometric data, which show variations among different countries. Proper Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) fit is key for safety and comfort. Chile had no head and facial anthropometric data available in order to design face/head PPE. OBJECTIVE: To describe face/head anthropometric characteristics of Chilean workers. Additionally, this study compared those dimensions against other populations (United States (US), South Korea and China). METHODS: An anthropometric survey involving 21 measures was conducted between September 2013 to May 2016 using stratified sampling. The measurements were based on ISO/TS 16976-2 and ISO 15535 to ensure the highest standards possible, and a total of 474 workers, aged from 18 to 66 years old, participated in the survey. RESULTS: The biggest differences were in Neck circumference, Weight, Nose breadth, Nose protrusion, Bitragion chin arc, Face length, Subnasale-sellion length, Face width, Bigonial breadth and Bitragion subnasal arc. Head length of Chileans were longer than Chinese and South Korean ones, but shorter than US Head length. Chilean Head breadth is smaller than Chinese and South Korean ones. Chileans Face length was the largest observed. Face width of Chileans was smaller than US and Chinese ones. Gender specific differences were also observed in the inter-country comparisons. Chilean males had larger anthropometric dimensions than females. CONCLUSION: Chilean Head and face dimensions differed significantly when compared against US, South Korean and Chines Head and Face dimensions. Chileans have longer and narrower faces with wider mouths, with a head size in between the US and Asian heads. Face and head PPE for Chileans should use dimensions in the current paper in order to ensure proper fit.

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Introducción: La COVID-19, produjo una emergencia sanitaria global. Además de los pocos conocimientos sobre el efecto de esta infección en la gestación, hay dudas sobre su impacto en el producto de la gestación. A pesar de que se sabe que las embarazadas son particular-mente vulnerables, no se cuenta con un esquema de manejo particular para estas; aunque hay reportes del uso de varios fármacos, de forma similar al tratamiento en otros adultos sin gestación. Objetivo: Conocer sobre la infección por la COVID-19 en la gestación y su tratamiento. Material y Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión teórica, como fuentes de información se tuvieron en cuenta las bibliotecas: MEDLlNE, EMBASE, PubMed y Cochrane. Se realizó una búsqueda basada en términos MeSH. Se incluyeron publicaciones sobre este tema, con diseño de revisión bibliográfica, observacional o analítico. Resultados: Se encontraron 43 publicaciones, de las que se suprimieron diez y se incluye-ron 33. Las acciones terapéuticas para el abordaje de la COVID-19 en la gestación abarca tres pilares: las acciones de prevención, el ingreso hospitalario y el manejo terapéutico indi-vidualizado. Conclusión: En las embarazadas con la COVID-19, el manejo no es diferente del utilizado en el resto de los adultos; incluye cuidados individualizados, según el estado de la paciente, encaminados a garantizar la sobrevida del binomio madre ­ feto. Se necesita más estudios para argumentar de forma objetiva estos resultados a favor de los puntos críticos de dis-cusión que están descritos en la presente revisión, ya que se trata de una enfermedad de aparición reciente.

Introduction: COVID-19 produced a global health emergency. In addition to little knowled-ge about the effect of this infection on pregnancy, there are doubts about its impact on the product of pregnancy. Although it is known that pregnant women are particularly vulnerable, there is no particular management scheme for them; although there are reports of the use of several drugs, similar to the treatment in other adults without pregnancy.Objective: Learn about the infection by COVID-19 in pregnancy and its treatmentMaterial and Methods: a theoretical review was carried out, as sources of information the libraries were taken into account: MEDLNE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane. A search based on mesh terms was performed. Publications on this topic were included, with a biblio-graphic, observational or analytical review design.Results: 43 publications were found, of which ten were suppressed and 33 were included. Therapeutic actions to address Covid-19 in pregnancy encompass three pillars: prevention actions, hospital admission, and individualized therapeutic management.Conclusion: In pregnant women with COVID-19, the management is not different from that used in the rest of the adults; includes individualized care, according to the patient's con-dition, aimed at guaranteeing the survival of the mother-fetus binomial. More research is needed to objectively argue these results in favor of the critical points of discussion that are described in the present review, since it is a disease of recent onset.

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RESUMEN Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo coronavirus descrito por primera vez en China y con alta capacidad de propagación. Su presentación clínica más frecuente son los síntomas respiratorios, aunque se han descrito otros como los gastrointestinales. La transmisión ocurre por gotas, aerosoles, vía fecal oral, conjuntiva, fómites y por contacto directo con fluidos corporales del paciente. En este sentido, los procedimientos realizados en las salas de endoscopia deben considerarse de alto riesgo. Objetivo: describir y analizar las medidas de prevención frente al SARS-CoV-2 para la práctica endoscópica-anestésica u otros procedimientos que requieran sedación, con el fin de disminuir la exposición y así minimizar el contagio del personal de salud. Resultados: la respuesta global se ha enfocado en la utilización de elementos de protección personal para tratar de disminuir el riesgo al que se encuentra expuesto el personal de salud. Sin embargo, debido a la prontitud de la emergencia, no se han podido generar evidencias de alta calidad que permitan dar recomendaciones definitivas. Reflexión: el personal de salud debe tomar todas las medidas de protección que puedan ser consideradas como efectivas, además deconstruir protocolos y fomentar la adherencia a los mismos.

SUMMARY Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus described for the first time in China, with high capacity of propagation. Its most frequent clinical presentation is respiratory symptoms; however, others have been described as gastrointestinal. Transmission occurs by droplets, aerosols, oral fecal route, conjunctiva, fomites and by direct contact with body fluids of the patient. In this sense, the procedures performed in endoscopy rooms should be considered high risk. Objective: To describe and analyze preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2 for endoscopic-anesthesia practice or other procedures that require sedation, in order to reduce exposure and thus minimize contagion of health personnel. Results: The global response has focused on the use of personal protective equipment to try to reduce the risk to which health care personnel are exposed, but due to the urgency of the emergency, it has not been possible to generate high quality evidence to give definitive recommendations. Reflection: Health personnel should take all protective measures that can be considered effective, and also deconstruct protocols and encourage adherence to them.

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The global epidemic caused by novel coronavirus continues to be a crisis in the world and a matter of concern. The way the epidemic has wreaked havoc on the international level has become difficult for the healthcare systems to supply adequately personal protection equipment for medical personnel all over the globe. In this paper, considering the COVID-19 outbreak, a multi-objective, multi-product, and multi-period model for the personal protection equipment demands satisfaction aiming to optimize total cost and shortage, simultaneously, is developed. The model is embedded with instances and validated by both modern and classic multi-objective metaheuristic algorithms. Moreover, the Taguchi method is exploited to set the metaheuristic into their best performances by finding their parameters' optimum level. Furthermore, fifteen test examples are designed to prove the established PPE supply chain model and tuned algorithms' applicability. Among the test examples, one is related to a real case study in Iran. Finally, metaheuristics are evaluated by a series of related metrics through different statistical analyses. It can be concluded from the obtained results that solution methods are practical and valuable to achieve the efficient shortage level and cost.

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BACKGROUND: Several actions in the realm of public policies and programs have been implemented worldwide to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19. As Brazil and many parts of the world are marked by regional, cultural, and social inequalities, risk communication and assimilation of protection recommendations by the public may be erratic, hampering the proper measurement of their effectiveness. SCOPE AND APPROACH: Even though transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by foods is unlikely, this work aimed to evaluate the population's adherence to the recommended food hygiene and personal protection measures to prevent COVID-19. An online survey containing questions on food hygiene and personal protection was publicly disseminated via internet and social networks. Data from 3000 respondents were collected and discussed herein.Key findings and conclusions: Most respondents adopted the recommended hygienic and personal protection measures to avoid contamination with SARS-CoV-2. However, some important flaws were detected, such as lack of use of face masks when in public places (6%), improper hand washing and sanitizing (10-12%) and use of incorrect products for food or environment cleaning and sanitization (28%), indicating that adequate risk communication and preventive recommendations must continue in order to avoid contamination with the coronavirus. The heighten awareness with food hygiene during the pandemic may have an enduring positive effect on food safety.