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PURPOSE: Considering the tumor in the oral cavity or the oropharynx and nasopharynx region might be an aggravating factor for oral mucositis (OM) manifestation, the present study aimed to evaluate whether the location of the tumor and the use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) might affect the frequency of oral candidiasis (OC) during radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy (CT) treatments. METHODS: The medial records of seventy-four patients with head and neck cancer treated in a public service from 2016 to 2019 were evaluated. All these patients were submitted to RT in an accumulated dose of 48 to 70 Gy of radiation. Data about OM and OC were collected and presented according to the application of a therapeutic protocol with laser photobiomodulation (PBMT) to control oral mucositis, or not (No-PBM), and the location of tumor (head and neck or oral cavity). In the PBMT group patients, a low-power laser device composed of InGaAlP diode (maximum output power of 86.7 mW, active tip area of 0.1256 cm2, and continuous wavelength of 660 nm), was applied to the lips (three points each), right and left jugal mucosa (three points each), the limit between hard and soft palate (three points), buccal floor/sublingual gland (one point), lateral edge of the tongue (three points on each side), and back of the tongue (six points), three times weekly, for 5 weeks. The dosimetry used in each application was 2 J for 3 s, thus totaling 56 J. The correlation between clinical characteristics such as age, tumor size (T), metastatic lymph node (N), number of RT and CT sessions, candidiasis, and OM were analyzed. RESULTS: Mucositis grades 1 and 2 were the most common among all patients, especially before the 12th radiotherapy session, regardless of the treatment with PBM (p > 0.05). Additionally, no difference in the grade of OM and OC was significantly observed when comparing the two laser therapy groups. OC was more frequent after the 12th radiotherapy session in all groups. Nonetheless, OM and OC had a different correlation regarding to tumor location (head and neck and oral cavity) being PBMT a positive therapy to delay OM. It was observed a positive and statistically significant correlation between tumors at oral cavity and OM, regardless PBMT (R = 0.84, p < 0.05 to PBMT and R = 0.13, p < 0.05 to No-PBM). Otherwise, OC was positively correlated to local metastasis in patients with oral tumors undergoing PBMT (R = 0.84, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with oral cavity tumor presented more OM, especially high grades, then patients with tumors in other regions of the head and neck, which seems to be related to the irradiation parameters of radiotherapy and/or with the limitation of conduction of PBMT in tumor areas. OM and OC were not changed by PBMT, although it helped to reduce the incidence of severe cases of OM.

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BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine whether there is any available evidence on the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in older adults. METHODS: A literature search was performed including all articles published up to February 2024. Studies reporting data on PBMT in older adults were included. This study was registered with PROSPERO. RESULTS: In total, 406 studies were identified. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant studies, 10 records were included in the final review. In all included studies, the protocols used to deliver PBMT were different in terms of type of device, wavelength, irradiation duration, and pulse frequency. In neurodegenerative diseases, two studies reported non-significant results, while two studies reported efficacy of PBMT. In wounds and ulcers, two out of three studies reported efficacy of PBMT. In macular degeneration, one study reported efficacy of PBMT. One study on hyposalivation reported efficacy of PBMT. CONCLUSION: PBMT appears to be a promising complementary treatment. All studies reported good compliance and safety throughout the treatment. In the future, it will be essential to harmonize PBMT parameters. Further studies are warranted to define the best indications, the most effective protocols, and the right population to target for use in routine practice.

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BACKGROUND: Wound healing is a multistep process involving coordinated responses of a variety of cell types, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components leading to the physiological restoration of tissue integrity. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been highlighted as an approach to improve the healing process, nonetheless at the molecular level, the effects of PBMT are not entirely understood. AIM: To systematically review publications that investigated gene expression after PBMT during in vivo skin repair. METHODS: An electronic search was undertaken in Medline Ovid (Wolters Kluwer), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier), Embase, and LILACS databases. The search strategy was conducted from the terms: low-level light therapy, gene expression, and wound healing and their synonyms. The databases were consulted in December 2023 and no publication year limit was used. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in this review and the expression of 186 genes was evaluated. PBMT modified the expression of several targets genes studied, such as down-regulation of genes related to extracellular matrix proteases (MMP2 and MMP9) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL10 and IL6) and up-regulation of DNMT3A and BFGF. CONCLUSION: This review demonstrates that PBMT is capable of regulating gene expression during wound healing. Most evidence showed a positive impact of PBMT in regulating genes linked to inflammatory cytokines improving skin wound healing. Yet, the effects of PBMT in genes involved in other mechanisms still need to be better understood.

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Prevention and treatment protocols for taste changes observed during hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are not well-established. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) in relieving taste changes and preventing lingual papillae atrophy. HCT patients received PBM (n = 42) on the tongue dorsum using an InGaAIP laser (660 nm, 100 mW, 1.1 W/cm2, 8.8 J/cm2). During the HCT conditioning (T0), severe neutropenia (T1), and after neutrophil engraftment (T2), taste acuity for sweet, bitter, sour, and salty solutions, and clinical appearance of lingual papillae were compared with those of a placebo group (n = 43). PBM significantly reduced hypogeusia, ageusia, and parageusia at T1 and T2, and also successfully prevented papillae atrophy during all the analyzed HCT periods. In conclusion, PBM enhanced taste acuity during HCT. The decrease in papillae atrophy indicated a potential regenerative effect of this therapy on tongue mucosa.

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BACKGROUND: Local anesthetic puncture is often related to the experience of pain. This study aimed to systematically analyze the literature on changes in pain perception during the anesthetic puncture of dental local anesthesia after Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed in eight primary databases (Embase, LILACS, BBO, LIVIVO, MedLine via PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science) and three additional ones (EASY, Google Scholar, and OATD) to partially capture the "gray literature". The PICO strategy was used to identify randomized clinical trials evaluating the analgesic effect of PBMT in the anesthetic puncture site of dental local anesthesia compared to placebo or control groups, without restrictions on publication language and year. Two reviewers extracted the data and assessed the individual risk of bias of the eligible studies using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool version 2.0. RESULTS: The electronic search found 3,485 records, of which eight met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The studies were published from 2011 to 2022. None of the included studies had a low risk of bias. PBMT groups showed no significant difference in pain scores compared to placebo and control groups of most studies. CONCLUSION: Based on a low to very low certainty of evidence, PBMT seems to have no effect on pain perception during anesthetic puncture in patients undergoing dental local anesthesia.

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Characterized by an immune reaction to medications, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) are potentially fatal mucocutaneous reactions, and their management remains challenging. Considering the promising studies regarding the use of laser in managing orofacial lesions, this study aimed to report two cases in which children presenting with TEN and SJS were treated using a combination of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) concurrently with conventional supportive care. The treatment proposed herein resulted in significant clinical improvement of the children's oral condition within a few days, enabling the reintroduction of oral feeding. Within the limitations of the study, the cases reported suggest that the adjuvant combination of PBMT and aPDT may be beneficial for improving the oral condition of children afflicted with oral injuries induced by TEN and SJS.

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Biomaterials are used extensively in graft procedures to correct bone defects, interacting with the body without causing adverse reactions. The aim of this pre-clinical study was to analyze the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) with the use of a low-level laser in the repair process of bone defects filled with inorganic matrix (IM) associated with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB). A circular osteotomy of 4 mm in the left tibia was performed in 30 Wistar male adult rats who were randomly divided into three groups: G1 = IM + PBM, G2 = IM + FB and G3 = IM + FB + PBM. PBM was applied at the time of the experimental surgery and three times a week, on alternate days, until euthanasia, with 830 nm wavelength, in two points of the operated site. Five animals from each group were euthanized 14 and 42 days after surgery. In the histomorphometric analysis, the percentage of neoformed bone tissue in G3 (28.4% ± 2.3%) was higher in relation to G1 (24.1% ± 2.91%) and G2 (22.2% ± 3.11%) at 14 days and at 42 days, the percentage in G3 (35.1% ± 2.55%) was also higher in relation to G1 (30.1% ± 2.9%) and G2 (31.8% ± 3.12%). In the analysis of the birefringence of collagen fibers, G3 showed a predominance of birefringence between greenish-yellow in the neoformed bone tissue after 42 days, differing from the other groups with a greater presence of red-orange fibers. Immunohistochemically, in all experimental groups, it was possible to observe immunostaining for osteocalcin (OCN) near the bone surface of the margins of the surgical defect and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) bordering the newly formed bone tissue. Therefore, laser photobiomodulation therapy contributed to improving the bone repair process in tibial defects filled with bovine biomaterial associated with fibrin biopolymer derived from snake venom.

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OBJECTIVE: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has proven to reduce inflammation and pain and increase wound healing. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of PBMT parameters on migration, proliferation, and gene expression after ionizing radiation and bacterial-induced stress in an in vitro study. DESIGN: Keratinocytes (HaCaT) and Fibroblasts (HGFs) were grown in DMEM with 10 % fetal bovine serum until stressful condition induction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli (1 µg/mL), Porphyromonas gingivalis protein extract (5 µg/mL) and ionizing radiation (8 Gy). Low-laser irradiation (660 nm, 30 mW) was carried out in four sessions, with 6 h intervals, and energy density of 2, 3, 4, and 5 J/cm². Scratch assays, immunofluorescence, and RT-qPCR were performed. RESULTS: Treated fibroblasts and keratinocytes showed significant response in proliferation and migration after scratch assays (p < 0.05). Higher expressions of α-SMA in fibroblasts and F-actin in keratinocytes were observed in cells subjected to 3 J/cm². PI3K-pathway genes expression tended to enhance in fibroblasts, presenting a higher relative expression when compared to keratinocytes. In keratinocytes, PBMT groups demonstrated deregulated expression for all inflammatory cytokines' genes tested while fibroblasts presented a tendency to enhance those genes expression in a dose dependent way. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that delivering 660 nm, 30 mW was effective to stimulate cell migration, proliferation and to accelerate wound healing. PBMT can modulate cytokines and pathways involved in wound repair. The different energy densities delivering distinct responses in vitro highlights that understanding laser parameters is fundamental to improve treatment strategies.

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Abstract Background Local anesthetic puncture is often related to the experience of pain. This study aimed to systematically analyze the literature on changes in pain perception during the anesthetic puncture of dental local anesthesia after Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT). Material and methods An electronic search was performed in eight primary databases (Embase, LILACS, BBO, LIVIVO, MedLine via PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science) and three additional ones (EASY, Google Scholar, and OATD) to partially capture the "gray literature". The PICO strategy was used to identify randomized clinical trials evaluating the analgesic effect of PBMT in the anesthetic puncture site of dental local anesthesia compared to placebo or control groups, without restrictions on publication language and year. Two reviewers extracted the data and assessed the individual risk of bias of the eligible studies using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool version 2.0. Results The electronic search found 3,485 records, of which eight met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The studies were published from 2011 to 2022. None of the included studies had a low risk of bias. PBMT groups showed no significant difference in pain scores compared to placebo and control groups of most studies. Conclusion Based on a low to very low certainty of evidence, PBMT seems to have no effect on pain perception during anesthetic puncture in patients undergoing dental local anesthesia.

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ABSTRACT Retinitis pigmentosa is one of the leading causes of hereditary blindness in developed countries and unfortunately there is currently no cure. Photobiomodulation therapy can penetrate the retina and optic nerve and restore the function of damaged mitochondria as an intracellular target. This study is proposed to review and analyze photobiomodulation as a strategy that has the potential to be a new hope therapy and non-invasive treatment for retinitis pigmentosa in the long term. PubMed® and Google Scholar were used to perform a systematic review of photobiomodulation as a therapy for retinitis pigmentosa. Using PRISMA 2020 Guidelines, we include seven studies in this review. The inclusion criteria for each study were as follows: the study documented the use of photobiomodulation therapy for retinitis pigmentosa, was conducted in human eyes or animals' eye, its full text was in English, and it published in the last 10 years. We anticipated that most studies would be experimental design, we evaluated the quality of eligible studies using relevant items from the ROBINS-I, which is the recommended tool to evaluate experimental study. There is a clinical improvement in visual acuity and visual fields. Further eye examination showed functional and outer nuclear layer preservation, decline waveforms of electroretinogram slower than control, disruption of retinal pigment epithelium, and preserved photoreceptor nuclei twice thicker than control (p < 0.05). Photobiomodulation also increases retinal mitochondrial function and maintains mitochondrial redox state, revealing significant recovery of photoreceptors' cell function. Photobiomodulation showed significant change in clinical improvement, mitochondrial repair, and retinal layer thickening; thus, photobiomodulation can be a new hope for therapeutic strategies for retinitis pigmentosa. Several studies only have a few participants, so it does not provide a long-term outcome in retinitis pigmentosa.

RESUMO A retinite pigmentosa é uma das principais causas de cegueira hereditária em países desenvolvidos e, infelizmente, não há cura atualmente. A terapia de fotobiomodulação pode penetrar na retina e no nervo óptico e restaurar a função das mitocôndrias danificadas como alvo intracelular. Este estudo propõe-se a rever e a analisar a fotobiomodulação como estratégia que tem potencial para ser uma nova esperança terapêutica e tratamento não invasivo para a retinite pigmentosa a longo prazo. PubMed® e Google Scholar foram usados para realizar uma revisão sistemática da fotobiomodulação como terapia para retinite pigmentosa. Usando as diretrizes PRISMA de 2020, incluímos sete estudos nesta revisão. Os critérios de inclusão para cada estudo foram os seguintes: que tivesse documentado o uso de terapia de fotobiomodulação para retinite pigmentosa; o procedimento tivesse sido realizado em olhos humanos ou olhos de animais, e o texto fosse completo, em inglês, e publicado no último 10 anos. Previmos que a maioria dos estudos seria de desenho experimental, avaliamos a qualidade dos estudos elegíveis usando itens relevantes do ROBINS-I, que é a ferramenta recomendada para avaliação de estudo experimental. Houve melhora clínica da acuidade visual e dos campos visuais. O exame oftalmológico adicional mostrou preservação funcional e da camada nuclear externa; declínio das formas de onda do eletrorretinograma mais lento que o controle; ruptura do epitélio pigmentar da retina e núcleos fotorreceptores preservados duas vezes mais espessos que o controle (p < 0,05). A fotobiomodulação também aumenta a função mitocondrial da retina e mantém o estado redox mitocondrial, revelando uma recuperação significativa da função celular dos fotorreceptores. A fotobiomodulação mostrou mudança significativa na melhora clínica, reparo mitocondrial e espessamento da camada retiniana. Assim, a fotobiomodulação pode ser uma nova esperança para estratégias terapêuticas para retinite pigmentosa. Vários estudos têm apenas alguns participantes e, por isso, não fornecem um resultado a longo prazo na retinite pigmentosa.