RESUMO

Several studies reported that rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) leaves present promising biological properties. To the best of our knowledge, no study investigated the possible application of their hydroalcoholic extract for treating mood disorders. Herein, we evaluated if the hydroalcoholic extract of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) leaves (HEV) promotes an antidepressant-like effect in rodents using chronic experimental approaches. The effect of repeated administration of HEV (50 mg/kg, p.o.) on the immobility time was assessed in the forced swimming test (FST) in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model. Repeated treatment with HEV reversed the depressive-like behavior induced by UCMS by reducing the immobility time. Besides, the exposure to HEV caused no changes in relative organ weights in rats submitted to UCMS. The results indicated that HEV administration presented antidepressant-like action devoid of toxic effects. Thus, it is possible to suggest its potential as a safe and accessible therapeutic tool in the management of depression and other related mood disorders.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The physicochemical characterization, antioxidant potential and phenolic composition of fruits of six genotypes (BB3, BB4, BB6, PW1, PW2 and PW5) and seven commercial cultivars (Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue and Woodard) were carried out of blueberry, from the 2019/2020 production cycle. Color, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and individual anthocyanins were analyzed. In general, all genotypes and cultivars are rich in phytochemicals. The genotypes PW1, PW2, PW5, BB3 and the cultivars Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax and Delite stand out. Thus, the blueberry genotypes in this study are considered as promising for the food industry and also for fresh consumption as commercial cultivars already consolidated in the fruit market, in view of the excellent phenolic composition present in these small fruits.

Fez-se a caracterização físico-química, potencial antioxidante e composição fenólica de frutos de seis genótipos (BB3, BB4, BB6, PW1, PW2 e PW5) e sete cultivares comerciais (Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue e Woodard) de mirtileiro, oriundos do ciclo de produção 2019/2020. Analisou-se a cor, teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável, atividade antioxidante (DPPH e ABTS), compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais, antocianinas totais e antocianinas individuais. De modo geral, todos os genótipos e cultivares são ricos em compostos fitoquímicos. Como destaque, estão os genótipos PW1, PW2, PW5, BB3 e as cultivares Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax e Delite. Assim, os genótipos de mirtileiro do presente estudo, são considerados tão promissores para a indústria alimentícia e também para o consumo in natura quanto as cultivares comerciais já consolidadas no mercado da fruticultura, tendo em vista a excelente composição fenólica presente nestes pequenos frutos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and rabbiteye (V. ashei R.) blueberry are the most important export small fruit crops in southern Brazil. Anthracnose has been considered one of the most destructive disease and exclusively associated with C. karstii in Brazil (Rios et al. 2014). In November 2019, severe anthracnose symptoms including leaf spots but particularly twig blights and fruit rots were observed on all blueberry plants (V. ashei) in one organic orchard in Santa Catarina state, Brazil (27º43'48.96"S, 49º0'57.79"W). Four isolates were obtained from necrotic lesions and monosporic cultures were grown on potato dextrose agar at 25°C and with a 12 h photoperiod under near ultra violet light. After 15 days, colonies showed upper surface color varying from grayish-white to pale-orange and the reverse side pale-orange. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical with rounded ends, and their length and width ranged from 9.5 to 15.5 µm (x ̅=11.8) and 6.5 to 3.5 µm (x ̅=4.9), respectively. The isolates were identified by multilocus phylogenetic analyses using nucleotide sequences of actin (ACT), ß-tubulin (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the intergenic spacer between DNA lyase and the mating-type locus MAT1-2-1 (ApMAT). Nucleotide sequences exhibited from 95 to 100% sequence identity to Colletotrichum chrysophilum ex-type (CMM4268) and were deposited in GenBank database (MW868219 to MW868222, MW868211 to MW868214, MW868215 to MW868218, MW868223 to MW868226, MW868202 to MW868205, MW793353 to MW793356, and MW868207 to MW868210). C. chrysophilum belongs to the C. gloeosporioides species complex and was previously described as C. ignotum in banana and other tropical fruits in Brazil (Vieira et al. 2017; Veloso et al. 2018). In addition, this species was recently reported on apple fruit in New York, USA (Khodadadi et al. 2020). To confirm pathogenicity, one-year-old blueberry plants were inoculated by spraying a suspension of 1×106 conidia/ml, incubated in a moist chamber in the dark for 48 h and then kept in the greenhouse. Plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as control. Additionally, fruits were immersed for 2 min in a conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/ml) and incubated at 25°C and 12 h photoperiod for 20 days. Inoculated plants exhibited first symptoms in twigs at 10 days after inoculation (dai). Infected twigs showed initially dark brown spots that coalesced and became necrotic. On leaves, reddish-brown lesions with less than 2 mm appeared at low intensity at 15 dai. On fruits, sunken areas associated with an abundant orange mucilaginous mass of acervuli and conidia were seen at 7 dai. Symptoms on plants were identical to those observed under field conditions, and the pathogen was re-isolated from lesions fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best knowledge, this is the first report of C. chrysophilum causing anthracnose on blueberries in Brazil. The identification of this species causing blueberry anthracnose is crucial to improve the disease control strategies and resistance breeding.

RESUMO

Although blueberries are widely studied, little information exists on their composition and content of flavonol glycosides. Most studies identify only a few flavonols in blueberries due to separation and identification issues. In the present study, we identified 44 flavonols and chlorogenic acid in 30 samples of Highbush and Rabbiteye blueberry, using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Highbush group fruits presented mainly quercetin-3-galactoside in their composition, while Rabbiteye group fruits exhibited higher levels of quercetin-3-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-glucuronide. Among the identified flavonols, 8 acylates (acetyl and hydroxymethylglutaroyl) were found, of which quercetin-3-O-[4″-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)]-α-rhamnoside was found for the first time in blueberries. This compound is exclusive to the cultivars Florida and Powderblue, where it is present in high quantities. Glucuronides of syringetin and laricitrin, and rhamnosyl-galactosides of myricetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were also found for the first time in blueberries. The Principal Component Analysis showed that blueberry groups can be distinguished based on their phenolic compound profile.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effect of variation of harvest season and cultivar on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), HPLC-UV/DAD profile and antioxidant properties in Vaccinium ashei (Rabbiteye blueberry) leaves grown in Brazil was evaluated. The cultivars collected in December and March were Aliceblue, Powderblue, Climax, Bluegem and FloridaM. It was observed that leaves from March had the highest TPC values (222 ± 1 mg gallic acid equivalents/g to Aliceblue cultivar) and highest TFC values (49.8 ± 0.8 and 48.7 ± 0.7 µg rutin/g to Clímax and Powderblue cultivars, respectively). The chromatographic profile was quantitatively similar, however, the proportions of each compound were influenced by cultivar and harvest season. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main identified phenolic compounds, but chlorogenic acid was the most abundant in both harvest seasons. Antioxidant capacities values ranged from 5.80 ± 0.04 to 105 ± 2 µg/mL (DPPH) and 178 ± 5 to 431 ± 8 mmol Trolox/100 g (ORAC). The cultivar Bluegem by March had the highest values in both assays. The results indicate that the blueberry leaves from different cultivars and harvest seasons have different phenolic compounds content and different antioxidant capacities. In addition, the antioxidant properties demonstrated a high correlation with rutin content.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Larvas de Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914, são comumente encontradas em cereais de inverno (trigo, cevada, aveia e triticale), milho e soja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Em março de 2012, larvas desta espécie foram detectadas em plantas de mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Reade), cultivar 'O´Neal', no município de Pelotas, RS. Os insetos alimentaram-se de raízes em áreas restritas do pomar. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do coró-pequeno, C. flavipennis, em plantas de mirtileiro.(AU)

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 are usually found in winter cereals (wheat, barley, oat and triticale), corn and soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Larvae of the species were detected in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivar 'O´Neal', in March 2012 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The white grub fed up with roots in restricted areas from the orchard. This is the first record of C. flavipennis in blueberry plants.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Larvas de Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914, são comumente encontradas em cereais de inverno (trigo, cevada, aveia e triticale), milho e soja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Em março de 2012, larvas desta espécie foram detectadas em plantas de mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Reade), cultivar 'O´Neal', no município de Pelotas, RS. Os insetos alimentaram-se de raízes em áreas restritas do pomar. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do coró-pequeno, C. flavipennis, em plantas de mirtileiro.

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 are usually found in winter cereals (wheat, barley, oat and triticale), corn and soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Larvae of the species were detected in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivar 'O´Neal', in March 2012 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The white grub fed up with roots in restricted areas from the orchard. This is the first record of C. flavipennis in blueberry plants.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O sistema de poda do mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Read) utilizado no país se fundamenta em estudos realizados em locais com condições edafoclimáticas distintas da nossa realidade. Assim, foram avaliadas diferentes intensidades de poda de frutificação em dois genótipos de mirtileiro, e seus efeitos na produção e na qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar comercial, localizado em Pelotas-RS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, em esquema fatorial (2x4), com quatro repetições. Plantas de sete anos de idade, do grupo Rabbiteye, cultivares 'Briteblue' e 'Woodard', foram submetidas às intensidades de poda leve, moderada, drástica e sem poda (testemunha) nos anos de 2010 e 2011, no período de repouso hibernal (primeira quinzena de agosto). Foram avaliadas a produção média por planta, sendo estimada a produtividade por área, peso fresco, diâmetro, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável dos frutos. De acordo com os resultados, a intensidade de poda tem efeito sobre a antecipação da colheita. Com a decorrência de uma maior intensidade de poda, houve uma tendência de aumento do tamanho dos frutos. Para mirtileiros Briteblue, há decréscimo de produtividade, conforme se aumenta a intensidade de poda. Mirtileiros Briteblue são mais produtivos e apresentam maior matéria fresca de fruto do que Woodard.(AU)

The blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Read) pruning system currently used is based on studies performed at edaphoclimatic conditions different of our reality. Thus, it was assessed the effects of different fructification pruning intensities on production and fruit quality of two blueberry genotypes. The trial was performed in a commercial orchard in Pelotas - RS. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in a factorial design (2x4) with four replications. Seven year old plant of Rabbiteye group, cultivars 'Briteblue' e 'Woodard', were undergone to the pruning intensities light, moderate drastic and no pruning (control) during the winter of 2010 and 2011 (first two weeks of august). The parameters assessed were average plant yield, estimated yield per area, fruit fresh weight, fruit diameter, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity. According to the results, pruning intensity affects harvest anticipation. As the pruning intensity increased, there was a trend of increased fruit size. The productivity of Briteblue blueberries decreases as pruning intensity increases. Briteblue are more productive and show greater fresh fruit weight than Woodard blueberries.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O sistema de poda do mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Read) utilizado no país se fundamenta em estudos realizados em locais com condições edafoclimáticas distintas da nossa realidade. Assim, foram avaliadas diferentes intensidades de poda de frutificação em dois genótipos de mirtileiro, e seus efeitos na produção e na qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar comercial, localizado em Pelotas-RS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, em esquema fatorial (2x4), com quatro repetições. Plantas de sete anos de idade, do grupo Rabbiteye, cultivares 'Briteblue' e 'Woodard', foram submetidas às intensidades de poda leve, moderada, drástica e sem poda (testemunha) nos anos de 2010 e 2011, no período de repouso hibernal (primeira quinzena de agosto). Foram avaliadas a produção média por planta, sendo estimada a produtividade por área, peso fresco, diâmetro, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável dos frutos. De acordo com os resultados, a intensidade de poda tem efeito sobre a antecipação da colheita. Com a decorrência de uma maior intensidade de poda, houve uma tendência de aumento do tamanho dos frutos. Para mirtileiros Briteblue, há decréscimo de produtividade, conforme se aumenta a intensidade de poda. Mirtileiros Briteblue são mais produtivos e apresentam maior matéria fresca de fruto do que Woodard.

The blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Read) pruning system currently used is based on studies performed at edaphoclimatic conditions different of our reality. Thus, it was assessed the effects of different fructification pruning intensities on production and fruit quality of two blueberry genotypes. The trial was performed in a commercial orchard in Pelotas - RS. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in a factorial design (2x4) with four replications. Seven year old plant of Rabbiteye group, cultivars 'Briteblue' e 'Woodard', were undergone to the pruning intensities light, moderate drastic and no pruning (control) during the winter of 2010 and 2011 (first two weeks of august). The parameters assessed were average plant yield, estimated yield per area, fruit fresh weight, fruit diameter, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity. According to the results, pruning intensity affects harvest anticipation. As the pruning intensity increased, there was a trend of increased fruit size. The productivity of Briteblue blueberries decreases as pruning intensity increases. Briteblue are more productive and show greater fresh fruit weight than Woodard blueberries.

RESUMO

Comercialmente, a propagação do mirtileiro por meio de estacas é o método mais utilizado, proporcionando resultados diversos de acordo com a cultivar e a concentração de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) utilizada. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do ácido indolbutírico no enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de mirtileiro. O material utilizado constituiu-se de segmentos de ramos secundários, com quatro gemas e diâmetro médio de 4,5mm. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado, em fatorial 5x3, com cinco concentrações de AIB (0; 1.500; 3.000, 4.500 e 6.000mg L-1) e três cultivares (Delite, Bluebelle e Briteblue), com quatro repetições e dez estacas por parcela. Após o preparo das estacas, a base destas foi imersa, por 10 segundos, na solução de AIB, sendo colocadas para enraizar em uma mistura de areia de granulometria grossa e substrato comercial Turfa Fértil® com pH de 5,5 na proporção de 1:1(v/v), com irrigação manual. Após 138 dias da instalação do experimento, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número médio de raízes por estaca, comprimento da maior raiz, número médio de brotações, comprimento da maior brotação e a porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, não foi verificada interação entre os diferentes fatores. Verificaram-se diferenças entre as cultivares nas variáveis comprimento da maior raiz, número médio de raízes por estaca e para porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes. Para concentração de AIB, verificou-se, por meio da análise de regressão, um comportamento linear crescente para as variáveis porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes e enraizadas, porém a resposta foi quadrática para comprimento da maior raiz. Conclui-se que a utilização de AIB em concentração de até 6.000mg L-1 não é suficiente para expressar o máximo potencial de enraizamento nas estacas de mirtileiro das cultivares Delite, Bluebelle e Briteblue.

Commercially, propagation of blueberry by cutting is the very usual method, which gives a range of results according to the cultivar. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of indol-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting of blueberry hardwood cuttings. It was used segments of secondary branches with four buds and mean diameter of 4.5mm. The experimental design was totally randomized in a 5x3 factorial, five concentrations of IBA (0; 1500; 3000; 4500 and 6000mg L-1) and three cultivars (Delite, Bluebelle and Briteblue). It was used four replications and ten cuttings per plot. After cutting, the base of the cuttings was dipped for 10 seconds into a solution of IBA. Then, they were put to root in a mix of thick sand and commercial substrate Turfa Fertil® (1:1) with pH 5.5 and manually irrigated. After 138 days from trial installation, percentage of rooted cuttings, number of root per cutting, length of the largest root, number of shoots, length of the largest shoot and percentage of surviving cuttings were evaluated. According to the results it was not verified interaction among different factors. It was verified difference among cultivars only in the length of the largest root, number of root per cutting and percentage of surviving cuttings. For concentration of IBA, it was verified by regression analysis, a linear behavior for the variables increasing rooted and survived, but the response was quadratic for the longest root length. It was concluded that the concentration up to 6000mg L-1 IBA is not sufficient to express the maximum rooting potential of the blueberry cuttings cultivars Delite, Bluebelle and Briteblue.