RESUMO
The red-footed tortoise, known as the species Chelonoidis carbonarius, has diurnal habits, an expected lifespan of 100 years, and an omnivorous feeding habit, consuming everything from plant fibers and proteins (small vertebrate animals, invertebrates, and decomposing organic matter). Currently, habitat destruction and species extinction due to human actions lead to a discussion about the importance ofzoos in the conservation of threatened species and environmental education. Zoos have evolved over time from simple collections into institutions focused on conservation and animal welfare. To enhance the well-being of species in captivity, weemploy environmental enrichment using various techniques, including food enrichment. The aim of this study is to analyze the animals interaction with food enrichment and determine which had the most interaction during the experiment baseson observations. For the development of the study, 30 specimens of C. carbonarius (red-footed tortoise) were used, kept at the Reptile of the Butantan Institute. Various food items were provided in environmental enrichments, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, and proteins. The food enrichments used in the study consist of three distinctapproaches: Suspended Food, Food in Bottles, and Food in Water. During the observation period, it was noted that on days with higher temperatures compared to milder days, the tortoises showed greater interest in bottle food enrichment and a stronger preference for protein (feed, rodents, fish) compared to other foods offered. Itis concluded that on hotter days, there was greater interaction of the animals with foodenrichments, including observations of disputes between individuals during this interaction. There was a significant interest in bottle food enrichment, as well as a clearpreference for protein-rich foods.
O jabuti piranga, conhecido como espécie Chelonoidis carbonarius, tem hábitos diurnos, expectativa de vida de 100 anos e hábitos alimentar onívoro, consumindo de tudo, desde fibras vegetais e proteínas (pequenos animais vertebrados, invertebrados e matéria orgânica em decomposição). Atualmente, a destruição de habitats e a extinção de espécies devido às ações humanas levam a uma discussão sobre a importância dos zoológicos na conservação de espécies ameaçadas e na educação ambiental. Os zoológicos evoluíram ao longo do tempo, de simples coleções para instituições focadas na conservação e no bem-estar animal. Para melhorar o bem- estar das espécies em cativeiro, empregamos o enriquecimento ambiental usando diversas técnicas, incluindo enriquecimento alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a interação dos animais com enriquecimento alimentar, qual teve mais interação durante o experimento com base em observações. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foram utilizados 30 exemplares de C. carbonarius (jabuti-piranga), mantidos no Reptário, do Instituto Butantan. Foram fornecidos diversos itens alimentares nos enriquecimentos ambientais, incluindo frutas verduras, legumes e proteínas. Os enriquecimentos alimentares utilizados no estudo consistiram em três abordagens distintas: Alimentos Suspensos, Alimentos em Garrafas e Alimentos em Água. Durante o período de observação, notou-se que nos dias com temperaturas mais intensas em comparação aos dias com temperaturas mais amenas teve mais interação. Observou que os jabutis demonstraram maior interesse pelo enriquecimento alimentar com a garrafa e maior preferência por proteína (ração, roedores, peixes) em comparação aos demais alimentos oferecidos. Conclui -se que nos dias mais quentes houve maior interação dos animais com os enriquecimentos alimentares, inclusive com observações de disputas entre os indivíduos durante essa interação. Houve um interesse significativo no enriquecimento alimentar com garrafa, bem como uma clara preferência por alimentos ricos em proteínas.
RESUMO
Among the most important sources of ß-glucans are edible and medicinal mushrooms. These molecules are components of the cellular wall of basidiomycete fungi (mushrooms) and can be extracted even from the basidiocarp as the mycelium and its cultivation extracts or biomasses. Mushroom ß-glucans are recognized by their potential effects as immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. They are highlighted as anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, adjuvant in diabetes mellitus, mycotherapy for cancer treatment, as well as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines. Due to their relevance, several techniques of ß-glucans extraction, purification, and analysis have already been described. Despite the previous knowledge of ß-glucans' benefits for human nutrition and health, the main information about this topic refers to the molecular identification, properties, and benefits, as well as their synthesis and action on cells. Studies on biotechnology industry applications (product development) and the registered products of ß-glucans from mushrooms are still limited and more common for feed and healthcare. In this context, this paper reviews the biotechnological production of food products containing ß-glucans from basidiomycete fungi, focusing on food enrichment, and presents a new perspective on fungi ß-glucans' use as potential immunotherapy agents. KEY POINTS: ⢠Mushrooms' ß-glucans for product development in the biotechnology industry ⢠Biotechnological production of food products containing mushrooms' ß-glucans ⢠Basidiomycete fungi ß-glucans are used as potential immunotherapy agents.
Assuntos
Agaricales , Basidiomycota , COVID-19 , beta-Glucanas , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Imunoterapia , Indústria AlimentíciaRESUMO
Animal welfare is critical to buffer stress in captive animals and to ensure the reliability of data from studies. The most usual environmental enrichment technique (EE) for social non-human primates is the social enrichment. However, some experimental protocols require keeping individuals isolated, thus demanding other types of EE. We tested in six adult Callithrix jacchus females, single housed for experimental purpose, the stress buffering efficacy of a structural enrichment protocol (SEP) and SEP in combination with a foraging enrichment (FSEP) using fecal cortisol and behaviors to infer stress levels. Both types of EE improved welfare in different ways, while cortisol levels decreased with both EE as compared to the baseline, autogrooming, and piloerection increased after FSEP probably due to the new foods. Therefore, these findings support alternative practices of EE when social animals are living in isolation and reinforce the positive role of structural and food enrichment for decreasing stress markers. It also encourages studies on welfare with females, since its use as an animal model has increased.
Assuntos
Callithrix , Hidrocortisona , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Feminino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Isolamento SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The current study was conducted to evaluate the quality and profile of fatty acid in the breast and thigh, and the performance of broilers fed diets containing seed or oil of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as a replacement for soybean, in the rearing period from 29 to 42 days of age. METHODS: On the 29th day of age, 120 broilers were distributed in four treatments evaluated in five replicates of six birds. The grain or oil of soybean was respectively replaced on a weightto-weight basis in the formulation by the seed or oil of chia, constituting the experimental diets. The roasted whole soybean and chia seed were included in the feed at 16.4%, whereas the soybean and chia oils were included at 2.5%. RESULTS: The dietary chia oil increased the lipid peroxidation in the thigh meat, and the dietary chia seed increased the cooking loss of the thigh. However, for the other physicochemical parameters evaluated and for the proximate composition of the breast and thigh, in general, the inclusion of chia seed or oil in the diet provided similar or better results than those observed when the diets contained soybean oil or roasted whole soybean. With regard to the fatty acid profile and associated parameters, dietary chia increased the concentrations of α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids and reduced the Σω-6:Σω-3 ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of the broiler meat. However, the dietary chia seed worsened the feed conversion ratio. CONCLUSION: Diet containing 2.5% chia oil supplied to broilers during the period from 29 to 42 days of age improves the feed conversion ratio, increases the deposition of the ω-3 fatty acids in the breast and thigh, in addition to reducing the Σω-6:Σω-3 ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, thereby resulting in meat with higher nutritional quality.
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of collard green stalks as environmental enrichment on the behavior of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) maintained in captivity. Sixteen birds were housed individually in cages and fed a commercial diet for parrots and seed mix, with water ad libitum during 12 days in climatic chamber with temperature and relative humidity simulating tropical conditions. The animals (n = 8) were divided into two groups, control and enriched, and the experimental period was divided into two phases (during and after enrichment) of four days each. The collard green stalks were used as enrichment only during the first period of the experiment, daily changed and maintained only during the day. The stalks increased the feed intake and decreased the sleep activities. No effect was observed on the body surface temperature, locomotion, maintenance and other resting activities. Small undesirable activities were detected. It was concluded that collard green stalks can be used as environmental enrichment, becoming part of food preferences of cockatiels. However, its use does not significantly alter the behavior of birds kept in captivity.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de talos de couve como enriquecimento ambiental sobre o comportamento de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) mantidas em cativeiro. Dezesseis aves foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas com dieta comercial para psitacídeos e mistura de sementes, com água ad libitum durante 12 dias, em câmara climática com temperatura e umidade relativa do ar simulando condições tropicais. Os animais (n=8) foram divididos em dois grupos, controle e enriquecido, e o período experimental foi dividido em duas fases (durante e após o enriquecimento) de quatro dias cada. Os talos de couve foram usados como enriquecimento apenas durante o primeiro período do experimento, trocados diariamente e mantidos apenas durante o dia. Os talos aumentaram o consumo de ração e diminuíram o comportamento dormir. Nenhum efeito foi observado nas outras atividades de descanso, na temperatura da superfície corporal, na locomoção e manutenção. Foram detectadas pequenas atividades indesejáveis. Concluiu-se que os talos de couve podem ser usados como enriquecimento ambiental, formando parte das preferências alimentares de calopsitas. No entanto, seu uso não altera de maneira expressiva o comportamento das aves.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bem-Estar do Animal , Comportamento Animal , Brassica , Cacatuas , Caules de Planta , AvesRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of collard green stalks as environmental enrichment on the behavior of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) maintained in captivity. Sixteen birds were housed individually in cages and fed a commercial diet for parrots and seed mix, with water ad libitum during 12 days in climatic chamber with temperature and relative humidity simulating tropical conditions. The animals (n = 8) were divided into two groups, control and enriched, and the experimental period was divided into two phases (during and after enrichment) of four days each. The collard green stalks were used as enrichment only during the first period of the experiment, daily changed and maintained only during the day. The stalks increased the feed intake and decreased the sleep activities. No effect was observed on the body surface temperature, locomotion, maintenance and other resting activities. Small undesirable activities were detected. It was concluded that collard green stalks can be used as environmental enrichment, becoming part of food preferences of cockatiels. However, its use does not significantly alter the behavior of birds kept in captivity.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de talos de couve como enriquecimento ambiental sobre o comportamento de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) mantidas em cativeiro. Dezesseis aves foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas com dieta comercial para psitacídeos e mistura de sementes, com água ad libitum durante 12 dias, em câmara climática com temperatura e umidade relativa do ar simulando condições tropicais. Os animais (n=8) foram divididos em dois grupos, controle e enriquecido, e o período experimental foi dividido em duas fases (durante e após o enriquecimento) de quatro dias cada. Os talos de couve foram usados como enriquecimento apenas durante o primeiro período do experimento, trocados diariamente e mantidos apenas durante o dia. Os talos aumentaram o consumo de ração e diminuíram o comportamento dormir. Nenhum efeito foi observado nas outras atividades de descanso, na temperatura da superfície corporal, na locomoção e manutenção. Foram detectadas pequenas atividades indesejáveis. Concluiu-se que os talos de couve podem ser usados como enriquecimento ambiental, formando parte das preferências alimentares de calopsitas. No entanto, seu uso não altera de maneira expressiva o comportamento das aves.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bem-Estar do Animal , Comportamento Animal , Cacatuas , Caules de Planta , Brassica , AvesRESUMO
The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is very rare animal species, whose maintenance and breeding in captivity can induce the expression of atypical behaviour. Information concerning environmental enrichment and assessment models of the behaviour of this species in the literature are insufficient. Therefore, a study was conducted in the Zoo-Botanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to evaluate the behaviour of two male bush dogs kept in captivity with different types of environmental enrichment, in AprilMay 2012. Data collection was performed before, during and after the presence of the environmental enrichment, three times a week in the morning and afternoon on alternate days for ten minutes, with immediate recording of activity performed by the animal every minute. It was observed that the animals interacted with all three types of ENRI used, but showed a greater interest in ENRI-2. No stereotyped behaviour or aggressive behaviour was observed, suggesting satisfactory welfare conditions for the animals in all environments tested. We conclude that the enrichment protocols can be used to stimulate the natural behaviour of the species, aiding the well-being and quality of life in captivity.
O cachorro-do-mato-vinagre ou cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) é uma espécie animal bastante rara. Sua manutenção e reprodução em cativeiro pode induzir a expressão de comportamentos atípicos. Informações sobre enriquecimento ambiental e modelos de avaliação do comportamento dessa espécie são insuficientes na literatura. Sendo assim, um estudo foi realizado na Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, para avaliar o comportamento de dois machos de cachorro vinagre mantidos em cativeiro com diferentes tipos de enriquecimento ambiental, entre os meses de abril a maio de 2012. A coleta dos dados foi realizada antes, durante e após a utilização do enriquecimento ambiental, três vezes por semana no período da manhã e da tarde em dias alternados, durante dez minutos, com registro instantâneo da atividade realizada pelo animal a cada minuto. Observou-se que os animais interagiram com os três tipos de enriquecimento utilizados, sendo demonstrado maior interesse pelo ENRI-2. Nenhum comportamento de estereotipia ou comportamento agressivo foi observado, sugerindo condições de bem-estar dos animais em todos os ambientes testados. Conclui-se que os protocolos de enriquecimento podem ser utilizados para estimular o comportamento natural da espécie, auxiliando no bem-estar e qualidade de vida em cativeiro.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , CanidaeRESUMO
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in humans. Not all dietary ingested iron, heme or nonheme, will be available to absorption and negative imbalance between iron requirements and absorption leads to iron deficiency and/or anemia. The recommended iron values usually are based on the genetic and on diet iron-bioavailability, which can be considered as the principal factor that change among the cultures and influences the distinct levels of recommendation among countries. Dietary changes present practical limitations due to be difficult to change food habits. The iron food fortification is considered more cost effective and economically more attractive than iron supplementation. There are many iron compounds available to be used in iron fortification. Cereals represent a target food group to iron fortification programs due to high consumption and the in vitro studies can be useful to estimate the relative iron bioavailability in large number of products in short time and with a low cost. Wheat flour baked into bread or not was the main product tested in in vitro bioavailability studies and ferrous sulfate was the principal iron compound used in the fortification studies. However, iron bioavailability from ferrous sulfate is lower than from other compounds, such FeNaEDTA or ferric pyrophosphate. The variables level of fortification, storage, level of extraction, baking and also the association or not with other chemical compound seems to influence the results obtained.
Assuntos
Grão Comestível/química , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Saúde Global , Absorção Intestinal , Ferro da Dieta/metabolismo , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Animais , Pão/efeitos adversos , Pão/análise , Células CACO-2 , Culinária , Grão Comestível/efeitos adversos , Farinha/efeitos adversos , Farinha/análise , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Alimentos Fortificados/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Sobrecarga de Ferro/epidemiologia , Sobrecarga de Ferro/etiologia , Sobrecarga de Ferro/prevenção & controle , Ferro da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ferro da Dieta/uso terapêutico , Valor Nutritivo , RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Guava jam enriched by the addition of concentrated grape juice in the proportion of 30% (w/w) (ENR) was studied for its antioxidant potential and rheological behavior. Total phenolics content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(â¢)) scavenging activity and ß-carotene-linoleic acid coupled oxidation assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the samples during storage for 90 days at room temperature (25°C). RESULTS: The ENR showed a total phenolic content of 11.09 g GAE kg(-1) of jam at production, more than two-fold the phenolic content presented by the standard formulation (STA). For the ENR formulation the antioxidant capacity increased in almost 20% (P ≤ 0.05) with time on the ß-carotene assay and decreased with time on the DPPH assay. The enriched guava jam exhibited a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior at temperatures ranging from 25 to 55°C, and, moreover, presented higher stability than the standard formulation when exposed to temperature variation. CONCLUSION: ENR constitutes an original food product with a notable antioxidant potential, even greater than the potential presented by the standard guava jam, worldwide appreciated delicacy.