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Supplementation of Cv (clove) and Ts (tulsi) augments the growth rate and gut health of broilers. However, studies on their impact on the vital organs and male reproductive system remain scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of Cv and Ts supplementation on hematological profiles, as well as the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and testes of broilers, both morphologically and biometrically. Sixty one-day-old broiler chicks, divided into four homogenous groups (control-T0 and three supplement groups-T1, T2, and T3), were fed 0.5% Cv and 2% Ts (T1), 1% Cv and 3% Ts (T2), and 1.5% Cv and 4% Ts (T3) with drinking water for 21 d. Organ samples were collected on d 14 and d 28 for macroscopic and microscopic (hematoxylin and eosin stain) investigation. Cv and Ts didn't affect the hematological profile, organ weight gain, and their general histoarchitectures. However, the histomorphometric investigation showed an increased (p<0.05) parabronchus surface area of the lungs, size of the renal glomeruli, the diameter of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney in the T1 and T2 groups, and size of the seminiferous tubules of the testes in group T1. These findings suggest that unlike antibiotic or steroid growth promoters (GPs), Cv and Ts have beneficial impacts on the vital organs as well as on the male gonad of broilers from the morphologic and biometric perspectives.(AU)

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Garlic is one of the most common medicinal plants used since ancient times to treat diverse diseases within several cultures worldwide. Nevertheless, this plant has the potential to cause chemical burns of the skin and mucosa. This report presents a case of a garlic burn in the palate of a 57-year-old woman who applied garlic to the palate to relieve the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. This case demonstrates the potential of garlic to cause chemical burns to the oral mucosa and raises an alert to oral health professionals regarding inappropriate self-treatment methods.

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This study was conducted to examine the effects of garlic (G), black cumin (BC) and G+BC within the broiler rations, on performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morphology, serum biochemistry and plasma total oxidant/ antioxidant status. Two hundred broilers chicks (Ross 308) were used and they were divided into 4 groups consisting of 5 subgroups of 10 animals each. The trial was ended on the 35th day. No addition was made to the control group ration. 5g / kg garlic (G), 5g / kg black cumin (BC) and 5g / kg G + 5g / kg BC were added to the experimental group rations, respectively. There was no statistical difference among the trial groups in terms of BWG, FI, FCR and relative organ weights (p>0.05). Serum total protein (p 0.05) and albumin (p 0.001) levels were higher in BC and BC +G groups as compared to G and control group. Serum AST activity were lower in G group as compared to control and other experimental groups (p 0.05). On histological examinations, regarding the duodenal epithelium; there was no difference among the trial groups. Hyperemia was observed, especially in the G group, in macroscopic exams of lamina propria and other viticular areas. The lymph follicles were more wide spread in the G + BC, G and BC groups than in the control. The results of the study showed that the combination of BC and G can have beneficial effects, and different doses of G and BC may be used to see positive or negative effects.(AU)

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This study was conducted to examine the effects of garlic (G), black cumin (BC) and G+BC within the broiler rations, on performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morphology, serum biochemistry and plasma total oxidant/ antioxidant status. Two hundred broilers chicks (Ross 308) were used and they were divided into 4 groups consisting of 5 subgroups of 10 animals each. The trial was ended on the 35th day. No addition was made to the control group ration. 5g / kg garlic (G), 5g / kg black cumin (BC) and 5g / kg G + 5g / kg BC were added to the experimental group rations, respectively. There was no statistical difference among the trial groups in terms of BWG, FI, FCR and relative organ weights (p>0.05). Serum total protein (p 0.05) and albumin (p 0.001) levels were higher in BC and BC +G groups as compared to G and control group. Serum AST activity were lower in G group as compared to control and other experimental groups (p 0.05). On histological examinations, regarding the duodenal epithelium; there was no difference among the trial groups. Hyperemia was observed, especially in the G group, in macroscopic exams of lamina propria and other viticular areas. The lymph follicles were more wide spread in the G + BC, G and BC groups than in the control. The results of the study showed that the combination of BC and G can have beneficial effects, and different doses of G and BC may be used to see positive or negative effects.

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Single garlic has been used as a traditional medicine for hypercholesterolemia and increasing stamina. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of single-bulb garlic oil (SGO) extract toward hematology and histopathology liver and kidney in mice. Male mice (strain Balb-C, 12 weeks old, weight of 28±3 g) was treated by SGO for 28 days (once per days) with various doses K- (Normal); K+ (SGO 0.0 mg/kg BW); T1 (SGO 6.25 mg/kg BW); T2 (SGO 12.5 mg/kg BW); T3 (SGO 25.0 mg/kg BW); T4 (SGO 50.0 mg/kg BW). The end of the treated mice was sacrificed. Blood was collected to analyze hematology. Liver and kidney were collected then made microanatomy slide with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Parameters of hematology are the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, and number of leukocytes. Histopathology of liver and kidney determine by cell necrosis. The result of the research showed that SGO increased the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes but there is no effect on the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Histopathology on liver and kidney showed there is no effect in necrosis. The conclusion is the single-bulb garlic oil extract safe if consumed continuously

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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do alho como anti-helmíntico em ovinos. A eficácia dos tratamentos foi calculada com base na redução de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. Foram conduzidos oito experimentos (En), quatro em condições de confinamento, ovelhas submetidas ao tratamento, repetido quatro (E1) e duas vezes (E2); o mesmo foi conduzido com cordeiros (E3-4) e quatro experimentos (E5-8) em pastagem natural. Foram utilizados ovinos mestiços, manejados em confinamento e alocados em três grupos: controle negativo, outro tratado com alho in natura (120 g/100 kg de peso corporal), administrado em intervalos regulares, quatro ou duas vezes (1º; 7°; 14° e 21º dia ou 1° e 14º dia). O mesmo foi realizado em condições de pastejo, mas com dois grupos: o controle e o tratado com extrato aquoso de alho. O mesmo foi realizado em condições de pastejo, mas com dois grupos: o controle e o tratado com extrato aquoso de alho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições (ovelhas ou cordeiros). Amostras de fezes foram coletadas dia 0; 7; 14; 21 e 28. Os tratamentos constituídos por alho in natura e extrato de alho apresentaram redução do número de OPG de 55 e 72% em ovelhas e 68 e 76% em cordeiros confinados, respectivamente. Sob pastejo, a redução do número de OPG foi de 80 e 74%, respectivamente, para ovelhas e cordeiros tratados com extrato de alho. Valor aproximado foi observado entre grupos submetidos ao tratamento repetido (quatro ou duas vezes). Valores similares de gêneros larvais foram observados entre os tratamentos em ambas estratégias de manejo.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of garlic as an anthelmintic in sheep. The efficacy of the treatments was calculated based on the reduction of fecal egg counts (FEC) and coproculture. Eight experiments were conducted, four under feedlot conditions (ewes submitted to treatment repeated four (E1) or two times (E2)); the same was done with lambs (E3-E4). The other four experiments (E5-8) were carried out using the same strategy, with the animals being kept on pasture. In the feedlot, crossbred sheep were divided into three groups: a negative control; the second group was treated with garlic bulb (120 g/100 kg body weight) administered at regular intervals, four or two times (on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 or on days 1 and 14); the third group was submitted to the same treatment but using garlic aqueous extract. Two groups were used for the pasture condition: negative control and treated with garlic aqueous extract. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The treatments with garlic bulb or garlic aqueous extract resulted in a reduction of 55 and 72% in FEC in ewes and of 68 and 76% in lambs in the feedlot condition, respectively. The use of the aqueous extract reduced FEC by approximately 80 and 74% in ewes and lambs raised on pasture, respectively. Similar values were observed for the groups treated at regular intervals (four or two times). The larval genera identified in the treatments for the two management strategies were similar.

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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do alho como anti-helmíntico em ovinos. A eficácia dos tratamentos foi calculada com base na redução de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. Foram conduzidos oito experimentos (En), quatro em condições de confinamento, ovelhas submetidas ao tratamento, repetido quatro (E1) e duas vezes (E2); o mesmo foi conduzido com cordeiros (E3-4) e quatro experimentos (E5-8) em pastagem natural. Foram utilizados ovinos mestiços, manejados em confinamento e alocados em três grupos: controle negativo, outro tratado com alho in natura (120 g/100 kg de peso corporal), administrado em intervalos regulares, quatro ou duas vezes (1º; 7°; 14° e 21º dia ou 1° e 14º dia). O mesmo foi realizado em condições de pastejo, mas com dois grupos: o controle e o tratado com extrato aquoso de alho. O mesmo foi realizado em condições de pastejo, mas com dois grupos: o controle e o tratado com extrato aquoso de alho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições (ovelhas ou cordeiros). Amostras de fezes foram coletadas dia 0; 7; 14; 21 e 28. Os tratamentos constituídos por alho in natura e extrato de alho apresentaram redução do número de OPG de 55 e 72% em ovelhas e 68 e 76% em cordeiros confinados, respectivamente. Sob pastejo, a redução do número de OPG foi de 80 e 74%, respectivamente, para ovelhas e cordeiros tratados com extrato de alho. Valor aproximado foi observado entre grupos submetidos ao tratamento repetido (quatro ou duas vezes). Valores similares de gêneros larvais foram observados entre os tratamentos em ambas estratégias de manejo.(AU)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of garlic as an anthelmintic in sheep. The efficacy of the treatments was calculated based on the reduction of fecal egg counts (FEC) and coproculture. Eight experiments were conducted, four under feedlot conditions (ewes submitted to treatment repeated four (E1) or two times (E2)); the same was done with lambs (E3-E4). The other four experiments (E5-8) were carried out using the same strategy, with the animals being kept on pasture. In the feedlot, crossbred sheep were divided into three groups: a negative control; the second group was treated with garlic bulb (120 g/100 kg body weight) administered at regular intervals, four or two times (on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 or on days 1 and 14); the third group was submitted to the same treatment but using garlic aqueous extract. Two groups were used for the pasture condition: negative control and treated with garlic aqueous extract. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The treatments with garlic bulb or garlic aqueous extract resulted in a reduction of 55 and 72% in FEC in ewes and of 68 and 76% in lambs in the feedlot condition, respectively. The use of the aqueous extract reduced FEC by approximately 80 and 74% in ewes and lambs raised on pasture, respectively. Similar values were observed for the groups treated at regular intervals (four or two times). The larval genera identified in the treatments for the two management strategies were similar.(AU)

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Introducción: los productos y las técnicas de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural son empleados desde tiempos inmemorables. Los partidarios de esta modalidad terapéutica la reconocen como segura e inocua. Su uso requiere de profundas investigaciones que no se limitan al campo de la experimentación. Cobran relevancia los estudios de farmacovigilancia. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal de una muestra de 72 pacientes en los que se notificaron reacciones adversas a la Medicina Tradicional y Natural de una población de 10 428 pacientes en los que se informaron sospechas de reacciones adversas medicamentosas recibidas en la Unidad Coordinadora Provincial de Farmacovigilancia, de la Provincia de Villa Clara, en el período desde enero de 2011 a octubre de 2014. Resultados: en 14 pacientes se notificaron reacciones adversas al ajo, seguidas de las provocadas por la acupuntura y las técnicas afines; los efectos adversos fueron leves en 43 pacientes y no se informaron reacciones severas; se notificaron 57 reacciones adversas en adultos; 50 pacientes eran féminas; las reacciones adversas raras se presentaron en 26 pacientes; en cuanto a causalidad fueron probables en 54 de ellos; las reacciones adversas afectaron en 34 pacientes el sistema de órganos digestivo. Conclusiones: los fitofármacos, sobre todo el ajo, figuran como los productos de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural con una notable incidencia de reacciones adversas, las que resultan moderadas de acuerdo a la severidad, en una cantidad considerable raras según la frecuencia y, en cuanto a la causalidad, en probables.

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A utilização de plantas no tratamento de doenças ou como meio curativo é uma tradição popular e altamente difundida, sendo que muitos trabalhos abordam as propriedades terapêuticas e farmacológicas do alho na redução das hiperlipidemias. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência do extrato aquoso (E.A.) do alho (Allium sativum L.) no tratamento do colesterol plasmático em coelhos com hipercolesterolemia experimental. Os animais foram divididos em G1 (grupo controle) e G2 (grupo tratado com alho). O experimento foi desenvolvido em três fases: na 1ª fase os animais receberam dieta comercial de coelhos para avaliar o nível basal de colesterol nos animais; na 2ªfase, todos os animais passaram a receber dieta suplementada com gema de ovo, até o final do experimento, para desenvolver hipercolesterolemia, e; na 3ª fase os animais do grupo G2 receberam o tratamento com E. A. de alho. O colesterol na 1ª fase foi de 39,94 ± 9,57 mg dL-1. Na 2ª fase houve elevação significativa (p<0,05) no nível de colesterol plasmático nos dois grupos -acima de 100 mg dL-1. Com relação ao tratamento, o alho não promoveu redução no colesterol plasmático dos coelhos, contrapondo os dados da literatura.

The use of plants to treat diseases or even to cure them is a high diffused popular tradition, and several studies discuss the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of garlic in the reduction of hyperlipidaemias. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of the aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) to treat the serum cholesterol of rabbits with experimental hypercholesterolemia. The animals were divided into G1 (control group) and G2 (group treated with garlic). The experiment was developed according to 3 phases: during the 1st phase, all animals were provided with a regular diet to evaluate the basal cholesterol; during the 2nd phase, all animals received a supplemented diet until the end of the experiment, in order to develop hypercholesterolemia and, in the 3rd phase, the animals on G2 received the garlic treatment. The cholesterol registered on the 1st phase was 39.94 ± 9.57 mg dL-1. On the 2nd phase, there was an increase on the serum cholesterol level in both groups - higher than 100 mg dL-1. Concerning the treatment, the garlic did not reduce the serum cholesterol in rabbits.

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By using agar well diffusion assay, antifungal activity of aqueous extract prepared from Egyptian garlic (Allium sativum L.) was evaluated in vitro against two strains of Aspergillus flavus (OC1 and OC10) causing human ocular infection. The recorded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for growth inhibition of both strains was 3.60 mg/ml. Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) was used in successive in vivo tests as an attempt to cure rabbit's fungal keratitis caused by A. flavus OC1. Findings showed that diluted preparation of AGE was effective topical antifungal agent and succeeded to cure severe A. flavus keratitis in a time course less than 10 days without any observable side effects. Microscopic examination showed that AGE induced deleterious cyto-morphological aberrations inA. flavus target cells. AGE applied to Czapek's broth via contact method was more effective on growth, spores and aflatoxin B1 production than AGE applied to the same broth at the same concentration via fumigation method.(AU)

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