RESUMO
The present work aimed to evaluate and to model the influence of UV-C light treatments with different irradiances (6.5, 13, 21, and 36 W/m2) on Aspergillus fischeri and Paecilomyces niveus ascospores inactivation in clarified apple juice. Approximately 5.0 and 6.0 log CFU/mL spores of P. niveus and A. fischeri, respectively, were suspended in 30 mL of clarified apple juice (pH 3.8, 12 ± 0.1°Brix) and exposed to UV-C light at different irradiances (as above) and exposure times (0 to 30 min). The first-order biphasic model was able to describe the experimental data with good statistical indices (RMSE = 0.296 and 0.308, R2 = 0.96 and 0.98, for P. niveus and A. fischeri respectively). At the highest irradiance level tested (36 W/m2), the UV-C light allowed the reduction of 5.7 and 4.2 log-cycles of A. fischeri and P. niveus ascospores, respectively, in approximately 10 min. P. niveus was the most UV-C resistant mould. The results showed that, to a defined UV-C fluence, a change in the level of either time or UV-C irradiance did not affect the effectiveness of UV-C light for A. fischeri and P. niveus inactivation. Thus, the modeling of the inactivation as a function of the UV-C fluence allowed the estimation of the primary model parameters with all experimental data and, consequently, no secondary models were needed. The model parameters were validated with experiments of variable UV-C fluences. Accordingly, experimental results allowed to conclude that UV-C treatment at the irradiances tested is a promising application for preventing A. fischeri and P. niveus spoilage of juices.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/microbiologia , Paecilomyces/efeitos da radiação , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos da radiação , Raios Ultravioleta , Byssochlamys/classificação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Malus/microbiologia , Neosartorya/classificaçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT The ability of four Aspergillus strains for biosynthesis of kojic acid was evaluated among which Aspergillus terreus represented the highest level (2.21 g/L) of kojic acid production. Improvement kojic acid production ability of A. terreus by random mutagenesis using different exposure time to ultraviolet light (5-40 min) was then performed to obtain a suitable mutant of kojic acid production (designated as C5-10, 7.63 g/L). Thereafter, design of experiment protocol was employed to find medium components (glucose, yeast extract, KH2PO4 (NH4)2SO4, and pH) influences on kojic acid production by the C5-10 mutant. A 25-1 fractional factorial design augmented to central composite design showed that glucose, yeast extract, and KH2PO4 were the most considerable factors within the tested levels (p < 0.05). The optimum medium composition for the kojic acid production by the C5-10 mutant was found to be glucose, 98.4 g/L; yeast extract, 1.0 g/L; and KH2PO4, 10.3 mM which was theoretically able to produce 120.2 g/L of kojic acid based on the obtained response surface model for medium optimization. Using these medium compositions an experimental maximum Kojic acid production (109.0 ± 10 g/L) was acquired which verified the efficiency of the applied method.
Assuntos
Pironas/metabolismo , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Aspergillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aspergillus/genética , Raios Ultravioleta , Mutagênese , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Fermentação , Glucose/metabolismoRESUMO
The ability of four Aspergillus strains for biosynthesis of kojic acid was evaluated among which Aspergillus terreus represented the highest level (2.21g/L) of kojic acid production. Improvement kojic acid production ability of A. terreus by random mutagenesis using different exposure time to ultraviolet light (5-40min) was then performed to obtain a suitable mutant of kojic acid production (designated as C5-10, 7.63g/L). Thereafter, design of experiment protocol was employed to find medium components (glucose, yeast extract, KH2PO4 (NH4)2SO4, and pH) influences on kojic acid production by the C5-10 mutant. A 25-1 fractional factorial design augmented to central composite design showed that glucose, yeast extract, and KH2PO4 were the most considerable factors within the tested levels (p<0.05). The optimum medium composition for the kojic acid production by the C5-10 mutant was found to be glucose, 98.4g/L; yeast extract, 1.0g/L; and KH2PO4, 10.3mM which was theoretically able to produce 120.2g/L of kojic acid based on the obtained response surface model for medium optimization. Using these medium compositions an experimental maximum Kojic acid production (109.0±10g/L) was acquired which verified the efficiency of the applied method.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/metabolismo , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Pironas/metabolismo , Aspergillus/genética , Aspergillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meios de Cultura/metabolismo , Fermentação , Glucose/metabolismo , Mutagênese , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
A thermohalophilic fungus, Aspergillus terreus AUMC 10138, isolated from the Wadi El-Natrun soda lakes in northern Egypt was exposed successively to gamma and UV-radiation (physical mutagens) and ethyl methan-sulfonate (EMS; chemical mutagen) to enhance alkaline cellulase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. The effects of different carbon sources, initial moisture, incubation temperature, initial pH, incubation period, inoculum levels and different concentrations of NaCl on production of alkaline filter paper activity (FPase), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and ß-glucosidase by the wild-type and mutant strains of A. terreus were evaluated under SSF. The optimum conditions for maximum production of FPase, CMCase and ß-glucosidase were found to be the corn stover: moisture ratio of 1:3(w/v), temperature 45 °C, pH range, 9.0-11.0, and fermentation for 4, 4 and 7 day, respectively. Inoculum levels of 30% for ß-glucosidase and 40% for FPase, CMCase gave the higher cellulase production by the wild-type and mutant strains, respectively. Higher production of all three enzymes was obtained at a 5% NaCl. Under the optimized conditions, the mutant strain A. terreus M-17 produced FPase (729 U/g), CMCase (1,783 U/g), and ß-glucosidase (342 U/g), which is, 1.85, 1.97 and 2.31-fold higher than the wild-type strain. Our results confirmed that mutant strain M-17 could be a promising alkaline cellulase enzyme producer employing lignocellulosics especially corn stover.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/enzimologia , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Celulases/metabolismo , Mutagênese , Zea mays/metabolismo , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Meios de Cultura/química , Egito , Metanossulfonato de Etila , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lagos/microbiologia , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Cloreto de Sódio/metabolismo , Temperatura , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
Abstract A thermohalophilic fungus, Aspergillus terreus AUMC 10138, isolated from the Wadi El-Natrun soda lakes in northern Egypt was exposed successively to gamma and UV-radiation (physical mutagens) and ethyl methan-sulfonate (EMS; chemical mutagen) to enhance alkaline cellulase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. The effects of different carbon sources, initial moisture, incubation temperature, initial pH, incubation period, inoculum levels and different concentrations of NaCl on production of alkaline filter paper activity (FPase), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and β-glucosidase by the wild-type and mutant strains of A. terreus were evaluated under SSF. The optimum conditions for maximum production of FPase, CMCase and β-glucosidase were found to be the corn stover: moisture ratio of 1:3(w/v), temperature 45 °C, pH range, 9.0–11.0, and fermentation for 4, 4 and 7 day, respectively. Inoculum levels of 30% for β-glucosidase and 40% for FPase, CMCase gave the higher cellulase production by the wild-type and mutant strains, respectively. Higher production of all three enzymes was obtained at a 5% NaCl. Under the optimized conditions, the mutant strain A. terreus M-17 produced FPase (729 U/g), CMCase (1,783 U/g), and β-glucosidase (342 U/g), which is, 1.85, 1.97 and 2.31-fold higher than the wild-type strain. Our results confirmed that mutant strain M-17 could be a promising alkaline cellulase enzyme producer employing lignocellulosics especially corn stover.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/enzimologia , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Celulases/metabolismo , Mutagênese , Zea mays/metabolismo , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Meios de Cultura/química , Egito , Metanossulfonato de Etila , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lagos/microbiologia , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Cloreto de Sódio/metabolismo , Temperatura , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
Environmental air monitoring is a common practice in many institutions. However, the methodology involved in different studies has not been standardized, with most centers incubating samples at room temperature. Here we demonstrate that the incubation of plates at 35-40°C facilitates growth of Aspergillus section Fumigati, the most important pathogenic mold in humans. We examine the implications of these findings.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Ar , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Técnicas Microbiológicas/métodos , Aspergillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hospitais , Humanos , TemperaturaRESUMO
Spores of Bacillus subtilis, conidia of Aspergillus niger, versicolor and ochraceus and cells of Deinococcus radiodurans have been exposed in the dark at two locations (at about 23 degrees S and 24 degrees S) in the Atacama Desert for up to 15 months. B. subtilis spores (survival approximately 15%) and A. niger conidia (survival approximately 30%) outlived the other species. The survival of the conidia and spores species was only slightly poorer than that of the corresponding laboratory controls. However, the Deinococcus radiodurans cells did not survive the desert exposure, because they are readily inactivated at relative humidities between 40 and 80% which typically occur during desert nights. Cellular monolayers of the dry spores and conidia have in addition been exposed to the full sun light for up to several hours. The solar fluences causing 63% loss in viability (F37-values) have been determined. These F37-values are compared with those determined at other global locations such as Punta Arenas (53 degrees S), Key Largo (25 degrees N) or Mainz (50 degrees N) during the same season. The solar UVB radiation kills even the most resistant microorganisms within a few hours due to DNA damages. The data are also discussed with respect to possible similarities between the climatic conditions of the recent Atacama Desert and the deserts of early Mars.
Assuntos
Clima Desértico , Microbiologia Ambiental , Meio Ambiente Extraterreno , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Aspergillus niger/efeitos da radiação , Bacillus subtilis/efeitos da radiação , Bactérias/efeitos da radiação , Chile , Dano ao DNA , Marte , Esporos Bacterianos/efeitos da radiação , Luz SolarRESUMO
El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar la inhibición de la produción de aflatoxinas asociadas al crecimiento del hongo Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999, mediante el empleo de radiaciones ionizantes. El hongo fue cultivado en arroz de tipo comercial en condiciones de temperatura y humedad ideales para la producción de toxinas. Los cultivos así obtenidos fueron irradiados con dosis de 1,5 kGy* (2D10) al cabo de distintos tiempos de desarrollo, observándose que la máxima inhibición de la producción de toxinas se alcanzaba al irradiar cultivos de 20 horas de desarrollo. Asimismo, se estudió el efecto del calor y su combinación con la irradiación sobre la producción de aflatoxinas, la cual fue seguida a lo largo de 11 días de desarrollo de los cultivos. El contenido de toxinas de los distintos cultivos se dosó por dilución a estinción en cromatografía de capa delgada. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, tanto un calentamiento de 15 min a 55-C, como la irradiación de los cultivos con una dosis de 1,5kGy, disminuyen el contenido de toxinas, siendo este último processo el más efectivo. Más aún, la combinación de estos dos agentes físicos, irradiando los cultivos inmediatamente después de ser sometidos al calentamiento, reduce los niveles de toxinas por debajo de los límites de detección sugeridos por las organizaciones mundiales de la salud
Assuntos
Aflatoxinas/efeitos da radiação , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Temperatura Alta , Radiação Ionizante/métodos , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Fungos/efeitos da radiação , Oryza/efeitos da radiação , Relação Dose-Resposta à RadiaçãoRESUMO
El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar la inhibición de la produción de aflatoxinas asociadas al crecimiento del hongo Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999, mediante el empleo de radiaciones ionizantes. El hongo fue cultivado en arroz de tipo comercial en condiciones de temperatura y humedad ideales para la producción de toxinas. Los cultivos así obtenidos fueron irradiados con dosis de 1,5 kGy* (2D10) al cabo de distintos tiempos de desarrollo, observándose que la máxima inhibición de la producción de toxinas se alcanzaba al irradiar cultivos de 20 horas de desarrollo. Asimismo, se estudió el efecto del calor y su combinación con la irradiación sobre la producción de aflatoxinas, la cual fue seguida a lo largo de 11 días de desarrollo de los cultivos. El contenido de toxinas de los distintos cultivos se dosó por dilución a estinción en cromatografía de capa delgada. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, tanto un calentamiento de 15 min a 55-C, como la irradiación de los cultivos con una dosis de 1,5kGy, disminuyen el contenido de toxinas, siendo este último processo el más efectivo. Más aún, la combinación de estos dos agentes físicos, irradiando los cultivos inmediatamente después de ser sometidos al calentamiento, reduce los niveles de toxinas por debajo de los límites de detección sugeridos por las organizaciones mundiales de la salud (AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Aspergillus/efeitos da radiação , Aflatoxinas/efeitos da radiação , Radiação Ionizante/métodos , Temperatura Alta , Oryza/efeitos da radiação , Fungos/efeitos da radiação , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Aspergillus/metabolismoRESUMO
The inactivation effect and fungus toxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 were studied by means of ionizing radiations. The dose-survival curve reveals two different responses to radiation: the first one, showing a relatively high sensitivity, corresponds to mycelia; the second one, more resistant, to non-germinated conidiospores with a D10 value of 0.77 kGy. To carry on further experiments, 1.5 kGy was chosen as radiation treatment dose, which is twice the D10 value for the most resistant form. The mould was cultivated on rice, under ideal temperature and humidity conditions, so as to assure toxin production. Samples of different ages were irradiated, and 20 hour old mycelium turned out to be the most susceptible to radiation damage. Therefore 20 hours after inoculation, the following experiments were performed: a) irradiation; b) heating; c) heating followed by irradiation. Aflatoxin production was measured along 11 days of incubation, by dilution to extinction on thin layer chromatography. Results obtained show that heated or irradiated samples have decreased aflatoxin levels compared to controls, and the combined treatment reduce them below the detection limit of our analytical method, and also below the maximum levels advised by the international organizations on health (FAO/OMS, 1966: less than 30 ppb).