RESUMO
This article presents a groundbreaking perspective on carotenoids, focusing on their innovative applications and transformative potential in human health and medicine. Research jointly delves deeper into the bioactivity and bioavailability of carotenoids, revealing therapeutic uses and technological advances that have the potential to revolutionize medical treatments. We explore pioneering therapeutic applications in which carotenoids are used to treat chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration, offering novel protective mechanisms and innovative therapeutic benefits. Our study also shows cutting-edge technological innovations in carotenoid extraction and bioavailability, including the development of supramolecular carriers and advanced nanotechnology, which dramatically improve the absorption and efficacy of these compounds. These technological advances not only ensure consistent quality but also tailor carotenoid therapies to each patient's health needs, paving the way for personalized medicine. By integrating the latest scientific discoveries and innovative techniques, this research provides a prospective perspective on the clinical applications of carotenoids, establishing a new benchmark for future studies in this field. Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing carotenoid extraction, administration, bioactivity, and bioavailability methods to develop more effective, targeted, and personalized treatments, thus offering visionary insight into their potential in modern medical practices.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Carotenoides , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animais , Degeneração Macular/tratamento farmacológico , Degeneração Macular/metabolismoRESUMO
Currently, on an industrial scale, synthetic colorants are used in many fields, as well as those extracted with conventional organic solvents (COSs), leading to several environmental issues. Therefore, we developed a sustainable extraction and purification method mediated by ionic liquids (IL), which is considered an alternative high-performance replacement for COSs. Carotenoids are natural pigments with low bioaccessibility (BCT) and bioavailability (BV) but with huge importance to health. To investigate if the BCT and cellular uptake of the carotenoids are modified by the extraction method, we conducted a comparison assay between both extraction procedures (IL vs. COS). For this, we used the Amazonian fruit Bactris gasipaes, a rich source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, to obtain the extract, which was emulsified and subjected to an in vitro digestion model followed by the Caco-2 cell absorption assay. The bioaccessibility of carotenoids using IL was better than those using COS (33.25%, and 26.84%, respectively). The cellular uptake of the carotenoids extracted with IL was 1.4-fold higher than those extracted using COS. Thus, IL may be a feasible alternative as extraction solvent in the food industry, replacing COS, since, in this study, no IL was present in the final extract.
Assuntos
Arecaceae/química , Carotenoides , Frutas/química , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Carotenoides/farmacologia , HumanosRESUMO
To compare the encapsulation of annatto extract by external gelation (EG) and internal gelation (IG) and to maximize process yield (% Y), two central composite designs were proposed. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration (0.3-3.5%), alginate to gelling solution ratio (1:2-1:6); acetic acid (CH3COOH) concentration (0.2-5.0%) and alginate to gelling solution ratio (1:2-1:6) were taken as independent variables for EG and IG respectively. Release studies were conducted under different conditions; morphology, particle size, the encapsulation efficiency (EE), and release mechanism were evaluated under optimized conditions. The optimized EG conditions were 0.3% CaCl2 and 1:1.2 alginate to gelling solution ratio, whereas a 0.3% CH3COOH and 1:5 alginate to gelling solution ratio were optimized conditions for IG. When 20% extract was employed, the highest EE was achieved, and the largest release was obtained at a pH 6.5 buffer. The Peppas-Sahlin model presented the best fit to experimental data. Polyphenol release was driven by diffusion, whereas bixin showed anomalous release. These results are promising for application as modulated release agents in food matrices.
Assuntos
Alginatos/química , Bixaceae/química , Carotenoides/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polifenóis , Sementes/química , Cápsulas , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacocinética , Polifenóis/química , Polifenóis/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Native extracts from orange peels were obtained by a conventional method using acetone and, an alternative method using ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl)). The bioaccessibilities and cellular uptakes of carotenoids, esters and chlorophylls were evaluated, since the influence of esterification on bioaccessibility and bioavailability is not well established. For this, the extracts were emulsified, submitted to in vitro simulated digestion model according to the INFOGEST protocol, followed by uptake by Caco-2 cells. Compounds were separated, identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. After digestion, 22.0% and 26.2% of the total carotenoids and 45.9% and 68.7% of the chlorophylls were bioaccessible from the acetone and [C4mim]Cl extracts, respectively. The bioaccessibilities of xanthophylls and carotenes were significantly higher than those of the mono- and diesters. The uptake by Caco-2 cells varied from 130.2 to 131.9 ng/mg cell protein for total carotenoids and from 243.8 to 234.2 ng/mg cell protein for chlorophylls in the acetone and [C4mim]Cl extracts, respectively. In general, xanthophylls and esters were better absorbed than carotenes.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Clorofila/farmacocinética , Citrus sinensis/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Clorofila/análise , Clorofila/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Digestão , Ésteres/farmacocinética , Frutas/química , Humanos , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Xantofilas/análise , Xantofilas/isolamento & purificação , Xantofilas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Classic nutrition believed that healthy diets should simply provide sufficient antioxidant loads to organisms, to hamper free radical processes and avoid oxidative stress. Current redox biology was proven much more intricate. Carotenoids are bioactive compounds in the human diet with a multifaceted role in redox metabolism. This perspective discusses the participation of α/ß-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, ß-cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin, and derivatives in redox homeostasis focusing on (i) their antioxidant/pro-oxidant activities, (ii) control of gene expression via Nrf2-Keap1 and NF-κB pathways, and (iii) their link with (sub)cellular redox circuits, as part of the "redox code" that orchestrates physiological processes and health in humans.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Promoção da Saúde , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase/fisiologia , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Disponibilidade Biológica , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Dieta Saudável , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
AIM: To investigate whether lycopene can modulate adiponectin levels and SIRT1 and FoxO1 gene expression in the adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were first fed with hypercaloric diet (HD, n = 12) for 6 weeks, and afterward, these rats were randomly assigned to receive HD (n = 6) or HD with lycopene-rich tomato oleoresin (equivalent to lycopene 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day, HD + L, n = 6) by gavage for additional 6 weeks. Plasma lycopene and adiponectin levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and immunoassay, respectively. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of adiponectin, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), Forkhead box O 1 (FoxO1), fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36), and PPARγ in adipose tissues were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Lycopene was detected in the plasma of rats in HD + L group but not in the HD group. Although both BW and adiposity were not different between the two groups, there was a significant increase in both plasma concentration and mRNA expression of adiponectin in the adipose tissue of the HD + L group. In addition, the lycopene supplementation upregulated mRNA expressions of SIRT1, FoxO1, and FAT/CD36 but downregulated PPARγ in adipose tissue of obese rats. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that lycopene, in the concentration used, is not toxic and also its health benefits in adipose tissue may play a role against obesity-related complications.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Solanum lycopersicum , Adiponectina/sangue , Adiponectina/genética , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Carotenoides/sangue , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Licopeno , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Obesidade/sangue , PPAR gama/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Sirtuína 1/genéticaRESUMO
HarvestPlus, part of the Consultative Group on Internation Agriculture research (CGIAR) Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) uses conventional plant breeding techniques to develop staple food crops that are rich in micronutrients, a food-based approach to reduce micronutrient malnutrition known as biofortification. The nutritional breeding targets are established based on the food intake of target populations, nutrient losses during storage and processing and bioavailability. This review collates the evidence on the retention of provitamin A carotenoid (pVAC) after processing, cooking, and storing of the staple crops targeted for pVAC biofortification: cassava, maize, and sweet potato. Sun drying was more detrimental to the pVAC levels (27-56% retention) in cassava than shade (59%) or oven (55-91%) drying, while the pVAC retention levels (66-96%) in sweet potato were not significantly different among the various drying methods. Overall, boiling and steaming had higher pVAC retention (80-98%) compared to baking (30-70%) and frying (18-54%). Gari, the most frequently consumed form of cassava in West Africa had the lowest pVAC retention (10-30%). The pVAC retention of maize grain and cassava and sweet potato flour reached levels as low as 20% after 1-4 months of storage and was highly dependent on genotype. Therefore, we recommend that an evaluation of the pVAC degradation rate among different genotypes be performed before a high pVAC crop is promoted.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Alimentos Fortificados , Ipomoea batatas/química , Manihot/química , Zea mays/química , África , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cruzamento , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Micronutrientes/análise , Vitamina A/análiseRESUMO
There has been much recent interest from both applied and basic scientists in the broad series of benefits that animals reap from acquiring high concentrations of dietary antioxidants, such as carotenoids and vitamins (e.g., vitamin E, or tocopherol). Most attention has been paid to separate effects of these compounds on, for example, coloration, health state, development, and vision, but because of possible interactions between these lipid-soluble molecules, we are in need of more studies that co-manipulate these substances and examine their possible synergistic impacts on animal physiology and phenotype. We capitalized on a model avian system (the house finch, Haemorhous mexicanus), where extensive information is available on the fitness roles of carotenoids, to test how variation in carotenoid and/or vitamin E concentrations in the diet impacts body accumulation of these compounds, factors related to oxidative damage (e.g., breast muscle and plasma oxidative-stress susceptibility, plasma nitric-oxide levels), and plumage color development. As in a previous study of ours on carotenoids and health in finches, we employed a 2×2 factorial experimental design on birds in both molting and non-molting conditions, to understand how seasonal shifts in carotenoid use (i.e., pigment incorporation into plumage) might alter the accumulation and roles of carotenoids and vitamins. As expected, lutein supplementation increased the level of circulating carotenoids in both experiments and the color of newly molted plumage. By contrast, vitamin E provisioning did not significantly affect plasma carotenoid levels or plumage coloration in either experiment. Interestingly, carotenoid provisioning decreased circulating vitamin E levels during molt, which suggests either molecular competition between carotenoids and tocopherol at the absorption/transport stages or that vitamin E serves as an antioxidant to offset harmful actions that carotenoids may have at very high concentrations. Finally, in both experiments, we found a reduction in breast-muscle oxidative damage for tocopherol-supplemented birds, which constitutes the first demonstration of a protective effect of vitamin E against oxidative stress in wild birds. Taken together, these findings provide an interesting contrast with our earlier work on season-specific physiological benefits of carotenoids in finches and point to complex associations between indicators of antioxidant and oxidative state in wild-caught animals.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Tentilhões/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Pigmentação/efeitos dos fármacos , Tocoferóis/administração & dosagem , Animais , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Plumas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plumas/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Tocoferóis/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Ditaxis heterantha seeds are used as spices for flavoring and coloring food. Two new apocarotenoids derived from the seeds, heteranthin and ditaxin, were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic effects in murine lymphoma cells lines. Bioabsorption in mice and preventive and antitumor effects of the apocarotenoids were determined. Ditaxin and heteranthin showed cytotoxic effects in vitro against murine malignant cells and normal splenocyte cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) for ditaxin in splenocytes was 0.1825 mM; in L5178Y, the IC(50) was 0.1923 mM. The heteranthin IC(50) in splenocytes was 0.1325 mM; in L5178Y, the value was 0.3889 mM. The maximum ditaxin plasma concentration was found after 2 hours of administration (mean±standard deviation, 7.5±2.05 µg/mL). Oral administration of the D. heterantha extract (100 mg/kg per day) for 14 days after the L5178Y lymphoma cell implantation showed no significant effect compared with groups that were not pretreated. However, tumor inhibition in groups treated intraperitoneally before inoculation with the L5178Y cells showed a significant difference (P<.001) compared with the groups not pretreated.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Euphorbiaceae/química , Feminino , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Linfoma/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
The mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity remains controversial. Wistar rats (n=96) were randomly assigned to a control (C), lycopene (L), doxorubicin (D), or doxorubicin+lycopene (DL) group. The L and DL groups received lycopene (5 mg/kg body wt/day by gavage) for 7 weeks. The D and DL groups received doxorubicin (4 mg/kg body wt intraperitoneally) at 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks and were killed at 7 weeks for analyses. Myocardial tissue lycopene levels and total antioxidant performance (TAP) were analyzed by HPLC and fluorometry, respectively. Lycopene metabolism was determined by incubating (2)H(10)-lycopene with intestinal mucosa postmitochondrial fraction and lipoxygenase and analyzed with HPLC and APCI mass spectroscopy. Myocardial tissue lycopene levels in DL and L were similar. TAP adjusted for tissue protein were higher in myocardium of D than those of C (P=0.002). Lycopene metabolism study identified a lower oxidative cleavage of lycopene in D as compared to those of C. Our results showed that lycopene was not depleted in myocardium of lycopene-supplemented rats treated with doxorubicin and that higher antioxidant capacity in myocardium and less oxidative cleavage of lycopene in intestinal mucosa of doxorubicin-treated rats suggest an antioxidant role of doxorubicin rather than acting as a prooxidant.